Passover Plague #1: Blood - G-d transformed the water in the Nile River into a river of blood for 7 days, causing the death of fish and leaving the Egyptians with undrinkable water.
Passover Plague #2: Frogs - G-d created a swarm of frogs that came up out of the Nile river and covered the land of Egypt, infesting Egyptian houses.
Passover Plague #3: Gnats - G-d created a plague of gnats which swarmed in the air and irritated the skin of the Egyptians and their animals.
Passover Plague #4: Dog Flies - G-d created the plague of dog flies that bit the Egyptians and attached themselves to their eyelids, but the Hebrews were unaffected by them.
Passover Plague #5: Murrain - murrain means a cattle plague. This is a virus that affects cattle and eventually kills them. Most Egyptian cattle were affected by this plague but the Hebrew cattle were not.
Passover Plague #6: Boils - G-d sent the plague of boils so that the Egyptians would have great difficulty standing or walking, plus it was very painful to endure.
Passover Plague #7: Hail - G-d kept on upping the ante by creating the worst hailstorm ever seen in Egypt until that time. People and animals perished as a result, and the agricultural economy of Egypt was severely damaged.
Passover Plague #8: Locusts - G-d created a swarm of locusts that covered Egypt, infested Egyptian homes, and ate all the plants left over from the hailstorm. There were clouds of locusts that were so dense, they darkened the sky.
Passover Plague #9: Darkness - G-d created darkness over the land of Egypt; it was so dark, one could feel it. The Egyptians could not see anyone in this thick darkness nor leave their houses for 3 days. However, the houses of the Hebrews were filled with light.
Passover Plague #10: Death of the Firstborn - The final plague that befell the Egyptians was the slaying of the firstborn of every Egyptian family, including the firstborn in the Pharaoh's family. This plague caused the greatest emotional outcry from the Egyptian people, and finally convinced the Pharaoh to let the Hebrews leave Egypt.
Except for the 3rd, 6th, and 9th plagues - which happened without the Pharaoh's knowledge - Moses attempted to persuade the Pharaoh to free the Hebrews from slavery to leave Egypt, but the Pharaoh initially refused to let the Hebrews go. The Pharaoh saw that it was very hard for him to free the Hebrews since at that time they provided a much-needed source of labor for maintaining and expanding the Egyptian economy and empire. Moses warned the Pharaoh that G-d would bring about a plague that would devastate the Egyptian economy and people which would have far worse consequences than if the Hebrews were not serving as slaves to maintain the economy. From the Pharaoh's point-of-view, the combination of a willingness to remove an essential source of labor and viewing himself as a deity on Earth - since Pharaohs were considered a deity on Earth in ancient Egyptian society - outweighed his belief that a plague would be far worse for the Egyptian economy and his political stability as a result. Consequently, Moses could not persuade Pharaoh to let the Hebrews go, and so G-d wanted to show Pharaoh and the Egyptian people that they were simply visitors in their land and did not control it; only G-d controlled all the land and bodies of water on Earth. G-d also wanted to show Pharaoh and the Egyptian people what it was like to be slaves to each of the 10 plagues in their 'own land', so as to experience the hardships that the Hebrews were experiencing under Pharaoh's rule. Because Pharaoh's magicians could not re-create any of the 10 Plagues in a vain attempt to try and disprove their divinity, G-d gradually made the Egyptians aware that it was only when Pharaoh agreed to let the Hebrews go that the plague which was destroying the land of Egypt stopped, but a new and different plague started each time Pharaoh changed his mind and ordered the Hebrews to return to Egypt to work as his slaves.