� THE POLITICAL ERA
� THE REFORM ERA
� THE COMMUNITY PROBLEM-SOLVING ERA
THE POLITICAL ERA (1840 - 1930)
� CLOSE TIES BETWEEN POLICE AND POLITICIANS
� FIRST EMPHASIS ON MAKING POLITICIANS HAPPY
THE REFORM ERA (1930 � 1970)
� PROFESSIONAL CRIME FIGHTING
� POLICE RESOURCES FOCUSED ON ARRESTS
THE COMMUNITY PROBLEM-SOLVING ERA
� A PARTNERSHIP BETWEEN POLICE AGENCIES AND COMMUNITIES
STYLES OF POLICING (MORE FOLLOWS ON EACH)
THE WATCHMAN STYLE
THE LEGALISTIC STYLE
THE SERVICE STYLE
THE WATCHMAN STYLE
� CONSIDERABLE USE OF POLICE DISCRETION
� MORE EMPHASIS ON CRIME CONTROL THAN CRIME PREVENTION
� COPS DISTANCED FROM THE PEOPLE THEY SERVE
THE LEGALISTIC STYLE
� LAW ENFORCEMENT IS ONLY CONCERN
� NO INTEREST IN SOCIAL PROBLEMS
� ENFORCING THE �LETTER OF THE LAW�
THE SERVICE STYLE
� POLICE SEE THEMSELVES AS HELPERS OF THE COMMUNITY IN THE WAR ON CRIME
� LEGAL SOLUTIONS NOT THE ONLY ONES
� LINKED TO THE COMMUNITY PROBLEM-SOLVING ERA
COMMUNITY POLICING
� POLICE CALLS FOR SERVICE EXCEED CALLS FOR ARRESTS
FOUR ELEMENTS OF COMMUNITY POLICING
(1) COMMUNITY-BASED CRIME PREVENTION
(2) POLICE PATROL EMPHASIZES NON-EMERGENCY SERVICES
(3) INCREASED ACCOUNTABILITY TO THE PUBLIC
(4) DECENTRALIZED COMMAND
A SHIFT IN FOCUS
� POLICE ARE NOW ONE OF MANY AGENCIES HELPING THE PUBLIC
� ARRESTS ARE LESS IMPORTANT THAN PREVENTED CRIMES
� THE CONCERNS OF THE PUBLIC ARE THE CONCERNS OF THE POLICE
CRITICISMS OF COMMUNITY POLICING
� NOT ALL POLICE WILLING TO CHANGE
� GOALS BECOME DIFFICULT TO MEASURE
SCIENTIFIC POLICE MANAGEMENT
� THE KANSAS CITY EXPERIMENT
� THE KANSAS CITY GUN EXPERIMENT
� THE MINNEAPOLIS DOMESTIC VIOLENCE EXPERIMENT
� THE NEWPORT NEWS EXPERIENCE
POLICE DISCRETION
EXERCISING CHOICE
FACTORS INFLUENCING POLICE DISCRETION:
� OFFICER�S BACKGROUND
� SUSPECT�S CHARACTERISTICS
� DEPARTMENTAL POLICY
� COMMUNITY INTEREST
� PRESSURE FROM VICTIM
� DISAGREEMENT WITH THE LAW
� AVAILABLE ALTERNATIVES