Hakka Phoneticisation.
There are several scripts employed here to represent the sound of Hakka; International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA) symbols, ordinary keyboard alphanumeric keys, and Chinese ZhuYin. The great variation in the representation requires one to use a standard. Linguists have developed IPA to represent the sounds of any language. However, it is not very practical for everyday use. A parallel set of these symbols is given in 7-bit ASCII notation is provided, originally from Evan Kirschenbaum's article, "FAQ: Representaing IPA Phonetics in ASCII".
(
There also exist other ASCII reprepresentations, such as David Prager Banner's article, "Proposal for an ASCII Version of the IPA", but this is not used here in this article.)
Tones : Tone Sandhi : Initials : Rhymes : References : Index
Authors and titles of the books used to compile this table are show in the next table. TLPA refers to the "Taiwan Language Phonetic Alphabets". Some notes appear at the end of this article for abbreviations and terms.
Tone
Type | ��
Yin | ��
Yang | �W
Shang | ��
Yin | ��
Yang | ��
Yin | ��
Yang |
|---|
��
Ping | �h
Qu | �J
Ru |
|---|
Tone
Numbers | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 |
|---|
| 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 7 | 5 | 6 |
|---|
| 1 | 2 | 3 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 |
|---|
| �^�w��
| �Ȯa�ܵo���r��
Hakka Pronouncing
Dictionary Romanisation
| �s
a
| ��
a
| ��
a
|
a
| �C
a
|
|
ap
|
|---|
����
HoiLiuk Dialect
| �� ��
| ��
| �� ��
| �� �t
| �� �C
| ���u
| ���u �E
|
�|��
SiYan Dialect
| �� ��
| �� �t
| �� ��
| ��
| ���u �E
| ���u
|
|---|
| �B���o
| �Ȼy�����r�J
Hag5Ngi1 Pin1Yim1 Si4Fui1
| a1
| a2
| a3
| a4
| ab5
| ab6
|
|---|
| �i����
| �Ȯa�ܵ���
Hag5Ga1Fa4 Ci2Dian2
| a1
| a2
| a3
| a4
| ab5
| ab6
|
|---|
| ������
| �Ȯa���ν�R
| �� ��
| �� �t
| �� ��
| ��
| ���t ��
| ���t ��
|
|---|
| TLPA
| �O�W�y������� - �|��
| a1
| a5
| a2
| a3
| a4
| a8
|
|---|
| �O�W�y������� - ����
| a1
| a5
| a2
| a3
| a7
| a4
| a8
|
Tone
Contours
| MeiXian (�i)
| /44/
| /11/
| /31/
| /52/
| /1/
| /5/
|
|---|
| JiaYing - XinHui (�B)
| /44/
| /11/
/13/
| /31/
| /53/
| /2/
| /5/
|
|---|
| MeiXian (�~�y�訥����)
| /44/
| /11/
| /31/
| /52/
| /1/
| /5/
|
|---|
| MeiXian (JN)
| /44/
| /12/
| /31/
| /42/
| /21/
| /44/
|
|---|
| HuaYang (JN)
| /55/
| /12/
| /31/
| /53/
| /32/
| /55/
|
|---|
| HoiLiuk (JN)
| /53/
| /55/
| /13/
| /31/
| /22/
| /55/
| /32/
|
|---|
| Shatoujiao (JN)
| /33/
| /11/
| /32/
| /53/
| /33/
| /55/
|
|---|
| Shatoujiao (HH)
| /33/
| /11/
| /32/
| /53/
| /3/
| /5/
|
|---|
For the majority of Hakka dialects, which belong to the JiaYing subgroup, tone sandhi occurs on the first syllable if the following syllable is of a lower tone for some tones only. For example, if [xn] is a syllable with tone n, the for the Jiaying Hakka subdialect of Shatoujiao (ShaTauKok, SaThewKok, SaTdiuGok, SaTeuGog):
| Shatoujiao | Traditional Tone Categories |
|---|
| Tone | x1 | x2 | x3 | x4 | x5 | x6 |
|---|
| Yin Ping | Yang Ping | Shang | Qu | Yin Ru | Yang Ru |
|---|
| Normal | /33/ | /11/ | /32/ | /53/ | /3/ or /33/ | /5/ or /55/ |
|---|
Sandhi
Condition |
[x1]
/33/ > /34/ or /35/
[x1] + [x2]
[x1] + [x3]
[x1] + [x5]
|
| |
[x4]
/53/ > /55/
[x4] + [x1]
[x4] + [x2]
[x4] + [x3]
[x4] + [x5]
|
| |
|---|
| Tones [x1] and [x4] are sandhied when it is followed by a tone which has a lower pitch. |
|---|
Tones : Tone Sandhi : Initials : Rhymes : References : Index
Notes:
The TLPA system used these symobls for the HaiLu (Hoiliuk) dialects of Taiwan. Square brackets [~] also represent HaiLu (HoiLiuk) alternate pronunciation. The names of the authors refer to their Hakka dictionaries with the exception of ������ the author of �Ȯa���ν�R published by �Z�� ISBN 957-35-1074-X.
