University of Stellenbosch HIV/AIDS ALIENATION: BETWEEN PREJUDICE AND ACCEPTANCE References JANET L. BROWN Dissertation presented for the Degree of Doctor of Theology At the University of Stellenbosch Promoter: Professor H. JURGENS HENDRIKS April 2004 References: Ackerman, D M 2000. Tamar's Cry: Re-reading an ancient text in the midst of an HIV/AIDS pandemic, as quoted from a speech entitled 'Involvement of people living with HIV/AIDS - how to make it more meaningful' Cameron, J E at the Second National Conference for PLWA, 8-10 March. Durban. Adherents.com (2000) Collection and organization of data. [online] Available from: http://www.adherents.com/adhloc/Wh_192.html [accessed 8 Feb 2004] African Journal of Evangelical Theology (AJET) Ed. 2000. The AIDS pandemic: Any solution? Africa Journal of Evangelical Theology 19 2, 103-104. AFRICAN POLICY INFORMATION CENTER, (2000) WHO Issues new healthy life expectancy rankings [online] available from: http://www.africaaction.org/docs00/life0006.htm [re-accessed 17 June 2003] AIDS Interfaith Network: Some Brief Theological Thoughts on AIDS, (2002) [online] Available from: http://www.aidsinterfaithnetwork.org/thoughts.htm [accessed 2 September 2002] Alsworth, L (1990). Stress, mental health and need satisfaction among Indochinese in Colorado, Thesis (PhD). [online] available from: http://www.sdp.org/sdp/diss/aylesworth.html, [accessed 4 July 2003] Altman, L K 1983. Concern over AIDS grows internationally, [online], NEW YORK TIMES. 24 May. available from: http://www.nytimes.com/1983/05/24/ Ayittey, G B N (2000). CNN Special war on AIDS. [online] available from: http://www7.cnn.com/SPECIALS/2000/aids/stories/war.africa.aids/ [re-accessed 13 June 2003] Banda, G 2002. Cultural Behaviours in Malawi that have an impact on the spread of HIV, An overview by a mature Malawian science teacher, [unpublished paper] Barker, K (gen. ed) 1985. The NIV study bible, new international version. Grand Rapids: Zondervan. Barlow, D L 1992. Educational psychology: The teaching-learning process. Herndon, VA: TechBooks. Barr, D L 1995. New Testament story, an introduction, 2nd ed. Belmont: Wadsworth Bate, S C 2003. Catholic pastoral care as a response to the HIV/AIDS pandemic in Southern Africa. Journal of Pastoral Care & Counselling 57, 2, 197-210 Bearak, B 2003. Why people still starve. New York Times Magazine. 13 July, section 6, 32-61. Beresford, B (June 2001). Africa Recovery, Vol.15# 1-2. p19 [online] Available from: http://www.un.org/ecosocdev/geninfo/afrec/vol15no1/151aids9.htm [re-accessed 20 June 2003] Berkhof, H 1973. Christian faith, an introduction to the study of the faith. Grand Rapids: Eerdmans. Berkhof, L 1959. Systematic theology. London: Banner of Truth Trust. Berkhof, L 1933, Manual of Christian doctrine. Grand Rapids: Eerdmans. Best, W E ca. 1991. The church, her authority and mission. Houston, TX: South Belt Assembly of Christ. Boff, L 1986. Ecclesiogenesis: The base communities reinvent the church, Maryknoll: Orbis. Boon, M 1996. The African way. Wynberg, Sandton: Zebra Bosch, D J 1991. Transforming mission paradigm shifts in theology of mission. American Society of Missiology Series, no. 16, Maryknoll: Orbis. Browning, D S 1996. A fundamental practical theology. Minneapolis: Fortress Press. Centers for Disease Control (CDC) (1993). HIV/AIDS Surveillance Report. [online] Atlanta, February. available from: http://www.cdc.gov/hiv/stats/hasrlink.htm [re-accessed 8 Dec 2003] Champagne, E, (2000) Aids in Africa, [online] Available from: http://www.cbc.ca/news/indepth/aidsinafrica/ July 2000 [re-accessed 17 June 2003] Chapman, S, [s a]. Dogma disputed: potential endemic heterosexual transmission of human immunodeficiency virus in Australia. [Online] Available from: http://www.virusmyth.net/aids/data/dmchurch.htm [re-accessed 13 June 2003] Chisala, 2003. Personal interview with Malawian Social Welfare representative. Chopp, R S (1986). The praxis of suffering [online] Available from: http://www.religion-online.org/cgi-bin/relsearchd.dll/showbook?item_id=1935, [accessed 14 Dec 2002] CHURCH WORLD SERVICE FACT SHEET (2002). Africa has 10 percent of the world's population, but 70 percent of global HIV/AIDS cases. [online] available from: http://www.churchworldservice.org/aidsfactsheet.html [re-accessed 13 June 2003] Church World Service, (2000) (a ministry of the National Council of the Churches of Christ in the U.S.A.) CWS - Aids in Africa: A Generation at Risk AIDS IN AFRICA [online] Available from: http://www.churchworldservice.org/aidsfactsheet.htm [re-accessed 18 June 2003] Clark, H R (1993) The cure for HIV and AIDS, [online] available from: http://www.cures4aids.com/ [re-accessed 17 June 2003] Clowney, E P 1995. The church. Downers Grove, IL: InterVarsity Press. Cochrane, J R, De Gruchy, J W & Peterson, R 1991. In word and deed: Towards a practical theology for social transformation. Pietermaritzber: Cluster Publication. Cole, & Ngewa, S et al (ed.) 1998. Issues in African Christian theology. Nairobi: East African Educational Publishers. Colson, C (2000) Africa's AIDS orphans: What can Christians do? Commentary from BreakPoint(r), 1 May. Prison Fellowship Ministries [online] Available from: http://www.worthynews.com/breakpoint/africa-aids.html [re-accessed 18 June 2003] Conner M G, (2000) Understanding the differences between men and women, [online] available from: http://www.oregoncounseling.org/ArticlesPapers/Documents/DifferencesMenWomen.htm [re-accessed 17 June 2003] Cowan, L 2002. Raising boys, Living & Loving Magazine, Nov. Crowter, J (ed) 1995. Oxford advanced learners dictionary of current English, Oxford: Oxford University Press. Crunutte, M (2000). Church breaks silence on AIDS AME leaders struggling to stem crisis in Africa, Cincinnati Enquirer [online] Available from: http://enquirer.com/editions/2000/07/10/loc_church_breaks.html [re-accessed 13 June 2003] Dayton, E R et al 1993. Strategy for Leadership. Grand Rapids: Fleming H. Revell, div. of Baker Book House. De Gruchy, J W & Villa-Vicencio, C (eds) 1994. Doing theology in context, South African perspectives; Theology and praxis: Volume One, Maryknoll: Orbis. De Vos, A S (ed) 1998. Research at grass roots. 3rd ed. Pretoria: Van Schaik. Dingemans, G D J 1996. Practical theology in the academy: A contemporary overview, The Journal of Religion, University of Chicago 76, 01 Divorce Magazine.com (2003). Divorce Statistics [online] Available from: http://www.divorcemag.com/statistics/statsUS.shtml [accessed 27 October 2003] Dortzbach, K & Nduge Kiiti, (eds.) 1996. Helpers for a healing community: A pastoral counseling manual for AIDS, Nairobi: MAP International. Dudley, C S 1996. Next steps in community ministry: Hands-on leadership). New York: Alban Institute. Forster, P G 1998. Religion, Magic, Witchcraft, and AIDS in Malawi. Anthropos: International Review of Ethnology and Linguistic 93 (4-6): 537-545 Foster, G M 1967. Tzinizuntzan: Mexican peasants in a changing world. Boston: Little, Brown and Company. Foster, G M 1967. University of California, Berkeley, American Anthropologist 67, 293 - 31 [online] available from: http://ist-socrates.berkeley.edu/~peis100a/lectures_material/Limited_good_chart.htm Fountain, D E (1998). AIDS: The 15/45 window, (Vol. 34, No. 1) [online] available from: http://www.wheaton.edu/bgc/EMIS/1998/aids.htm [re-accessed 22 June 2003] Fowler, J W 1999. The Emerging New Shape of Practical Theology, 75-92, in: Schweitzer, F & Van der Ven, JA (eds.) Practical Theology: International Perspectives. Frankfurt: Peter Lang. Frame, 1985. The Church's