(yy20: 121)], V. vulpes [the correct name for the red fox of Europe and now also given to the red fox

of North America, because studies have shown these foxes to be the same species ^{(yy20: 121)}].

Order Carnivora, Family Canidae): Chokeberry (foliage and fruit ^{(yy15: 322)}; also seeds^{?}). Also:

Apple (cultivated bark and fruit ^{(yy15: 469 [M. pumila])}; eaten in the East [excluding Alabama], and a

fall and winter food in Massachusetts ^{(yy15: 227)}; also eats seeds^{?}). Bramble (Blackberry group

stems and fruit ^{(yy15: 227, 326)}). fruit (fleshy fruits, seeds ^(yy15); diet includes all kinds of fruits and

berries ^{(yy20: 127)}). Pear (cultivated bark and fruit ^{(yy15: 227, 468 [P. communis])}). Serviceberry (bark,

fruit and twigs ^{(yy11: 9 [author: Larson]); (yy15: 324)}, also foliage^{?}). Stone Fruit (Cherry ^{(yy15: 227)}

[cultivated foliage and fruit ^{(yy15: 470)}, Chokecherry ^{(yy15: 227)}, Wild Black Cherry ^{(yy15: 227)} fruit,

Wild Cherry (fruit, bark and wood ^{(yy15: 330)})]; Plum [Wild fruit ^{(yy15: 331)}]). The range of its

distribution is said to be not clearly defined, but is present over most of the continental United

States, in all regions, its range is largest in the eastern half of U.S., it isn't as widely distributed

in the southern half of the U.S. as in the northern half, and its distribution extends to east of the

Cascade and Sierra Mountain ranges on the West Coast ^{(yy15: 226)}; Rue says it's distributed from

northern Canada and Alaska south to the Gulf of Mexico (but not below the fall line of the

southeastern states), range extending southward to the Mexican border in locations in the west,

but not present in the high plains from central Alberta to Mexico ^{(yy20: 123)}; the subspecies known

as the plains or royal red fox replaces the Eastern Red in the prairie country farther west ^{(yy15: 226)}.

A game animal in North America, inhabiting edges of open country, and "The opening up of the

forests along the heavily wooded eastern seaboard by the pioneers did much to allow this fox to

extend its range" ^{(yy20: 124, 125)}; is also said to den most often in an old woodchuck burrow in the

middle of a large field, which allows it to have a clear view in all directions ^{(yy20: 129)}. Both the

Red Fox and kit fox (Vulpes) are "wily creatures and have prospered in spite of man's invasion

of their habitats and the extensive use of their pelts. Black, silver, and cross foxes are simply

color variations of the red fox. Some of these color phases are particularly prized for furs and

are now produced under semidomestication on fur farms..." ^{(yy15: 226)}; the great variation in color

among Red Foxes ranges from light blond-yellow to a deep russet-red, and in the colder parts

of its range its several other color variations include black and silver ^{(yy20: 122)}. It's also said that

their varied animal diet reflects the relative availability of different foods at various times and

places, their main foods are mice and rabbits but they also eat other small mammals/small

rodents, birds, cold-blooded vertebrates, amphibians, reptiles, more or less fresh carrion, and

larger insects such as grasshoppers, while fleshy fruits and seeds comprise about one-fourth of

their diet in summer and fall ^{(yy15: 226)}; the meadow mouse is considered probably its main food

item, but their other foods also include beetles, crickets, chipmunks, dead deer, also hares,

muskrats (Ondatra zibethicus), squirrels, woodchucks (Marmota monax), pheasants, quail,

Ruffed Grouse, and domestic poultry such as chickens ^{(yy20: 126-128)}; at times when the food is

plentiful, a fox will frequently kill more food than it can consume immediately, and will then cache

or store the surplus for later consumption ^{(yy20: 126)}; they're also said to frequently kill prey that

they don't eat unless food is especially scarce, such as moles (Talpidae), shrews (Soricidae),

snakes, or weasels (Mustela) ^{(yy20: 127)}. Red Foxes are well known and respected for their

intelligence, they can dig up traps and spring them (including hidden blind-set traps) without

getting caught, and like the Gray Fox they use their cleverness to fool hunting dogs and escape

them ^{(yy20: 125-126)}. Dogs are said to be the primary enemies of the Red Fox, while these animals

can be killed by coyotes (Canis latrans), lynx, and wolves (Canis), and their kits (young) are

killed by golden eagles (in Order Falconiformes) and great horned owls (Strigiformes) ^{(yy20: 133)}.

Susceptible to distemper, encephalitis, and rabies ^{(yy20: 133)}.

New England Cottontail Rabbit (Sylvilagus transitionalis. Order Lagomorpha,

Family Leporidae): Chokeberry (foliage and fruit ^{(yy15: 322)}). Also: Pear (cultivated

bark and fruit ^{(yy15: 468 [P. communis])}). Stone Fruit (Wild Cherry bark, fruit and wood ^(yy15:

330)). Strawberry (Wild and/or cultivated fruit and leaves ^{(yy15: 399)}).

Western Fox Squirrel (Sciurus spp.^{?} [as there are two kinds of fox squirrels in the

southern parts of Arizona and New Mexico ^{(yy15: 233)}, and one of them is the apache fox squirrel

(S. apache) which is present also in Mexico ^{(yy20: 279)}] Order Rodentia, Family Sciuridae. small

mammals): Chokeberry (foliage and fruit ^{(yy15: 323)}). Also: Apple (cultivated bark and fruit ^(yy15:

469 [M. pumila])). Hawthorn (fruit and wood ^{(yy15: 321)}). Serviceberry (bark, fruit and twigs ^(yy15:

324)). Stone Fruit (Wild Cherry bark, fruit and wood ^{(yy15: 331)}). Strawberry (Wild and/or

cultivated fruit and leaves ^{(yy15: 399)}).

White-footed Mice (Deer Mice, Deer Mouse [local name ^{(yy15: 261)}], White-footed Deer

Mice. Peromyscus spp. [has 14 species and 57 subspecies in the United States, with an

estimated appx. 150 species and subspecies in the New World ^{(yy15: 261)}]. Order Rodentia,

Family Cricetidae. small mammals): Chokeberry (fruit ^{(yy15: 323)}). Also: Apple (cultivated

bark and fruit ^{(yy15: 469 [M. pumila])}; also seeds). Bramble (Blackberry group fruit ^{(yy15: 327)}).

fruit (berry fruits). Rose (Wild fruit ^{(yy15: 329)}, foliage^{?}, stems^{?}). Serviceberry (fruit ^{(yy15: 324)}).

Stone Fruit (Wild Cherry fruit ^{(yy15: 262, 331)}, Wild Black Cherry [Rum C. pits]).

