| sg | - (hi) |
| pl | ùn (hun) |
| 0 | ih (ha) |
| 1p | ni |
| 2p | ts |
| 3p | ak |
| p | - |
| e/p | su |
| n/f | ri |
| nom | - |
| acc | Ce |
| gen | tsi |
| obl | Vv |
Verb Conjugation:
The affixes that form each verbal ending are shown, followed
by the form that they assume in use in parentheses.
There are two different patterns for these, what are known as
the "strong" affixes, which apply to the vast majority of verbs, and the
"weak" set, which happen to a small set of verbs depending on certain rules.
There are five verbal paradigms, identified by the variations in the stable/fluid
stems, that identify the strength/weakness of each stem.
Tenses in parentheses use the fluid stem of the verb rather than
the static.
Strong forms:
| 1p active | 2p active | 3p active | 1p passive | 2p passive | 3p passive | |
| sg present | -ni- (ni) | -ts- (ts) | -ak- (k) | -ni-hi (nihi) | -ts-hi (ci) | -ak-hi (akka) |
| pl " | -ni-ùn (nìn) | -ts-ùn (tsùn) | -ak-ùn (kùn) | -ni-hun (nun) | -ts-hun (cun) | -ak-hun (aqun) |
| 0 " | -ni-ih (nî) | -ts-ih (tsih) | -ak-ih (aq) | -ni-ha (na) | -ts-ha (ca) | -ak-ha (aqa) |
| sg eternity / (past) | su-ni- (sni) | su-ts- (sts) | su-ak- (sûk) | su-ni-hi (sunih) | su-ts-hi (suci) | su-ak-hi (sûq) |
| pl " | su-ni-ùn (sìn) | su-ts-ùn (stsùn) | su-ak-ùn (sûkùn) | su-ni-hun (sunìn) | su-ts-hun (sucun) | su-ak-hun (sûqun) |
| 0 " | su-ni-ih (sunî) | su-ts-ih (sutsih) | su-ak-ih (sûkih) | su-ni-ha (sunâ) | su-ts-ha (suca) | su-ak-ha (sûqa) |
| sg never / (future) | ri-ni- (rni) | ri-ts- (rits) | ri-ak- (rîk) | ri-ni-hi (rinî) | ri-ts-hi (rici) | ri-ak-hi (rîki) |
| pl " | ri-ni-ùn (rnìn) | ri-ts-ùn (tsùr) | ri-ak-ùn (rîkùn) | ri-ni-hun (rinîn) | ri-ts-hun (ricun) | ri-ak-hun (rîqun) |
| 0 " | ri-ni-ih (rnî) | ri-ts-ih (tsîr) | ri-ak-ih (rîkih) | ri-ni-ha (rna) | ri-ts-ha (richa) | ri-ak-ha (rîqa) |
Weak forms:
| 1p active | 2p active | 3p active | 1p passive | 2p passive | 3p passive | |
| sg present | -ni- (ni) | -ts- (x) | -ak- (â) | -ni-hi (nî) | -ts-hi (ṭṣi) | -ak-hi (aḥa) |
| pl " | -ni-ùn (nìn) | -ts-ùn (xùn) | -ak-ùn (hùn) | -ni-hun (nun) | -ts-hun (ṭṣun) | -ak-hun (aḥù) |
| 0 " | -ni-ih (nî) | -ts-ih (xih) | -ak-ih (aḥ) | -ni-ha (nàà) | -ts-ha (ṭṣa) | -ak-ha (aha) |
| sg eternity / (past) | su-ni- (sì) | su-ts- (ṣ) | su-ak- (sûh) | su-ni-hi (sììh) | su-ts-hi (uṭṣi) | su-ak-hi (sûḥ) |
| pl " | su-ni-ùn (sìn) | su-ts-ùn (ṣù) | su-ak-ùn (sùùn) | su-ni-hun (sììn) | su-ts-hun (uṭṣù) | su-ak-hun (sûḥù) |
| 0 " | su-ni-ih (sunî) | su-ts-ih (suxî) | su-ak-ih (sîh) | su-ni-ha (sàà) | su-ts-ha (uṭṣa) | su-ak-ha (sûḥa) |