Response to AIDS, Christianity Today 29, 17, 50-51 Frankel, A P (2002) Moving the mountain, Princeton University Report to the Circumnavigator's Club Foundation, [online] available from: http://www.advocacynet.org/pdf/resource/move_mountain.pdf [re-accessed 29 Jan. 2004] Fumento, M (1989). The myth of heterosexual AIDS. New York: Basic Books [online] available from: http://www.virusmyth.net/aids/data/dmchurch.htm [re-accessed 13 June 2003] GAY AND BLACK GLOSSARY (2002) Dry sex/wankie, [online] available from: http://mindprod.com/gglosswankie.html [re-accessed 17 June 2003] General Board of Global Ministries (GBGM) (1981) [online] (MMWR, 5 June / Vol. 30/ No. 21). available from: http://gbgm-umc.org/health/aids/timeline.stm [re-accessed 13 June 2003] Gibbs, E & Coffey, I 2001. Church next, quantum changes in Christian ministry, Leicester: Inter-Varsity. Greaves, N 1993. When lion could fly. 2nd ed. Cape Town: Struik Greyling, C 2003. Poverty, HIV, and AIDS - the challenge to the Church in the new millennium. in Couture, P D and Miller-McLemore, B J (eds) Poverty, Suffering and HIV/AIDS, International practical theological perspectives, 117-136. Fairwater, Cardiff: Cardiff Academic Press. Grudem, W 1994. Systematic theology, Grand Rapids: Zondervan. Grunlan, S A, et al 1988. Cultural anthropology: A Christian perspective, 2nd ed. Grand Rapids: Zondervan. Guder, D L 1985. Be my witnesses: The church's mission, message and messengers. Grand Rapids: Eerdmans. Hall, D J 1986. God & human suffering: An exercise in the theology of the cross, Minneapolis: Augsburg. Hallman, D G (ed.) 1989. AIDS issues, confronting the challenge. New York: Pilgrim Press. Hauerwas, S G, Bondi, S & Burrell, D B 1977. Truthfulness and tragedy: Further investigations in Christian ethics. Notre Dame: University of Notre Dame Press. Heitink, G 1999. Practical theology, history, theory, action domains: Manual for practical theology, tr by R Bruinsma. Grand Rapids: Eerdmans. Hendriks, H J [2003]. Studying Congregations in Africa, Stellenbosch (Forthcoming). Hendriks, H J 2002. Doing missional theology in an African context. in Hendriks, H J et al, (eds), Reformed Encounters with Modernity, 74-83. Stellenbosch: Print24.com. Hillery, M 2000. The role of community home based care within the church. HIV Care and Support, Strategic Framework, Family health International, December 2000. Hodge, C 1871. Systematic theology, London & Edinburgh: Thomas Nelson Hodge, C [s a]. Systematic theology, part 1, Theology proper [online]. available from: http://www.dabar.org/Theology/Hodge/HodgeV1/P1_C01.htm [accessed 25 October 2003] Hodge, C 1993 (reprinted), Systematic theology, Grand Rapids: Eerdmans. Hoffman, W W & Grenz, S J 1990. AIDS ministry in the midst of an epidemic, Grand Rapids: Baker Book House. Holman, (1992-1994) Holman Bible Dictionary, Rairdin, C et al (ed). Quick Verse For Windows [CD-ROM] (Version 3.0h) Parsons Technology, Inc. Hullquist, C G 1988. Simply Chichewa, Makwasa, Malawi: Malamulo Publishing House. Imasogie, O 1993. Theological perspectives in Africa: No. 5. Guidelines for a Christian theology in Africa. Achimota, Ghana: African Christian Press. Jamiseson, P 2003. AIDS Comment, Women Against AIDS, The Chronicle Vol. 11 No. 412 10 March-16. Joda-Mbewe, O L 2001. The Challenges that Face Reformed Christianity in Malawian Cities, in Hendriks, H J et al, (eds), Reformed Encounters with Modernity, 24-31. Stellenbosch: Print24.com. Johnson, S D 1987. Factors related to the intolerance of AIDS victims. Journal for the scientific study of religion. 