Strawberry (Wild and/or cultivated fruit and leaves ^{(yy15: 399)}). Distributed in Central America

and North America ^{(yy15: 261)}; in the United States their range stretches across both open and

forested terrain ^{(yy15: 261)}. Varied diet, depending on local and seasonal availability of both animal

and plant foods, such as insects (including beetles, caterpillars and cocoons, craneflies,

grasshoppers, and moths), centipedes and snails, and sometimes small mammals and birds, while

the plant portion of their diet is mainly fruits, roots or tubers, and seeds ^{(yy15: 261).}

(yy15: 11)). Spiraea ^{(yy15: 269)}. Stone Fruit (including Cherry [one of its second-choice food plants

in Wisconsin ^{(yy15: 11)}], cultivated Cherry, Wild Cherry foliage and twigs ^{(yy15: 269, 331)}, bark,

foliage and twigs of Wild Black Cherry [Rum C.], fruits of Prunus virginiana [Common

Chokecherry]). Strawberry (cultivated and Wild plants ^(yy15)). A game animal in North America

(hunted in Alabama, Arizona, Arkansas, Colorado, Connecticut, Delaware, Florida, Georgia,

Idaho, Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Kansas, Kentucky, Louisiana, Maine, Maryland, Massachusetts,

Michigan, Minnesota, Mississippi, Missouri, Montana, Nebraska, New Hampshire, New Jersey,

New Mexico, New York, North Carolina, North Dakota, Ohio, Oklahoma, Oregon,

Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, South Carolina, Tennessee, Texas, Vermont, Virginia, Washington,

West Virginia, Wisconsin, and Wyoming) ^{(yy20: 593-631)}. Whitetail Deer and its subspecies are

present in nearly all parts of the country (but not along the Pacific coast and not in the drier

regions of the West [but where it is present in the last-named region it tends to inhabit stream

bottoms]), ranges as far north as the end of treeline all across Canada, and southward beyond the

Mexican border ^{(yy15: 268); (yy20: 446)}; inhabits woodlands, forests and forest margin, brushy areas,

frequently gathers and feeds in glades or woodland openings, and also forages in places such as

along forest edges and (occasionally) in orchards and farm land ^{(yy15: 268); (yy20: 446)}. Stated as the

most plentiful big-game animal in North America, has always been the most important big-game

animal on the continent with a much greater range than that of the Bison (Bison bison) (and the

Whitetail also provided food for more Native Americans as well), and is said to be one of the

smartest game animals in the United States ^{(yy20: 439, 464)}; also the most widespread deer in this

country, it's a favorite game animal for many thousands of hunters, historically extremely

important for food and clothing to eastern Indians and to pioneers, and they've "adapted

themselves to present conditions so well that their abundance in some localities has produced

special problems in wildlife management. When deer populations become excessive, damage to

farms and forests may result, and in addition, their winter food may be reduced to the point

where starvation results. Management programs are helping to maintain the white-tailed deer

without the evils of overprotection..." ^{(yy15: 268)}. Vegetarian diet (a large part is twigs from trees

and shrubs, also eats various kinds of fruits, and its summer diet includes herbaceous plants such

as grasses and weeds), but various people reportedly say that these Deer have been known to eat

fish ^{(yy15: 268)}. "Some of the plants browsed heavily by deer in the winter season represent

necessity rather than choice...as a last resort, extensive use is made of starvation foods..." ^{(yy15: 268-}

269). And: "...Even animal lovers can inadvertently help spread disease by feeding wildlife.

White-tailed deer in Michigan's Upper Peninsula have become solidly infected with bovine

tuberculosis [which can kill wild animals]. Well-meaning souls who fed the deer helped the

outbreak along: Nose-to-nose with other deer over hay and apples, the animals made a ripe target

for TB germs that would have a harder time spreading in the wild. Now 4 percent to 5 percent of

the deer in a 13-square-mile area are infected. "If you treat animals like cattle, they get cattle

diseases," says Margo Pybus, a wildlife-disease specialist with Alberta Fish and Wildlife in

Canada. Some suburbanites persist in feeding despite warnings from state wildlife agencies

about the risk of spreading illness..." ^(yy27). Martin et al says each winter the Whitetail will

instinctively return to the same area to feed, even if that site has been overbrowsed and the deer

may be starving they won't move to an area a short distance away even if sufficient food supply

is available there (and "These places of congregation, known as deer yards, are readily

recognized by the way they have been overbrowsed by the deer. After use by an excessive

concentration of deer, the locality may need many years to regain its normal plant cover") ^(yy15:

10). Rue says "If the cold period is of an extended duration, or if the snow is deep, the deer soon

consume their food supply and may be too weak to search further. At such times the deer yards

become death traps and deer by the tens of thousands die of starvation each winter" ^{(yy20: 464)}; he

also says that when much good food is available the whitetail restricts its movements to about

one square mile, but if food is scarce or the winter weather bitter the deer will forgo their regular

haunts and retire to coulees, canebrakes, thicket and daws (and refuses to leave its home range to

seek plentiful food elsewhere), and they don't even have a limited migration (but the only known

authenticated record of whitetail migration happened in Michigan's Upper Peninsula, an area

which by 1870 had been invaded by lumbermen who cleared the forests which had no

underbrush, and afterwards huge tracts of brushland came into being [which provided excellent

deer food]) ^{(yy20: 447)}. "In areas where their ranges overlap, the whitetail deer is a competitor for

almost every mouthful of food that the varying hare [snowshoe rabbit/Lepus americanus] eats.

And the deer is able to feed as low as the hare, as well as being able to feed much higher" ^(yy20:

369); also, "The whitetail deer may also be considered an enemy of the moose by competing for

available food. It has been proven that the deer has a better survival rate than the moose when

both are competing in the same area" ^{(yy20: 499)}. Deer in general are eaten by the bear, wolf, and

mountain lion (Felis concolor, which is also known by more than a hundred other names

including cougar, panther, and puma), and sometimes eaten by the bobcat and the lynx (though

the last two-named animals and also the coyote are considered a lesser threat because of their

smaller size, but during periods of deep snow and hunger a desperate lynx will kill a weakened

deer, and since it can't eat a deer all at once it will keep returning until the meat is gone) ^{(yy15: 228-}

229); (yy20: 103, 169, 185, 190, 194, 464); bobcat will kill and feed on deer that's been weakened by

starvation, in winter, or are caught in deep snow (also will feed upon fawns in the springtime),

and will keep returning to feed on the deer meat as long as it remains fresh ^{(yy20: 202)}; deer are one

of the regular foods of wolves ^{(yy15: 228)}; the diet of eagles sometimes includes fawns ^{(yy15: 213)}; the

grizzly bear will eat dead deer and will kill the old or weak individuals ^{(yy20: 58)}. Rue also says the

mountain lion and the wolf were originally the deer's greatest control, the elimination of those

predators helped the deer's expansion of its numbers and its range, now humans are the deer's

primary enemy, and dogs are its worst four-legged enemy because these canines can kill them

(yy20: 463); of the mountain lion, he says that deer (especially mule deer [Odocoileus hemionus]) is

its staff of life, an adult lion can kill one to three deer each week (or sometimes during a killing

spree will kill two or three deer a night, but deer are generally difficult for the lion to catch and

kill, at those times the cats will resort to smaller prey), and the deer has become the alert and

quick animal it is today because it's been hunted for many generations by mountain lion

