TO FIX ANY SYSTEM YOU MUST KNOW:
� WHEN THE PROBLEMS OCCUR
� WHERE THE PROBLEMS OCCUR
� HOW OFTEN THEY OCCUR
TO FIX THE CRIMINAL JUSTICE SYSTEM
� WE RELY UPON TWO MAIN SOURCES FOR KNOWLEDGE
� UNIFORM CRIME REPORTS (UCR) AND THE NATIONAL CRIME VICTIMIZATION SURVEY (NCVS)
UNIFORM CRIME REPORTS (UCR)
� INFORMATION PROVIDED BY POLICE TO THE FBI
� BASED ON INFORMATION REPORTED BY VICTIMS TO POLICE
NOT ALL CRIMES REPORTED
� BECAUSE OF FEAR
� BECAUSE THE POLICE CAN'T DO ANYTHING
� BECAUSE THE CRIMES ARE "VICTIMLESS"
� SOME POLICE AGENCIES DO NOT REPORT CRIMES TO THE FBI
DESPITE UCR PROBLEMS, THEY ARE THE MOST WIDELY QUOTED CRIME STATISTICS
UCR'S SHOW THAT SOME SHIFTS IN CRIME HAVE NOTHING TO DO WITH POLICE ACTIVITY
� DURING WW II, VERY LITTLE CRIME
� WHEN "BABY BOOMERS" HIT ADOLESCENCE, AN INCREASE IN CRIME
� AN UPCOMING TEENAGE POPULATION BOOM = INCREASED CRIME
UCR'S KEEP TRACK OF EIGHT CRIMES
� CALLED "MAJOR CRIMES" OR "PART I OFFENSES"
� FOUR VIOLENT CRIMES AND FOUR PROPERTY CRIMES
UCR VIOLENT CRIMES
MURDER
� THE UNLAWFUL KILLING OF A HUMAN BY A HUMAN
� UCR DEFINITION DIFFERENT FROM CALIFORNIA'S DEFINITION
� UCR MURDER INCLUDES CALIFORNIA MANSLAUGHTER
� CALIFORNIA INCLUDES DEATH OF A VIABLE FETUS
� MOST OFTEN BY "ACQUAINTANCES"
� 63.4% BY GUNS
� ONLY 62.4% OF REPORTED MURDERS SOLVED (CLEARED)
FORCIBLE RAPE
� "CARNAL KNOWLEDGE OF A FEMALE AGAINST HER WILL"
� CALIFORNIA INCLUDES MALES AS VICTIMS
� CALIFORNIA RAPE NOT NECESSARILY BY FORCE
� PERHAPS AS LITTLE AS 16% REPORTED
� OCCURS MOST OFTEN IN SUMMER
� 44.3% OF REPORTED RAPES SOLVED
ROBBERY
� TAKING ANOTHER'S PROPERTY BY FORCE OR THREAT OF FORCE
� CALIFORNIA'S DEFINITION SIMILAR
� VICTIM MUST BE PRESENT (UNLIKE BURGLARY)
� ALMOST EXCLUSIVELY AN URBAN EVENT
� 24.9% OF REPORTED ROBBERIES SOLVED
� 90% OF ARRESTED SUSPECTS MALE, 62% UNDER 25
AGGRAVATED ASSAULT
� SERIOUS ASSAULTS WITH WEAPONS AND/OR NEEDING MEDICAL ATTENTION
� CALIFORNIA HAS NO CRIME BY THIS NAME
� OCCURS MOST OFTEN IN SUMMER
� 56.1% SOLVED
UCR PROPERTY CRIMES
BURGLARY
� UNLAWFUL ENTRY WITH INTENT TO STEAL OR COMMIT A FELONY
� NO CONFRONTATION (CONTRAST WITH ROBBERY)
� ONLY 10% OCCUR IN HOMES WITH PEOPLE THERE
� ONLY 12.7% SOLVED
LARCENY (THEFT)
� INCLUDES ALL THEFTS (EXCEPT VEHICLES)
� REPORTED LOSS OF $5.2 BILLION IN ONE YEAR
� THE MOST FREQUENTLY REPORTED UCR CRIME
� THE MOST FREQUENTLY UNREPORTED UCR CRIME
� ONLY 17.6% SOLVED
MOTOR VEHICLE THEFT