21 (1), 105-110 Kasirye, S 1991. Personal interview with World Relief representative for Malawi Kennedy, D J 1996. Evangelism explosion III. Wheaton: Tyndale House. Kubler-Ross, E 1997. On death and dying, Simon & Schuster Ligomeka, B (2002) Many Malawians Are Reluctant to Go for HIV Tests, Malawi Insider (Blantyre) [online] available from: http://allafrica.com/stories/200209260411.html [re-accessed 17 June 2003) Linden, I 1975. Chewa initiation rites and Nyau societies, History of Central Africa, :30-44 Lippincott, J B 1986. The Lippincott manual of nursing practice, Philadelphia: Lippincott Publishing. Louw, D J 1994. Illness as crisis and challenge: Guidelines for pastoral care. Doornfontein: Orion. Louw, D J 1998. A pastoral hermeneutics of care and encounter: A theological design for a basic theory, anthropology, method and therapy, Lux Verbi MAIL & GUARDIAN, (1999), Aw, c'mon, you don't really believe those Aids myths? [online] Available from: http://www.q.co.za/news/1999/9906/990611-aidsmyths.htm [re-accessed 17 June 2003] MALAWI NEWS ONLINE (1998) January [online] Available from: http://www.sas.upenn.edu/African_Studies/Newsletters/mno39.html [re-accessed 18 June 2003] MAP International 1996, Choosing Hope, The Christian Response to the HIV/AIDS Epidemic. Curriculum Modules for Theological and Pastoral Training Institutions, MAP: Nairobi Mbiti, J S 1971. New Testament eschatology in an African Background, A study of the encounter between New Testament theology and African traditional concepts, London: Oxford. McBeth, H L 1987. The Baptist heritage, Nashville: Broadman. McQuilkin, R 1995. Biblical ethics, 2nd ed., Wheaton: Tyndale House. Mead, L B 1994. Transforming congregations for the future, New York: Alban Institute Mead, L B 1996. Five challenges for the once and future church, New York: Alban Institute Mendis, D 1987. The 6th commandment and the church's response to AIDS, Presbyterian. Spring (13): 29-43. Mertz, D & Schuklenk, U (1989) Deathly doctrine: Christian churches and AIDS, Australian journal of public health, 16(1): 128-41. [online] available from: http://www.virusmyth.net/aids/data/dmchurch.htm [accessed 2 September 2002] Mertz, D (1989a) [online] Available from: http://www.virusmyth.net/aids/data/dmchurch.htm, as quoted from article, Wallack J J. AIDS anxiety among health care professionals. Hospital and Community Medicine 40(5): 507-10. [re-accessed 13 June 2003] Mertz, D (1989b) [online] available from: http://www.virusmyth.net/aids/data/dmchurch.htm as quoted from article by Austin D, et al. Some determinants of fear about AIDS among Australian college students. Psychological Reports 64: 1239-44. [re-accessed 13 June 2003] Mertz, D (1989c) [online] Available from: http://www.virusmyth.net/aids/data/dmchurch.htm, as quoted from article Bundesgesundheitsamt 1993 AIDS-Fälle und HIV-Infektionen in der Bundesrepublik Deutschland. Bundesgesundheitsblatt Nr. 1/1993: 43-47. Miller, B F et al, 1972. Encyclopedia and dictionary of medicine and nursing, Philadelphia: W. B. Saunders Mirken, B (2000), Dangerous denial of AIDS holocaust in South Africa [online] available from: http://www.aegis.com/news/sfe/2000/SE000402.html, San Francisco Examiner - 26 April [re-accessed 17 June 2003] Mkandawire, F 2002. Radio broadcast on ABC Christian Radio (88.3 FM) 20 October, featuring a report on the SADAC Leadership Conference held in Pretoria, SA. Mohan, T N. 1996. The life, convictions and martyrdom of Dietrich Bonhoeffer, (video), Lathika International Film and Entertainment Inc., Distributed by Vision Video, Worcester, PA. Morgan, T C 2000. Have We Become Too Busy With Death? Christianity Today, 44 (2), 36-44 Murray, J 1957. Principles of conduct, aspects of biblical ethics, Grand Rapids: Eerdmans. Musick, M (2000). Theodicy and life satisfaction among black and white Americans. Sociology of religion magazine. Issue: Fall [online] available from: http://www.findarticles.com/cf_0/m0SOR/3_61/66498056/p1/article.jhtml?term=sociology+%2Breligion+%2Bresearch [accessed 30 October 2003] Mwalwimba, M 2003. The Nation, (Malawian Newspaper) 12 May National Centre in HIV Epidemiology and Clinical Research (NCHECR) (1993) Australian HIV Surveillance Report. 