(specifically, predators play a large part in determining the evolution of any prey, as predators

weed out the crippled or old animals, and their killing of sick individuals keeps the disease from

further spreading among the prey) ^{(yy20: 173)}; when the mountain lion's attack is successful the deer

usually dies in a matter of seconds after the attack, and in general the lion tries but misses more

deer than it kills ^{(yy20: 174)}; certain weather conditions are also said to take a toll on deer, while its

most insidious enemy is disease (Whitetail Deer has been known to have bang's disease, fibrous

tumors, and the epizootic hemorrhagic disease) ^{(yy20: 464)}. "As the white man moved into the

various sections of the country, he reduced the predators with his gun and felled the forests with

his axe - and the deer boom began. The deer increased in population until the middle 1800's

when constant hunting by settlers and professionals began to make serious inroads into the deer

population. The 1890's saw the deer at their lowest numbers. As the deer herds were reduced,

conservationists struggled to alert the populace to the fact that this splendid animal was almost

on the brink of extinction in many areas. The northeastern states were the hardest hit...Through

more rigid laws, better enforcement and importation from other states, the pendulum started to

swing again in the deer's favor. Today we often have the problem of too many deer in some

areas. A deer is its own worst enemy and will rapidly destroy its own range by overpopulating it.

The same rigid laws that brought the deer back often work against the deer today by destroying

them..." ^{(yy20: 465)}. The moose is the largest of all deer ^{(yy15: 272)}, and a bull moose is the largest

game animal in North America and the world's largest deer ^{(yy20: 487)}.

(More information about wildlife uses of the Rose Family are in two of my other compilations

[The Realm of Rosaceae; and Uses of Apples, Crabapples, and Their Relatives by Birds,

Mammals and Wildlife]).

Chokeberries (Aronia):

�

Aronia arbutifolia (Linnaeus) Persoon

...additional information: (yy1: pp. 101, 233, 237, 267, 389); (yy4: 107, 115, 119, 121, 257-258); (yy6: 55, 80-81, 211);

(yy9: 162); (yy13 [11/86]: 130-131; [1/88]: 4; [4/89]: 45; [5/90]: 53); (yy14: 23, 591 [2]); (yy18: 268 [photo], 269);

(yy19: Plate 186, 187 [full-color illus.]); (yy24: 113 [incl. photo]); (yy28: 429); (zzForestfarm [Sp. '90]: 137);

(zzWhite Flower Farm [Sp. '95]: 114);

BOTANICAL SYNONYMS: A. arbutifolia (Linn.) S. Elliott, A. arbutifolia Ell.,

A. arbutifolia var. glabra Ell., A. erythrocarpa, Adenorhachis arbutifolia,

Mespilus arbutifolia Linn., Pyrus arbutifolia Linn.f., P. arbutifolia (Linn.) L.f.,

P. arbutifolia var. glabra Cronquist, *P. melanocarpa, Sorbus arbutifolia (L.) Heynhold

*[says (yy9: 162), but others treat this as synonymous with A. melanocarpa (elsewhere); my text follows the latter]

COMMON NAMES: Choke-berry, Chokeberry, Red Chokeberry

CULTIVAR:

Brilliantissima (Brilliant, A. arbutifolia brilliantissima ^(yy14), A. a. var. b., Brilliant Chokeberry,

Red Chokeberry. its distribution is eastern North America ^{(zzForestfarm)}; cultivated ^(yy2); color of

berries "exceptionally good" ^{(yy23: 188)}; foliage brilliant red in the fall ^{(zzForestfarm)}; suitable for

damp sites ^{(zzForestfarm)}; hardiness known or estimated Zone 4 [-30 to -20 F.] ^{(zzForestfarm)}; attracts

birds and wildlife ^{(zzForestfarm)}): ^{(yy24: 113); (yy13 [7/91]: 79-80); (yy14: 23); (zzForestfarm [Fall '85]: 8; [Sp.}

'86]: 5; [Sp. '87]: 7; [Sp. '89]: 19; [Fall '89]: 19; [Sp. '90]: 21; [Fall '90]: 18; [Sp. '91]: 18; [Fall '97]: 36, 453; ['98-'99]:

46; [Sp. '98]: 35); (zzSurry Gardens [Sp. '89 catalog]: 21); (zzWhite Flower Farm [Sp. '95]: 114; [Sp. '96]: 121).

CULTIVATION: Cultivated ^{(yy2); (yy3)}. Considered suitable for full sun, any soil, will grow to a

limited extent in wet soil, has tolerance to heavy clay, and can be used in woodland

edges/shrubbery border ^{(yy23: 147, 188)}.

...additional cultivation information: (yy18: 269 [re: hardiness]); (yy23: 188 [hardiness]);

DESCRIPTION: Deciduous shrub with upright and (open ^(yy23) or) fairly sparse growth habit,

ht. to 3 m. ^(yy18), and/or ht. 6-10 ft. or greater, with freely spreading and suckering habit ^(yy23);

branchlets woolly ^(yy19). "Noteworthy for long season of bright red foliage and fruit in autumn"

(yy23). The leaves are narrow, oval, (woolly ^(yy19) or) dark green above and feltlike or woolly on

undersides, in general appx. 3 in. long and only half as wide ^(yy23); are colorful in autumn (foliage

red in September) ^{(yy23: 136, 188)}. Flowers in fairly dense clusters of anywhere from 9 to 20 flowers

(yy18); are white or reddish ^(yy10); or white or pinkish ^(yy18); or small, and tinged with white or pink

(yy23); stamens about 20, are red-tipped ^(yy19); flowers in April-May ^(yy18), followed by fruit ^(yy23).

Fruit is small, Pear-shaped (Pyrus), or ripe fruit globose, astringent, and red or purple ^(yy10); or

brilliant red, berry-like ^(yy23); about 1/4 in. in diam., and said to resemble an Apple [Malus]

which was formed from an inferior ovary ^{(yy19: 36)}; are edible, delicate, aromatic, astringent or

slightly styptic; fruits of some varieties are more pleasant-tasting than others ^(yy12); fruiting in

September-October ^(yy18), and persistent after the the shrub has lost its leaves ^(yy23).

"Josselyn...mentions its fruit as "of a delicate, aromatic taste but somewhat stiptick." The fruit is

well known for its puckery quality, but occasionally a variety is found which is rather pleasant

tasting and is eaten by children." ^{(yy12: 503 [part orig. in J. Josselyn, Voy. 59, 1865, Reprint] [P. arbutifolia])}.

Has also been included in subfamily Malaceae (Apple/Crabapple Family) [as have all Aronias^{?},

I think].

...additional fruit information: (yy18: 269);

DISTRIBUTION and HABITAT: Northeast America ^(yy12); eastern United States ^(yy23); Florida

and Texas, north to Michigan and Ontario to Nova Scotia ^(yy3); Texas and Minnesota east to

Florida and Massachusetts ^(yy2). Gray (1889) says it's a common inhabitant of swamps and damp

thickets from Louisiana, Missouri, Illinois, and Minnesota, east to Florida and Nova Scotia ^(yy10

[P. arbutifolia]).