| sg never / (future) | ri-ni- (lìì) | ri-ts- (lix) | ri-ak- (lîh) | ri-ni-hi (lììh) | ri-ts-hi (liṭṣi) | ri-ak-hi (lîhi) |
| pl " | ri-ni-ùn (lììn) | ri-ts-ùn (xùr) | ri-ak-ùn (lùùn) | ri-ni-hun (lììn) | ri-ts-hun (liṭṣun) | ri-ak-hun (lîhù) |
| 0 " | ri-ni-ih (lîh) | ri-ts-ih (xîl) | ri-ak-ih (lîh) | ri-ni-ha (là) | ri-ts-ha (liḍẓa) | ri-ak-ha (lîḥa) |
Weak forms are interesting in that they cause consonant alternation in
the weak root. The rules for that are forthcoming, but as a general
rule, endings in vowels, nasls, and l- take the "healthy" root, and the other
endings take what's called the "sick" root, which can be found by a simple
derivation. Generally, the following changes happen to the final consonants
of the root, in this order:
| Original |
Result |
| retroflex |
alveolar |
| alveolar affricate |
postalveolar fricative |
| alveolar stop |
alveolar affricate |
| labial stop |
labial fricative |
| velar stop |
velar fricative |
| nasals (m, n, ṇ) |
n |
| liquids (w, r, l) |
l |
| aspirates |
toggle voicing, lose aspiration |
Then, strangely enough, the famous Compounding Rules happen when the root is suffixed with its endings.
The Verbal Paradigms:
There are five of these; each has a derivation that creates the fluid stem from the stable stem of the verb, and each stem is regularly either weak or strong.
|
Paradigm
|
Fluid Derivation
|
Stable Conjugation
|
Fluid Conjugation
|
|
1
|
-issa (alaura, alaurâssa)
|
strong
|
strong
|
|
2
|
-ali (pa, pâli)
|
strong
|
strong
|
|
3
|
-CVCi (daṇi, daṇinî)*
|
strong
|
weak
|
|
4
|
-Ca (hansel, hansilla)**
|
weak
|
weak
|
|
5
|
root weakening (sarasta, saraxa)
|
weak
|
strong
|
*: This is the Dissimilation Law.
**: This is the Rising Vowel Law.
Noun Declension:
There are two noun declensions. The first has roots ending
in consonants, and the second in vowels.
| 1d sg | 1d pl | 1d 0 | 2d sg | 2d pl | 2d 0 | |
| nom | - | -ùn (Cùn) | -ih (Cih) | - | -ùn (`n) | -ih (h) |
| acc | Ce- (Ce) | Ce-ùn (Cèn) | Ce-ih (Ceh) | Ce- (nV) | Ce-ùn (nùn) | Ce-ih (nê) |
| gen | tsi- (Vtse) | tsi-ùn (Vtsìn) | tsi-ih (Vtsî) | tsi- (ts) | tsi-ùn (tsìn) | tsi-ih (tsî) |
| obl | v- (Vv) | v-ùn (Vvùn) | v-ih (Vvih) | v- (v) | v-ùn (vùn) | v-ih (vih) |
Adjective Declension:
Adjectives have tense and person like verbs do, and case
like nouns, but don't inflect for number. Adjectives do not have
fluid stems - in the fluid tenses the first syllable is reduplicated, and
certain sound change processes applied. They too have two declensions
as nouns do.