9(1): 1-32. Neely, M E (1996) Lincoln's Failures [online] available from: http://members.aol.com/RVSNorton/Lincoln42.html [re-accessed 17 June 2003] Nervi, L 1994. Malawi, tr Belotti, M and Ogle, S 1999. 24040 Gorle, (BG): VELAR s.p.a. Neville, P L (1999) Modern-day plague afflicts Africa, [online] available from: http://www.registerguard.com/africa/plague.html, [re-accessed 17 June 2003] NEW WORLD ORDER (2002) AIDS, conspiracy and genocide? [online] available from: http://www.geocities.com/newworldorder_themovie/aids/html, [re-accessed 17 June 2003]. NEW YORK TIMES. 1981. Rare Cancer Seen in 41 Homosexuals [online], 5 July. available from: http://www.nytimes.com/1981/07/03/health/03AIDS.html [re-accessed June 2003] Newbigin, L 1986. Foolishness to the Greeks: The gospel and western culture, Grand Rapids: Eerdmans. Newbigin, L 1995. The open secret: An introduction to the theology of mission, Grand Rapids: Eerdmans. Ngewa, S., et al (ed.) 1998. Issues in African Christian Theology, Nairobi: East African Educational Publishers. Nicholson, R 1994. AIDS: The ethical issues, Missionalia magazine. 22 (3), 227-244. Oxford, 1999. Oxford advanced learner's dictionary of current English, 5th ed. New York: Oxford University Press Pelican Bay State Prison, (ca. 2000), If the SHU fits: Cruel and unusual punishment at California's Pelican Bay State Prison. [online] available from: http://www.punchjurists.com/visitors/PrisonLore/romano1.html [Accessed 4 July 4, 2003] Phillips, B, (2001) Baby rape shocks South Africa, [online] available from: http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/africa/1703595.stm [re-accessed 17 June 2003] Phiri, I A, & Cox, J L, ed. 1998. Rites of passage in contemporary Africa: Interaction between Christian and African traditional religions, RCAS: Cardiff Academic Press. Phiri, K M 1982. Some changes in the matrilineal family system among the Chewa of Malawi since the nineteenth century, Journal of African History 24, (2):257-274 Pick, S 2003. HIV/AIDS our greatest challenge yet! The road ahead for the church in South Africa. Wellington: Lux Verbi:BM. Ploeger, A 1999. Practical Theology Theory and the Praxis of the Church, International Journal of Practical Theology, 3 (1): 69-93 Population Reports (1999). Closing the Condom Gap. (26) No. 1 April, series H, No. 9. [online] available from: http://www.jhuccp.org/pr/h9edsum.stm [re-accessed 13 June 2003] Porter, C (ca. 2002) AIDS Epidemic Likely to Reverse Sustainable Development, Washington File Staff Writer for the USA Embassy in Tokyo, Japan, [online] available from: http://usembassy.state.gov/tokyo/wwwhgl0430.html [re-accessed 20 June 2003] Probst, P 1999. The sudden fame of Billy Godson Chisupe; Healing, social memory and the enigma of the public sphere. Africa 69 (1):108-137 Rairdin, C (1992-1994) Quick Verse For Windows [CD-ROM] (Version 3.0h) Parsons Technology, Inc. Rasmussen, L 1993. Moral fragments and moral community, A proposal for church in society. Minneapolis: Fortress. Root-Bernstein, R S, (1993) Rethinking AIDS: The Tragic Cost of Premature Consensus. New York: The Free Press. Quoted [online] Available from: http://www.virusmyth.net/aids/data/dmchurch.htm [re-accessed 13 June 2003] Rosas, F 2003 Posting on AF-AIDS 26 August, regional forum on HIV/AIDS in Africa, coordinated by the Health & Development Networks Moderation Team (HDN, www.hdnet.org) Ross, K R 2002. Following Jesus and fighting HIV/AIDS: Windows on mission 4, Edinburgh: St. Andrews. Ruch, F L ca. 1960. Psychology and life, 6th Ed, Chicago: Scott, Foresman. Ruden, S 2000. AIDS