...additional distribution and habitat information: (yy18: 269); (yy19: 36); (yy23: 188);

FOOD: see DESCRIPTION, and HISTORY.

HISTORY: The fruit was used by Native peoples in the northeastern states, in the preparation of

pemmican ^{(yy29: 30 [orig. in H.H. Rusby, The August Wild Foods of the United States, in Country Life in America}

10: 436-438, 450, 452, illus. 1906]). see also DESCRIPTION.

NAME DERIVATION: From arbutifolius (Latin [or Latinized] for "arbutus-leaved") ^(yy2).

OFFERED BY: ^{(zzAmenity Plant Products ['90]: 14); (zzSunlight Gardens [Sp. '92 pricelist])}.

PROPERTIES: The fruit is astringent to very much so ^(yy16).

WILDLIFE: A useful plant for wildlife ^{(yy14: 23)}. Fruit attracts birds ^{(yy23: 126, 188)}. Said to retain its

fruit well into winter, and thirteen kinds of birds are known to eat them ^{(yy21: 147)}.

Aronia arbutifolia macrocarpa

...additional information: (yy14: p. 23);

COMMON NAME: Cherry Chokeberry

�

�Aronia arbutifolia pumila

...additional information: (yy14: p. 23);

COMMON NAME: Dwarf Cherry Chokeberry

A. arbutifolia var. atropurpurea= A. prunifolia

A. arbutifolia var. brilliantissima = A. arbutifolia cv. Brilliantissima

�

A. arbutifolia var. glabra = A. arbutifolia

A. arbutifolia var. nigra = A. melanocarpa

A. arbutifolia x Sorbus aria = xSorbaronia alpina�

�

A. arbutifolia x Sorbus Aucuparia = xSorbaronia hybrida

�

*Aronia atropurpurea = see A. prunifolia

*{in (yy14: p. 23) A. atropurpurea is treated as synonymous for A. prunifolia, but in same source on p. 111 A.

atropurpurea [Purple Chokeberry] and A. prunifolia [Purplefruit Chokeberry] are treated as two separate taxa}

COMMON NAME: Purple Chokeberry

�

A. erythrocarpa = A. arbutifolia�

�

A. floribunda = A. prunifolia

Aronia melanocarpa (Michaux) S. Elliott

...additional information: (yy1: pp. 101, 267, 389); (yy4: 113, 119); (yy8 [Vol. 1]: 233); (yy13 [7/91]: 79-80); (yy14:

111); (yy24: 113 [incl. photo]); (yy28: 429); (zzBear Creek [Fall '89/Sp. '90]: 53); (zzForestfarm [Sp. '90]: 137);

(zzHidden Springs ['95-'96]: 2);

BOTANICAL SYNONYMS: A. arbutifolia var. nigra (Willdenow) Seymour,

A. nigra Dippel, A. nigra (C.S. Sargent) Koehne, A. nigra (Willd.) Koehne,

Adenorhachis arbutifolia Linnaeus f. var. melanocarpa W. Hooker,

Mespilus arbutifolia var. melanocarpa Michx.,

Pyrus arbutifolia L.f. var. melanocarpa Hook., P. arbutifolia var. nigra Willd.,

*P. melanocarpa (Michx.) Willd., P. nigra Sarg., Sorbus melanocarpa (Michx.) Heynhold

*[synonymous for A. arbutifolia (yy9: p. 162); but others treat P, melanocarpa as syn. of A. melanocarpa; my text

follows the latter]

COMMON NAMES: Black Chokeberry, Chokeberry

CULTIVARS:

(unspecified to name in source): ^{(zzHidden Springs ['88-'89] [from Russia; probably cv. Nero, elsewhere])}.

Nero (from the former U.S.S.R., where it was developed ^{(zzHidden Springs)}. ornamental shrub, ht.4

ft.; bears larger and better-flavored fruits for jellies or jams; Zone 3 [-40 to -30 F.] ^(zzHidden

^Springs)): ^{(yy24: 113 [incl. photo]); (zzHidden Springs ['89-'90]; ['90-'91]; ['91-'92]; ['93-'94]; ['94-'95]: 2-3;}

^{['95-'96]: 2)}.

Viking (from Sweden ^{(zzHidden Springs)}; recently introduced): ^{(yy24: 113); (zzHidden Springs ['89-'90];}

['93-'94]; ['94-'95]: 3; ['95-'96]: 2).

CULTIVATION: Cultivated ^{(yy2); (yy3)}. Prefers medium to highly moist well-drained sites, full

sun; adaptable tolerance to dryish rocky soils and shade ^{(yy26); (yy17)}. Reportedly requires 20 inches

of [annual] precipitation ^{(zzBear Creek)}. Recommended for naturalistic plantings, the home

landscape, and foreground of the shrub border ^{(yy17); (yy26)}. Suitable for sunny hilltop or prairie

sites ^{(zzForestfarm)}. Known or estimated hardiness variously listed as Zone 2 (-50 to -40 F.)

(zzMellinger's), 4 (-30 to -20 F.) ^{(zzBear Creek); (zzForestfarm)}, 4-8, 5 (-5 to -10 F. ^{(zzAmenity Plant}

^Products), or -20 to -10 F. ^{(one or more sources)}).

DESCRIPTION: Widely adapted, multi-purpose, low-growing shrub; ht. at maturity ranges

anywhere from 1 1/2-8 ft. tall, with 2-4 ft. width. Ornamental foliage; the leaves are deciduous,

narrow, shiny or glossy, simple, the upper side of the midrib bears glands, and hairless or nearly

so beneath, are deep green, turning red, dark red or purple in the fall. Flowers are ornamental;

clustered in compound cymes, blooms profusely^{?} in spring and summer; calyx lobes are

somewhat glandular; styles are joined at the base. Fruit is ornamental, berry-like, black, larger

and earlier-ripening than the red-fruiting A. arbutifolia, globose, glossy, edible; persists on the

shrub through winter ^{(zzMellinger's)} or well into winter ^(yy21), or "usually not long persisting" ^(yy2), or

according to others this August-ripening fruit drops early (shortly after ripening). Similar to

Pyrus arbutifolia (A. arbutifolia) in its suckering growth habit, red fall foliage and white

flowers, but its leaves are normally less acutely-tipped, with lower leaf surfaces and also

inflorescence, calyx tube and young twigs hairless or nearly so, bears black fruit appx. 3/8-1/3 in.

in diam. (or 5/16 in. in diam. ^(yy3)), and is slightly lower-growing, among other things ^(yy3);

(zzForestfarm).

DISTRIBUTION and HABITAT: Eastern North America ^{(zzForestfarm)}; Newfoundland and Nova

Scotia to Minnesota, Michigan, South Carolina, and Tennessee; also Missouri ^{(xxS-MO); (yy2); (yy3)}.

Gray (1889) says the range of Pyrus arbutifolia var. melanocarpa is apparently the same as that

of P. arbutifolia (A. arbutifolia), inhabiting moist or damp thickets and swamps from Nova

Scotia to Florida, west to Minnesota, Illinois, Missouri, and Louisiana ^(yy10). In southwest

Missouri it's found in Stoddard County, along branches of springs in boggy, wet, or sandy places

(xxS-MO [1984]).