� PROBABLY ALWAYS REPORTED
� $8.2 BILLION LOSSES IN ONE YEAR
� ONLY 143.6% SOLVED
ARSON
� DELIBERATE SETTING OF FIRES
� $1 BILLION IN ANNUAL LOSSES
� ONLY 16% SOLVED
OVERALL SOLVE RATE OF REPORTED UCR CRIMES = 19.6%
UCR PART II OFFENSES
� INCLUDES ANYTHING WHICH IS NOT PART I
� ONLY ARRESTS COUNTED
� OVER 7.8 MILLION PART II ARRESTS IN ONE YEAR
UCR BEING REPLACED WITH THE NATIONAL INCIDENT BASED REPORTING SYSTEM (NIBRS)
� WILL KEEP TRACK OF MORE CRIMES IN GREATER DETAIL
THE NATIONAL CRIME VICTIMIZATION SURVEY (NCVS)
� BUREAU OF JUSTICE STATISTICS AND CENSUS BUREAU SEND OUT 50,000 QUESTIONNAIRES
� RESPONDERS SELF-REPORT VICTIMIZATION
� RESULTS SHOW CRIME MUCH MORE COMMON THAN REPORTED IN UCR'S
� ONLY HALF OF VIOLENT CRIMES REPORTED TO POLICE
� ONLY ONE-THIRD OF PROPERTY CRIMES REPORTED TO THE POLICE
PERCEPTION OF CRIME VERSUS REALITY
� MEN ARE VICTIMS MORE OFTEN THAN WOMEN
� YOUNG ARE VICTIMS MORE OFTEN THAN ELDERLY
� YOUNG MEN THE MOST LIKELY VICTIMS, ELDERLY WOMEN THE LEAST LIKELY
� AFRICAN-AMERICAN MORE LIKELY TO BE VICTIMS THAN WHITES
� LOWER-INCOME FAMILIES MOST LIKELY TO BE VICTIMIZED
� CRIME IS MOST LIKELY BASED ON WHERE YOU LIVE, NOT RACE
CRITICISMS OF NCVS
� MISTAKES, EXAGGERATIONS IMPOSSIBLE TO FILTER OUT
PUTTING CRIME IN PERSPECTIVE
� YOU ARE MORE LIKELY TO BE KILLED IN AN ACCIDENT THAN BY A CRIMINAL
WOMEN AS VICTIMS
� AT LEAST 18% OF ALL WOMEN EXPERIENCE RAPE OR ATTEMPTED RAPE
� AMONG RAPED FEMALES, 22% WERE UNDER 12 AT THE TIME
� 25% OF WOMEN EXPERIENCE VIOLENCE BY COHABITANT
� AMONG RAPED WOMEN, 76% RAPED BY ACQUAINTANCE/SPOUSE
WOMEN AS SUSPECTS
� WOMEN ACCOUNT FOR A SMALL PERCENTAGE OF REPORTED CRIME
� FEMALE CRIMINALITY INCREASING MORE RAPIDLY THAN MALE CRIMINALITY
� WOMEN ACCOUNT FOR 49% OF EMBEZZLEMENT, AND 44% OF FRAUD
� ARE WOMEN ACTUALLY BECOMING MORE CRIMINAL OR IS THIS THE DOWN-SIDE OF EQUALITY?
THE COST OF CRIME
� $450 BILLION ($1800 PER PERSON) TOTAL COST PER YEAR
DRUGS AND CRIME
� ARRESTS FOR DRUGS ALONE OVER 1,500,000 PER YEAR
� ROBBERIES, BURGLARIES, THEFTS THOUGHT TO BE PRIMARILY FOR DRUG MONEY
� 79% OF ALL MALES BOOKED IN SAN DIEGO COUNTY JAILS UNDER THE INFLUENCE OF AT LEAST ONE ILLEGAL DRUG (EXCLUDES ALCOHOL)
� ONLY CHICAGO AND NEW YORK HAD HIGHER RATES OF ABOVE
THE ELDERLY AND CRIME
� PEOPLE OVER 65 ACCOUNT FOR LESS THAN 1% OF ALL CRIME
� AFRICAN-AMERICAN MALES MOST LIKELY VICTIMS AMONG ELDERLY
� ELDERLY FEAR CRIME MOST, HAVE LEAST VICTIMIZATION