in South Africa: Why the churches matter, Christian Century, 117 (16), 566-570 Saayman, W 2003. Ex Africa sempter aliquid novi: Some random reflections on challenges to Christian mission arising in Africa in the twenty-first century. Journal of the international association for mission studies. (XX-1) 39:57-83. Sanderson, E J 1994. AIDS - a challenge to the church, in Our Time Has Come, Mbugua ed., Grand Rapids: Baker Book House. Schaper, R L 2003. Pastoral care for persons with AIDS and for their families. [online] available from: http://www.religion-online.org/cgi-bin/relsearchd.dll/showarticle?item_id=329, [Accessed 26 June 2003] Schlosser, S E (webmaster) (2003) American Folklore and Heroes [online] available from: http://www.americanfolklore.net/ff.html [re-accessed 17 June 2003] Schoffeleers, M 1999. The AIDS pandemic, the prophet Billy Chisupe, and the democratisation process in Malawi, Journal of Religion in Africa, 29 (4), 406-493 Schreiter, R C 2002. Constructing local theologies, Maryknoll: Orbis. Scott, W 1987. Mercy and social transformation, in SAMUEL, V and SUGDEN, C ed. The church in response to human need. Grand Rapids: Eerdmans. Scroggs, R 1995. Biblical authority and human sexuality, Interpretation - Journal of Bible and Theology, 49 (1), 17-30 Sithole, E (2000) Mbeki opens AIDS conference stressing poverty, Reuters NewMedia. 9 July [online] available from: http://www.aegis.com/news/re/2000/RE000714.html [accessed 26 Jan. 04] Smith, R (2002), Condom campaign causes stir, Washington Blade - January 18 [online] available from: http://www.aegis.com/news/wb/2002/WB020103.html [re-accessed 13 June 2003] Somlai, A M 1997 The response of religious congregations to the spiritual needs of people living with HIV/AIDS, Journal of Pastoral Care. 51:415-426 SOWETAN 2001. Hit TV Series Explores Religious Attitudes to AIDS (2003) episode on SABC1, aired June, [online] Available from: http://allafrica.com/stories/200106200225.html [re-accessed 22 June 2003] Stearns, R E 2001, Mercy impaired: Lets shock the world by reversing our apathy toward African sufferers, Christianity Today, 45 (11), 100 Stone, H W 1993. Crisis counselling (Revised Ed.), Minneapolis: Fortress. Strong, A H 1907, 25th printing 1967, Systematic theology, Valley Forge: Judson Press. Swarns, R L 2000. Comments on AIDS weaken Mbecki, [online], NEW YORK TIMES 1 Nov. available from: http://query.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html Teen Challenge South Africa (ca. 2002) Examining attitudes by looking at AIDS [online] available from: http://www.tc.asn.au/feature/default.asp [re-accessed 22 June 2003] Tracy, D 1981. The analogical imagination: Christian theology and the culture of pluralism. New York: Crossroad. UN Integrated Regional Information Networks, (2001) Girls still dropping out from school, [online] available from: http://allafrica.com/stories/200109270454.html September 27, 2001, [re-accessed 17 June 2003] UNAIDS (2000) Education can help save young people from AIDS [online] available from: http://www.unaids.org/whatsnew/press/eng/pressarc00/dakar260400.html [re-accessed 18 June 2003] UNAIDS/PennState Project: 1999. Communications framework for HIV/AIDS, p41 UNESCO (United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization) 2001. HIV/AIDS and education, [online] available from: http://www.unesco.org/education/efa/ed_for_all/background/background_kit_HIV.shtml [re-accessed 17 June 2003] UNFPA, (2002) Widespread violence against women in Africa documented, [online] Fact sheet available from: http://www.afrol.com/Categories/Women/wom003_violence_unfpa.htm [re-accessed 17 June 2003] UNICEF (2002). [online] Country statistics, Malawi. available from: http://www.careinternational.org.uk/cares_work/where/malawi/malawi_stats.htm [accessed 24 July 2003] UNJPA, (s a). Promoting reproductive health, [online] available from: http://www.unfpa.org/modules/factsheets/aids_condom.htm [re-accessed 13 June 2003] UPCSA (2000). Church profile Uniting Presbyterian Churches in Southern Africa (UPCSA). [online] available from: http://www.cwmission.org.uk/pcsa.htm [re-accessed at site: http://www.presbyterian.org.za/Files/justice.htm 13 June 2003] US National Research Council. (1993). Social impact of AIDS. Washington DC: National Academy Press [online] available from: http://www.virusmyth.net/aids/data/dmchurch.htm [re-accessed 13 June 2003] USAID (2000), Abuse of women escalates HIV infections in Africa, [online] available from: http://www.afrol.com/Categories/Women/backgr_abuse_aids.htm [accessed 17 June 2003] USAID (2000), Global Health Report, Africa, Regional Overview [online] available from: http://www.usaid.gov/pop_health/aids/Countries/africa/ [accessed 17 June 2003] USAID/Malawi (2002), Community based condom distribution, Ntcheu child survival project (NCSP); USAID/ Africare Malawi, [online] available from: http://www.usaid.gov/regions/afr/ss02/malawi.html [accessed 25 June 2003] Van der Ven, J 1998. Practical theology: An empirical approach. Leuven: Peeters. Van Engen, C 1997. Mission on the way: Issues in mission theology. Grand Rapids: Baker Bookhouse. Van Rensburg, J J 2000. The paradigm shift: An introduction to postmodern thought and its implications for theology. Pretoria: Van Schaik. Vanderkooi, M 1994. Village medical manual, Pasadena, CA: William Carey Library. Warren, P N (1996). Sodomy law - Does it really prevent AIDS? [online] available from: http://www.sodomylaws.org/usa/useditorial12.htm [re-accessed 13 June 2003] Werner, D 1996. Where there is no doctor, London: MacMillian. Westminster Confession of Faith, 1646. 3rd ed. 1990. Atlanta: The Committee for Christian Education & Publications (PCA Bookstore). Williams, C W 1998. New directions in theology today, Volume IV: The church. Philadelphia: Westminster. Wiltshire, S F 1977. Process theology and God as parent, Christian Century, 5 October 874 Wittenberg, G 1994. Counselling AIDS patients: Job as a paradigm, Journal of Theology for Southern Africa. (88):61-68 Wong, D L et al 1990. Clinical manual of pediatric nursing, 4th Ed. St. Louis: Mosby. Wood, G G & Dietrich, J E 1990. The AIDS epidemic, balancing compassion & justice. Portland: Multnomah. World Council of Churches. 1997. WCC study document FACING AIDS - The challenge, the churches response. Geneva: WCC World Council of Churches. (2001). [online] available from: http://www.wcc-coe.org/wcc/news/press/01/hiv-aids-plan.html, [re-accessed 12 Dec. 03]. WCC Global consultation on the Ecumenical response to the challenge of HIV/AIDS in Africa, 25-28 November. Plan of action, The ecumenical response of HIV/AIDS in Africa. Nairobi: WCC. WORLD FACTBOOK (CIA) (2002), [online] Available from: http://www.odci.gov/cia/publications/factbook/geos/mi.html [re-accessed 17 June 2003] World Service 2003. National Council of the Churches of Christ in the U.S.A. [online] available from: http://www.churchworldservice.org/aidsfactsheet.htm [re-accessed 13 June 2003] Zhu, T B et al (1998). The origins of AIDS and HIV and the first cases of AIDS, An African HIV-1 sequence from 1959 and implications for the origin of the epidemic nature. 391: 594-597 [online] available from: http://www.avert.org/origins.htm [re-accessed 13 June 2003] Zingani, M (2003) HIV/AIDS affecting girls education, The Chronicle Newspaper 20 April (Lilongwe) [online] available from: http://allafrica.com/stories/200304200088.html [accessed 17 June 2003) Zulu, E 2001. An African response to modernism, in Hendriks, H J et al, (eds), Reformed Encounters with Modernity, 4-9. Stellenbosch: Print24.com.