NAME DERIVATION: From melanocarpus (Greek^{?} for "black-fruited"); and niger^{?} (Latin

[or Latinized] "black" or particularly "glossy black"; also refers to fruit) ^{(yy2); (yy22)}.

OFFERED BY: ^{(zzAmenity Plant Products ['90]: 14); (zzBear Creek [Fall '88/Sp. '89]: 41; [Fall '89/Sp. '90]: 24,}

51; [Fall '90/Sp. '91]: 28, 53; [Fall '91/Sp. '92]: 34); (zzForestfarm [Fall '85]: 8; [Sp. '86]: 6; [Fall '86]: 6; [Sp. '87]: 7;

[Sp. '89]: 19; [Fall '89]: 19; [Sp. '90]: 21; [Fall '90]: 18; [Sp. '91]: 18; [Fall '97]: 36; ['98-'99]: 46; [Sp. '98]: 35;

[Sp. '99 Supplement]: 40); (zzMellinger's ['87]: 18; ['88]: 18; ['89]: 18; ['90]: 21; [Sp. '91]: 27; ['92]: 27; ['94]: 25;

['99]: 62 [offers A. melanocarpa/syn. Viking Aronia, which is "highly valued in Europe for both its

ornamental value and useful fruit" {so is this possibly the cv. and not the taxon itself}], 67 [A. mel./syn.

Black Chokeberry, which is a "native shrub"]; [2000]: 62 [same as previous p. 62], 67 [same as previous

pg. 67]); (zzMusser Forests [Sp. '97]: 17).

STATUS RANKING:

Federal: None

Global: G5 ^{(xxS-MO [13 September 1999])}.

Missouri: S1 ^{(xxS-MO [13 September 1999])}.

Missouri: E ^{(xxS-MO [1984]; [August 1986])}.

(Several chapters that discuss the various status ranks used at the state and Federal levels in

determining the status of our native species [not just the Rose Family] are included in three of

my other compilations [The Realm of Rosaceae; Conservation of the Rose Family; and

The Awesome Apple Handbook]).

WILDLIFE: A useful plant for wildlife ^{(yy14: 23)}. Its fruits are eaten by at least thirteen kinds of

birds, and also attracts other wildlife as well ^{(yy21: 147); (zzBear Creek); (zzForestfarm)}.

�

Aronia melanocarpa elata

...additional information: (yy14: pp. 23, 111);

COMMON NAME: Glossy Black Chokeberry

OFFERED BY: ^{(zzJung Seed [Sp. '91]: 16); (zzSurry Gardens [Sp. '89 catalog]: 21)}.

�

A. melanocarpa grandifolia = A. melanocarpa var. grandifolia

�

Aronia melanocarpa S. Elliott var. grandifolia C.K. Schneider

...additional information: (yy14: pp. 23, 111);

BOTANICAL SYNONYMS: A. melanocarpa grandifolia, Pyrus grandifolia Lindley

COMMON NAME: Great Black Chokeberry

CULTIVATION: Cultivated ^(yy2).

NAME DERIVATION: From grandifolius (Latin [or Latinized] for "large-leaved") ^(yy2).

�

A. melanocarpa x Sorbus americana = xSorbaronia sorbifolia

�

A. melanocarpa x Sorbus aria = xSorbaronia dippeli

�

A. melanocarpa x Sorbus aucuparia = xSorbaronia fallax, xS. jacki

�

A. nigra = A. melanocarpa

�

Aronia prunifolia (H. Marshall) Rehder

...additional information: (yy4: pp. 98, 114, 119); (yy14: 111);

BOTANICAL SYNONYMS: A. arbutifolia var. atropurpurea (Britton) Seymour,

*A. atropurpurea Britt., A. floribunda (Lindley) Spach, A. prunifolia Rehd.,

A. x prunifolia (H. Marshall) Rehd. (pro sp.), Mespilus prunifolia Marsh.,

Pyrus arbutifolia var. atropurpurea B.L. Robinson,

P. arbutifolia var. atropurpurea (Britt.) B.L. Robins.,

P. atropurpurea (Britt.) L.H. Bailey, P. atropurpurea Bailey, P. floribunda Lindl.,

Sorbus arbutifolia var. atropurpurea (Britt.) C.K. Schneider

*{in (yy14: p. 23) A. atropurpurea is treated synonymously with A. prunifolia, but in same source on p. 111

A. atropurpurea [Purple Chokeberry] and A. prunifolia [Purplefruit Chokeberry] are treated as two separate taxa}

COMMON NAMES: Purple Chokeberry, Purplefruit Chokeberry

CULTIVATION: Cultivated ^{(yy2); (yy3)}. Will grow in shady sites. Hardiness known or estimated

Zone 5 (-20 to -10 F.) ^(yy3).

DESCRIPTION: Shrub, ht. to 12 ft. ^(yy2) or somewhat taller; forms colonies. Calyx lobes

slightly glandular to glandless ^(yy2). Fruit is nearly globular, 5/16 to 1/3 in. in diam., red when

young^{?}, ripening purple to purple-black or black, are larger than those of A. arbutifolia, and

long-persisting on the shrub ^{(yy2); (yy3)}. Similar to A. arbutifolia, but the sepals can be glandless or

nearly so ^(yy3).

DISTRIBUTION: Nova Scotia to Indiana and Florida ^(yy2); Newfoundland to Ontario, south

to Virginia and Indiana ^(yy3).

NAME DERIVATION: From atropurpureus; floribundus; and prunifolius (Latin [or Latinized]

for "dark purple"; "free-flowering" and "blooming profusely"; and "plum-leaved", respectively)

(yy2); (yy22).

STATUS RANKING:

Federal: None

Global: G4G5 ^{(xxS-MD [1 November 1994])}.

Maryland (NHP): S3 ^{(xxS-MD [1 November 1994])}.

Maryland: C ^{(xxS-MD [1 November 1988])}.

WILDLIFE: A useful plant for wildlife ^{(yy14: 23)}.

�

A. prunifolia x Sorbus decora = xSorbaronia arseni

�

A. x prunifolia = A. prunifolia

�

A. x Sorbus= x Sorbaronia

 
�

Bibliographic References:

�

xx = State-affiliated references

yy = General references

zz = Nursery catalogs (mostly sources for plant materials)

�

(xx [State-affiliated References]):

�

xxS-MDMaryland Department of Natural Resources, Forest Park and Wildlife Service,

Natural Heritage Program:

1 November 1988. Rare, Threatened and Endangered Plants of Maryland. 19 pp.

Thank you to Derek Earl Richardson [Land Planning Services, MD Dept. of Nat. Resources,

Forest, Park, & Wildlife Service] for this earlier data.