| 1d nom | 1d acc | 1d gen | 1d obl | 2d nom | 2d acc | 2d gen | 2d obl | |
| 1p pr | ni (ni) | Ce-ni (Ceni) | tsi-ni (Vxìi) | v-ni (Vvì) | ni (ni) | Ce-ni (Cni) | tsi-ni (xìi) | v-ni (vì) |
| 2p pr | ts (Vx) | Ce-ts (Cex) | tsi-ts (Vxis) | v-ts (Vvax) | ts (ts) | Ce-ts (Cets) | tsi-ts (tsis) | v-ts (vax) |
| 3p pr | ak (ak) | Ce-ak (Cêk) | tsi-ak (Vtsîk) | v-ak (Vvah) | ak (k) | Ce-ak (Cêk) | tsi-ak (tsîk) | v-ak (vak) |
| 1p et/pa | su-ni (uzni) | su-Ce-ni (sCeni) | su-tsi-ni (Vstìi) | su-v-ni (Vsuvì) | su-ni (zni) | su-Ce-ni (sCeni) | su-tsi-ni (stìi) | su-v-ni (zvì) |
| 2p et/pa | su-ts (uṣ) | su-Ce-ts (sCets) | su-tsi-ts (Vxit) | su-v-ts (Vsuvj) | su-ts (sc) | su-Ce-ts (sCets) | su-tsi-ts (stit) | su-v-ts (suvj) |
| 3p et/pa | su-ak (usq) | su-Ce-ak (sCh) | su-tsi-ak (Vxîk) | su-v-ak (Vzvak) | su-ak (sk) | su-Ce-ak (sVh) | su-tsi-ak (stîk) | su-v-ak (zvak) |
| 1p ne/fu | ri-ni (rini) | ri-Ce-ni (rCeni) | ri-tsi-ni (Vrsini) | ri-v-ni (rvni) | ri-ni (rini) | ri-Ce-ni (rCeni) | ri-tsi-ni (rsini) | ri-v-ni (rivni) |
| 2p ne/fu | ri-ts (ritsi) | ri-Ce-ts (rCets) | ri-tsi-ts (Vrxit) | ri-v-ts (rvix) | ri-ts (rixi) | ri-Ce-ts (rCex) | ri-tsi-ts (rstit) | ri-v-ts (rvix) |
| 3p ne/fu | ri-ak (rak) | ri-Ce-ak (rCh) | ri-tsi-ak (Vrsîk) | ri-v-ak (rvak) | ri-ak (rak) | ri-Ce-ak (rCh) | ri-tsi-ak (rsîk) | ri-v-ak (rvak) |
Some Vocab
| Closest English Equivalent | Singular/Plural, or Static/ Fluid, or Particle |
| drum | dhol, dholùn |
| eat | maṣa, maṣṭu |
| eye | oun, onùn |
| fall (v.) | tlila, tlilâssa |
| fear (n.) | tzilàn, tzilùn |
| fill (v.) | pa, pâli |
| fog (n.) | sahad, sadhùn |
| grass | ràssu, ràsùn |
| hair | thâlith, thâlitthùn |
| heart | orrid, orriddùn |
| lake, mirror | tlainu, tlainùn |
| be like, similar to | mât, mâtte |
| make | haî, haìli |
| meat/flesh | ḥalith, ḥalithùn |
| night | cueng, cuennàgùn |
| salt | xebec, xebeche (acc. sing. no plural.) |
| sea | àànnà, àànnàùn [I love this word] |
| see (v.) | nio, nini |
| smoke (n.) | ol, olùn |
| snow (n.) | ix, xùn |
| sun | rah, raḥaùn |
| tree | marin, marunnùn |
| water | sììr, sììrrùn [And this one too] |
| behind |
bir |
| back (of body) |
mukqat, mukqattùn |
| sneak (v.) |
hansel, hansilla |
| release (v.) |
alaura, alaurâssa |
| issue (of a magizine) (n.) |
dica, dicàn |
| first |
ka |
| Pii Gazette |
Tlainu Pîsirathatse |
| speak |
sarasta, saraxa |
| again |
dai- (prefix to verbs) |
| translate |
dazarasta, dazaraxa |
| in |
va |
| language |
nara, narannùn |
| all, every |
jara |
| probably |
lithagha |
| month |
manza, manazzùn |
| to be able |
daṇi, daṇinî |
| find |
jamina, jâminna |