Blood Borne Viral infections
Definition
These
are the diseases caused by the infectious viruses, which are present in blood
or body fluid, and is transmitted by the transfer of blood or body fluid from
one individual to another.
Etiological agents
1) Hepatitis viruses:
· Hepatitis B Virus
· Hepatitis C Virus
· Hepatitis D Virus
2) Human Immunodeficiency Virus 1 & 2
3) Human T Cell Lymphotrophic Virus 1 & 2
4) Other viruses
· Parvo Vitus B 19
· HHV 5,6,7
· TTK: Tat associated primary T cell derived Kinase Complex
Description about Viruses
|
Virus |
Family / Subgroup |
Structure |
Disease produced |
Clinical feature |
|
HBV |
Hepadnaviridae / Orthohepadna virus |
42 nm, Spherical, ds DNA, Enveloped |
Serum Hepatitis |
· Asymp: No symp, Enz, Ag or Ab to Virus in blood · Symp: Mild fever, nausea, anorexia, jaundice · Fulminant: Hapatic failure, encephalopathy, coma |
|
HCV |
Flaviviridae/ Hepacivirus |
60 nm, Icosahedral, ss RNA +ve sense, Enveloped |
Post-transfusion Hepatitis |
|
|
HDV |
Unclassified/ Delta virus |
35 nm, ss RNA –ve sense, Enveloped |
Delta Hepatitis |
|
|
HIV |
Retroviridae / Lentivirus |
90-120, Complex, ss RNA, Enveloped. |
Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome |
Acute HIV fever® asymp ® PGL® ARC® AIDS |
|
HTLV |
Retroviridae/ Oncovirus |
100 nm, Complex, ss RNA, Enveloped |
Adult
T-cell leukaemia Tropical Spastic Paraparesis |
Long incubation period, systemic lymphadenopathy, multiorgan involvement, and skin lesions |
|
Parvo virus B 19 |
Picornaviridae / Parvo virus |
20 nm, Icosahedral, ss DNA, non-enveloped |
· Erythema infectiosum · Transient aplastic crisis · Hydrops fetalis |
· Fever, malaise, body pain,rashes. · Severe Anemia · Anemia & CCF in fetus |
Risk groups
- High-risk groups: IV drug abusers, Homosexuals and people with multiple sexual partners, Hemophiliacs, persons who receive other blood products, Medical staff.
- Body fluids
|
High risk |
Low risk |
|
Blood
|
Urine |
|
Cerebrospinal
fluid |
Faeces |
|
Pleural
fluid |
Saliva |
|
Breast
milk |
Sputum |
|
Amniotic
fluid |
Tears |
|
Vaginal
secretions |
Sweat |
|
Unfixed
body tissues |
Vomit |
|
Peritoneal
fluid |
Unless
contaminated with blood |
|
Pericardial
fluid |
|
|
Synovial
fluid |
|
|
Semen |
|
Lab diagnosis
- Specimen collected: Blood
- Standard tests done:
|
Virus |
Tested for |
Method |
HBV |
HBsAg |
ELISA, RPHA |
|
HCV |
Anti-HCV antibodies |
ELISA |
|
Circulating HCV RNA |
RT PCR |
|
|
HDV |
Anti-HDV antibodies |
ELISA |
|
HIV |
Anti HIV antibodies |
ELISA, Western Blot |
|
HTLV |
Anti HTLV antibodies |
EIA, Western blot |
|
Parvo Virus B19 |
B19 Antigen |
Immunohistochemistry |
Treatment & Prevention
I. Universal Precautions
II. Specific measures
Virus
|
Chemotherapy |
Immunization |
|
HBV |
a INF, Lamivudine |
Passive: Hepatitis B Ig Active: Plasma derived vaccine, Recombinant DNA vaccine |
|
HCV |
a INF, Ribavirin |
No vaccine |
|
HDV |
Same as Hepatitis B |
Hepatitis B vaccination |
|
HIV |
Zidovudine, Didanosine, Lamivudine, Ritonavir etc as monotherapy or in combination |
No vaccine |
|
HTLV |
ATL: a INF, zidovudine, TSP:
zidovudine, danazol, Vitamin C |
No vaccine |
|
Parvo virus B19 |
Symptomatic treatment, treatment with neutralizing antibodies |
No vaccine |
Presented by
Laxminarayan Bhandari P.
Roll No: 020201265