�

xxS-MDMaryland Heritage & Biodiversity Conservations Program website

(http://www.heritage.tnc.org/nhp/us/md), site last updated on 1 October 1997:

1 November 1994. Rare, Threatened and Endangered Plants of Maryland

(linked to aforementioned website). List prepared by the MH&BCP Dept. of

Natural Resources, Annapolis. The MD Natural Heritage Program is part of

The Natural Heritage Network (http://www.heritage.tnc.org)

�

xxS-MOMissouri Department of Conservation:

1984. Rare & Endangered Species of Missouri. Official List. Edited by Jim Henry Wilson.

171 pp. This information sent to me by them on 28 February '86. Thank you to the following

persons for this assistance, and for the August 1986 Checklist: Sharon W. Morgan [Botanist,

formerly with the MO Dept. of Conservation], Virginia K. Wallace [Botanist, MO Dept. of

Conservation], and State of MO Dept. of Agriculture.

�

�^xxS-MOMissouri Department of Conservation:

August 1986. Checklist of Rare and Endangered Species of Missouri. Official List.

Booklet, 20 pp. Sent on 24 January '89.

�

^xxS-MOMissouri Conservation Department homepage

(http://www.conservation.state.mo.us/), page last modified on 13 September 1999:

Missouri Species of Conservation Concern Checklist

(http://conservation.state.mo.us/nathis/checklist/index.htm). The MDC is part of

The Natural Heritage Network (http://www.heritage.tnc.org).

�

(yy [General References]):

�

yy1American Home Editors and Staff. The American Home Garden Book and Plant

Encyclopedia. Evans-Lippincott: Philadelphia and New York, Book Club edition 1963. 512 pp.

�

yy2Bailey, Liberty Hyde; and Staff of the Bailey Hortorium at Cornell University. Manual of

Cultivated Plants (Most commonly grown in the United States and Canada). The Macmillan

Co.: New York, 1949. 1116 pp.

�

yy3Staff of the L.H. Bailey Hortorium at Cornell University. Hortus Third: A Concise

Dictionary of Plants Cultivated in the United States and Canada. Initially compiled by

Liberty Hyde Bailey and Ethel Zoe Bailey, Revised and Expanded by the Staff of the L.H.

Bailey Hortorium. With many black and white drawings. Macmillan: New York, 1976. 1290 pp.

�

yy4Brimer, John Burton. The Home Gardener's Guide to Trees and Shrubs. With

drawings by the author. Hawthorn Books, Inc.: New York, Book Club Edition 1976.

�

yy5Cassidy, James (Project editor), et al. Book of North American Birds. Illustrated

with black&white drawings and full-color paintings from many artists. The Reader's Digest

Association, Inc.: Pleasantville, New York, Second Printing July 1990. 576 pp.

�

yy6Cox, Jeff. Landscaping With Nature: Using Nature's Designs to Plan Your Yard.

Illustrated with color photographs and b/w drawings. Rodale Press: Emmaus, Pennsylvania 1991.

appx. 350 pp.

�

yy7Craighead, John J.; Craighead, Frank C. Jr.; and Davis, Ray J. A Field Guide to

Rocky Mountain Wildflowers. Illustrated with color plates by the authors, and drawings by

Grant O. Hagen and Eduardo Salgado. The Peterson Field Guide Series (Roger Tory Peterson,

editor). Houghton Mifflin Company: Boston, 1963. 275 pp.

�

yy8Dietz, Marjorie J. (editor). 10,000 Garden Questions Answered by 20 Experts,

Third Edition. 2 Volumes. American Garden Guild and Doubleday & Co., Inc.: New

York, Book Club Edition 1944. Volumes 1 (777 pp.) and 2 (762 pp.).

�

�yy9Erichsen-Brown, Charlotte. Medicinal and Other Uses of North American Plants:

A Historical Survey with Special Reference to the Eastern Indian Tribes. Dover

Publications, Inc.: New York, 1979. 532 pp.

�

yy10Gray, Asa. Gray's Manual of Botany of the Northern United States. Preface by

Sereno Watson, and illustrated with 25 b/w line-drawn plates. American Book Co.: New York,

Cincinnati and Chicago, Sixth Edition 1889, Revised and Extended by Sereno Watson and John

M. Coulter; first published in 1848. 812 pp.

�

yy11Halls, Lowell K., (editor). Southern Fruit-Producing Woody Plants Used by Wildlife.

Many contributing authors and b/w photographs. USDA Southern Forest Experiment Station:

Southeastern Area, State and Private Forestry Southern Region Forest Service, Atlanta, Georgia

1977. 235 pp.

��

yy12Hedrick, U.P. (editor). Sturtevant's Edible Plants of the World. Dover Publications, Inc.:

New York, 1972 Dover unabridged republication of Sturtevant's Notes on Edible Plants, the

1919 work by Dr. E. Lewis Sturtevant, originally published by J.B. Lyon Company (Albany,

New York), for the New York State Department of Agriculture's 27th Annual Report (Vol. 2,

Part II of the Report of the New York Agricultural Experiment Station for the Year 1919).

686 pp.

��

�yy13HortIdeas Newsletters ("Reporting on the latest research, methods, tools, plants, books, etc.,

for vegetable, fruit, and flower gardeners, gathered from hundreds of popular and technical

sources, worldwide. The gardening news YOU can use!"). The monthly publication of Greg and

Pat Williams: Route 1, Box 302, Gravel Switch, Kentucky 40328.

�

�yy14Kelsey, Harlan P.; and Dayton, William A. Standardized Plant Names. A Revised and

Enlarged Listing of Approved Scientific and Common Names of Plants and Plant Products

in American Commerce or Use. Prepared for the American Joint Committee on Horticultural

Nomenclature. J. Horace McFarland Company: Harrisburg, Pennsylvania, Second Edition 1942.

xvi + 677 pp.

�

yy15Martin, Alexander C. (Biologist, Patuxent Research Refuge, USF&WS); Zim, Herbert S.

(Educational Consultant, USF&WS; Associate Professor of Education, University of Illinois);

and Nelson, Arnold L. (Director, Patuxent Research Refuge, USF&WS). American Wildlife &

Plants: A Guide to Wildlife Food Habits. "The use of trees, shrubs, weeds and herbs by birds

and mammals of the United States." Illustrated with b/w drawings and map outlines. Dover

Publications, Inc.: New York, 1961 Dover unaltered and unabridged republication; published in

Canada by General Publishing Company, Ltd. (Don Mills, Toronto, Ontario); published in the

United Kingdom by Constable and Company, Ltd. (London); first published in 1951 by

McGraw-Hill Book Company, Inc. 500 pp. (My note: this book is a must for any wildlife

research-related library).

�

yy16Nickell, J.M. J.M. Nickell's Botanical Ready Reference. "Especially Designed for

Druggists and Physicians, Containing all of the Botanical Drugs Known up to the Present Time,

Giving Their Medical Properties, and all of Their Botanical, Common, Pharmacopoeial and

German Common (in German) Names." With introduction by Herb Sed. Trinity Center Press:

Beaumont, California, Reprint 1976; first published in 1881 by Nickell: Chicago, Ilinois. 275 pp.

�

yy17Organic Gardening Magazine editors. The Encyclopedia of Organic Gardening. With b/w

illustrations by Erick Ingraham, photographs by Margaret Smyser and the Rodale Press

photography staff. Rodale Press: Emmaus, Pennsylvania 1978. 1236 pp.

�

yy18Phillips, Roger; and Rix, Martyn. Shrubs. Assisted by Alison Rix, layout by Jill Bryan.

Illustrated with full-color photographs of more than 1900 shrubs. Random House, Inc.: New

York, 1989. 288 pp.

�

yy19Rickett, Harold William (editor, and former Senior Curator of Botany at New York

Botanical Garden). Wildflowers of America. Coffeetable-style book, a showcase for

its illustrations of about 400 full-color paintings of flowers by Mary Vaux Walcott and

Dorothy Falcon Platt, introduction and detailed plant descriptions by H.W. Rickett.

Based on Wild Flowers of North America (published by the Smithsonian Institution,

Washington, D.C.). Harrison House: New York, 1953; originally published ca. 1953 by �

Crown Publishers, with Ms. Walcott's name appearing first.

�

yy20Rue, Leonard Lee III. Sportsman's Guide To Game Animals: A Field Book of

North American Species. Introduction by Richard G. Van Gelder, and illustrated with

photographs by the author. Outdoor Life Books (a division of Harper & Row): New

York and London, Eighth Printing 1972; originally published in 1968. appx. 670 pp.

�

yy21Seymour, E.L.D. (editor). The Wise Garden Encyclopedia. A Complete,

Practical, and Convenient Guide to Every Detail of Gardening Written for All U.S.

Climates, Soils, Seasons, and Methods. Written by William H. Wise. Illustrated with

b/w drawings and color photographs. Grosset & Dunlap, Inc.: New York, 1975 Printing

(Copyright 1970); first published in 1936. 1380 pp.

�

yy22Stearn, William T. Botanical Latin: History, Grammar, Syntax Terminology and

Vocabulary. David & Charles: Newton Abbot (London) and North Pomfret (Vermont),

Fifth Impression 1989; first published in 1966. 566 pp.

�

yy23Sunset Books and Sunset Magazine editors. Sunset New Western Garden Book.

With illustrations by E.D. Bills, Mary Davey Burkhardt, and Ireta Cooper. Lane

Publishing Co.: Menlo Park, California, Tenth printing December 1986. 512 pp., with

drawings and color photographs.

�

yy24Turner, R.J., Jr.; and Wasson, Ernie (Chief Editors). Botanica. The illustrated A-Z

of over 10,000 garden plants and how to cultivate them. Illustrated with color

photographs from the Random House Photo Library. Published in the U.S. by Mynah

(an imprint of Random House Australia Pty Ltd), 1997. 1007 pp.

�

yy25Udvardy, Miklos D.F. (California State University at Sacramento). The Audubon

Society Field Guide to North American Birds, Western Region. Illustrated with

full-color photographs from many sources; Visual Key developed by Susan Rayfield

(Associate Editor, Audubon Magazine). Alfred A. Knopf: New York, 1987. 852 pp.

yy26Van Melle, P.J. Shrubs and Trees for the Small Place: Hardy Deciduous

Materials for the Home Grounds. New Edition revised and edited by Montague Free.

Illustrated with b/w photos from many sources. American Garden Guild and Doubleday

& Company, Inc.: Garden City, New York, Book Club Edition 1955. 246 pp.

yy27Watson, Traci. "Outbreak meets Bambi; Scientists have a warning for wild animals:

Humans may be hazardous to your health", pp. 64-65 in U.S. News & World Report,

May 6, 1996.

yy28Whitman, Ann et al. Taylor's Guide to Gardening Techniques. Based on Taylor's

Encyclopedia of Gardening, Fourth Edition (copyright 1961). Illustrated with color

photography by Saxon Holt. Houghton Mifflin Company: Boston, Massachusetts 1991.

478 pp.

yy29Yanovsky, Elias (Chemist of the Carbohydrate Research Division, Bureau of

Chemistry and Soils). Food Plants of the North American Indians. U.S. Department

of Agriculture Misc. Publication No. 237. Reprint, undated. 83 pp.

(zz [Nursery Catalog References/commercial or other sources]):

(zzAmenity Plant Products)

Amenity Plant Products

R.D. #5, Box 265

Mt. Pleasant, Pennsylvania 15666

plants and seeds.

Catalogs referenced: 1990.

(zzBear Creek)

Bear Creek Nursery

P.O. Box 411, Bear Creek Road

Northport, Washington 99157

"Hardy Fruits, Nuts, Shrubs & Trees".

Catalogs referenced: Fall '88-Spring '89. Fall '89-Spring '90. Fall '90-Spring '91.

Fall '91-Spring '92.

(zzBordine's)

Bordine's Better Blooms

1835 S. Rochester Rd.

Rochester, Michigan 48063

Since appx. 1939.

Catalogs referenced: 1983.

(zzForestfarm)

Forestfarm

990 Tetherow Road

Williams, Oregon 97544-9599

(541) 846-7269. FAX: (541) 846-6963.

e-mail: [email protected]

http://www.forestfarm.com

Since 1974. "Ornamental and Useful Plants from Around the World".

plants, shrubs, trees. catalog $4.00

Catalogs referenced: Fall 1985. Spring 1986. Fall 1986. Spring 1987. Spring 1989.

Fall 1989. Spring 1990. Fall 1990. Spring 1991. Fall 1997. 1998-1999 Master

Catalog. Spring 1998. Spring 1999 Supplement.

(zzHidden Springs)

Hidden Springs Nursery

170 Hidden Springs Lane

Cookeville, Tennessee 38501

(615) 268-2592

Catalogs referenced: (pricelists) 1988-89. 1989-90. (catalogs) 1990-91. 1991-92.

1993-94. 1994-95. 1995-96.

(zzJung Seed)

J.W. Jung Seed Company

335 S. High St.

Randolph, Wisconsin 53957-0001

(1-800) 247-5684

"Growing since 1907". free catalog.

Catalogs referenced: Spring 1991.

(zzKrider)

The Krider Nurseries, Inc.

Box 29

Middlebury, Indiana 46540

Since 1896. "Home of "Good Roses"".

(219) 825-5714

Catalogs referenced: 1986. 1987.

(zzLaFayette)

LaFayette Home Nursery, Inc.

Lafayette, Illinois 61449

(309) 995-3311

Since 1887.

seeds for "Native Grasses, Forbs, Shrubs and Trees".

Catalogs referenced: Wholesale Prairie Price List 101A, ca. 1989.

(zzMellinger's)

Mellinger's Inc.

2310 W. South Range Road

North Lima, Ohio 44452-9731

(1-800) 321-7444 [orders and catalog requests only]; (330) 549-9861 [all other calls].

FAX (330) 549-3716

[email protected]

http://www.mellingers.com

plants, seeds, trees, gardening supplies, books, etc... Since 1927. free catalog.

Catalogs referenced: ("Home, Farm and Garden Catalogs/For Year-Round Country

Living" ^{{paraphrased}}): 1987. 1988. 1989. 1990. (Spring) 1991. 1992. 1994. 1999.

("Save With The Growing Experts") 2000.

(zzMusser)

Musser Forests, Inc.

Route 119 North

Dept.1-99 P.O. Box 340

Indiana, Pennsylvania 15701-0340

(1-800) 643-8319. FAX (724) 465-9893. free catalog.

http://www.musserforests.com

since appx. 1929. "Growing Trees For A Better World". "20 Million Trees a Year!".

Northern-grown evergreen and hardwood tree seedlings, ornamental shrubs, nut trees,

ground covers, perennials, etc.

Catalogs referenced: Spring 1997.

(zzSunlight Gardens)

Sunlight Gardens

Rt. 1, Box 600-A, Hillvale Road

Andersonville, Tennessee 37705

(615) 494-8237

"Wildflowers, Ferns, and Perennials of Eastern North America - Frost to Frost".

Catalog referenced: Spring 1992 Price List.

(zzSurry Gardens)

Surry Gardens

Nursery - Landscape Contractors

P.O. Box 145, Rte. 172

Surry, Maine 04684

(207) 667-4493

plants. Since 1978.

Catalogs referenced: Spring 1989 catalog (offerings available at nursery only).

(zzWhite Flower Farm)

White Flower Farm

Plantsmen

Route 63, P.O. Box 50

Litchfield, Connecticut 06759-0050

(1-800) 475-0148. FAX (860) 496-1418 [orders].

http://www.whiteflowerfarm.com

annuals, hardy perennials, shrubs, bulbs, houseplants, roses, vines, bulbs.

Since 1950. free catalog.

Catalogs referenced: Spring 1995. Spring 1996.

For Additional Information:

The Chokeberry booklet is excerpted from The Realm of Rosaceae (Diversity

of The Rose Family), an alphabetized compilation presenting information on the entire Rose

Family, which, when widely defined, includes the following plant groups (and their scientific

names): Agrimony (Agrimonia). Apache Plume (Fallugia). Apple and Crabapple (Malus).

Avens (Geum). Barren Strawberry (Waldsteinia). Bitterbrush (Purshia). Blackbrush

(Coleogyne). Bonyberry (Osteomeles). Bowman's Root (Gillenia, syn. Porteranthus).

Bramble (Rubus [Blackberry, Dewberry, Raspberry, etc.]). Burnet (Poterium and

Sanguisorba). Catalina Ironwood (Lyonothamnus). Chamise (Adenostoma).

CHOKEBERRY (Aronia). Christmasberry (Heteromeles). Cinquefoil (Potentilla [genus

including Argentina and Comarum]). Cliffrose (Cowania). Coccocypselum. Cocoplum

(Chrysobalanus). Cormus ^{{of Rosaceae??}}. Cotoneaster (Cotoneaster). Couepia (Couepia).

Creeping Glow-wort (Sibbaldia). Crossosoma. Dendriopoterium. Dewdrop (Dalibarda).

Evergreen Oak (Cliffortia). False Meadowsweet (Spiraeanthus). Falsequince (Docynia).

False Serviceberry (Malacomeles). Falsespirea (Sorbaria, syn. Schizonotus Lindley not

Rafinesque). Fernbush (Chamaebatiaria). Firethorn (Pyracantha). Goatsbeard (Aruncus).

Golden-hardhack (Pentaphylloides). Ground-rose (Chamaerhodos). Hawmedlar

(Crataegomespilus). Hawthorn (Crataegus). Hirtella. Horkelia (Horkelia). Horkeliella.

Ivesia (Ivesia). Jetbead (Rhodotypos). Kageneckia. Kelseya (Kelseya). Kerria (Kerria).

Kousso (Hagenia, syns. Brayera, Bankesia Bruce, and Banksia Bruce). Lace Shrub

(Stephanandra). Lady's Mantle (Alchemilla). Licania (Licania). Loquat (Eriobotrya).

Madden Cherry (Maddenia). Magnistipula. Mahogany Nuts (Afrolicania). Marcetella.

Meadowsweet (Filipendula, syn. Ulmaria). Medlar (Mespilus). Mock Strawberry

(Duchesnea). Mountain Ash (Sorbus). Mountain Avens (Dryas). Mountain

Mahogany (Cercocarpus). Mountain Misery (Chamaebatia). Neillia (Neillia). Neurada.

Ninebark (Physocarpus). Osoberry (Oemleria, syns. Osmaronia Green, and Nuttallia Torrey

& Gray not Barton). Parastemon. Parinarium (Parinarium, syn. Parinari; and has subgenus).

Parsley-piert (Aphanes). Partridgefoot (Luetkea). Pear (Pyrus). Pearlberry

(Margyricarpus). Pearlbush (Exochorda). Photinia (Photinia). Prinsepia (Prinsepia).

Purpusia. Pygeum (Pygeum). Pyracomeles. Flowering Quince (Chaenomeles). Fruiting

Quince (Cydonia). Quinpear (xPyronia). Raphiolepis (Raphiolepis, syn. Rhaphiolepis).

Rockmat (Petrophytum). Rockspiraea (Holodiscus, syns. Sericotheca Rafinesque, and

Schizonotus Raf. not Lindley). Rose (Rosa). Roureopsis. Sampaluan (Angelesia). Satinwood

(Ferolia). Serviceberry (Amelanchier). Sheepbur (Acaena). Shrubby Fivefingers

(Sibbaldiopsis). Sibiraea (Sibiraea). Snow Wreath (Neviusia). Soapbark Tree (Quillaja,

syns. Fontanella, etc.). Sorberry (xAmelasorbus). +Sorbopyrus (Sorbopyrus). Spenceria.

Spiraea (Spiraea). Stone Fruit (Prunus, [and sometimes divided into subgenera Amygdalus

(Almond), Armeniaca (Apricot), Cerasus (true [Sweet and Sour] Cherries), Emplectocladus

(Peachbrush), Euprunus (Plum and Prune), Laurocerasus (Laurelcherry), Padus (Chokecherry),

and Persica (Nectarine and Peach)]). Stranvaesia (Stranvaesia). Strawberry (Fragaria).

Vauquelinia (Vauquelinia). Wild Crab Apple (Peraphyllum). xCrataemespilus. x Malosorbus.

xSorbaronia (Sorbaronia). Initially completed in 1991, partially updated in 2000.

Other compilations include The Awesome Apple Handbook (Apples, Crabapples, and other

plants of the Rose Family), Conservation of the Rose Family, and Rose Groups Handbook

(all were excerpted and adapted from The Realm Of Rosaceae); and The Apple Cultivars

Checklist (excerpted from The Awesome Apple Handbook).

There are two currently available publications excerpted from The Awesome Apple Handbook

(they are Uses of Apples, Crabapples, and Their Relatives, by Insects [or other Animals];

and Uses of Apples, Crabapples, and Their Relatives, by Birds, Mammals and Wildlife.

Interested persons please contact:

Kyle Dayton

(623) 465-9543

http://www.rosaceae.com

email: [email protected]

email: [email protected]

###

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