IPA
Phonetic | Hakka
Phonemic | ZhuYin
FuHao
(Mandarin)
| Hakka
������ | Hakka
ZYFH
�^�w��
| Hakka
�^�w�� | Hagga
�B���o | Hagga
�i���� | HakGa
DWHS
STdG | TLPA ZhuYin
| /hak ka/
ASCII
IPA |
   | b | �t | �t | �t | p | b | b | b |
p | �t | /p/ |
 | p | �u | �u | �u | ph | p | p | p |
ph | �u | /p'/ |
 | m | �v | �v | �v | m | m | m | m |
m | �v |
/m/ |
 | f | �w | �w | �w | f | f | f | f |
f | �w | /f/ |
 | v | | �E | �� | v | v | v | v | v | �E | /v/ |
 | d | �x | �x | �x | t | d | d | d |
t | �x |
/t/ |
| | t | �y | �y | �y | th | t | t | td | th
| �y
|
/t'/ |
 | n | �z | �z | �z | n | n | n | n |
n | �z | /n/ |
 | l | �{ | �{ | �{ | l | l | l | l |
l | �{ |
/l/ |
 | g | �| | �| | �| | k | g | g | g |
k | �| |
/k/ |
| | k | �} | �} | �} | kh | k | k | k |
kh | �} |
/k'/ |
 | ng | | �a | �k | ng | ng | ng | ng | ng | �a |
/N/ |
 | h | �~ | �~ | �~ | h | h | h | h |
h | �~ | /h/ |
 | z | �� | �� | �� | ch [ch] | z | z | ts |
ts | �� |
/ts/ |
| | c | �� | �� | �� | chh [chh] | c | c | t |
tsh | �� |
/ts'/ |
| | s | �� | �� | �� | s [s] | s | s | s, sh |
s | �� |
/s/ |
 | j | �� | �� | ���䣤�� | ch [ch] | j(i) | j(i) | j, ts |
ch �� | �� �� |
/tc./ |
| | q | �� | �� | ���䣥�� | chh [chh] | q(i) | q(i) | ch |
chh �� | �� �� |
/tc.'/ |
| | x | �� | �� | ���䣦�� | s [s] | x(i) | x(i) | s, sh |
sh �� | �� �� |
/c./ |
 | y | | �� | ���䣧�� | y | (y) | (y) | y, z |
j �� | �� �� |
/j/ |
| Palatized and Labialized Velars |
| | g-i- | | �|�� | �|�� | ki- | gi- | gi- | gi- | | | |
| | k-i- | | �}�� | �}�� | khi- | ki- | ki- | ki- | | | |
 | ng-i- | | �a�� | �k�� | ngi- | ngi- | ngi- | ngi- | | | |
| | h-i- | | �~�� | �~�� | hi- | hi- | hi- | hi- |
| | |
 | g-i- | | �|�� | �|�� | ko- | gu- | gu- | | | | |
| | k-i- | | �}�� | �}�� | kho- | ku- | ku- | | | | |
Tones : Tone Sandhi : Initials : Rhymes : References : Index
The following list is derived from a number of sources, and represent rhymes across many different dialects of the Hakka language. The order here, follows the template :
[intial vowel] { [-i] [-u] [-m] [-n] [-ng] [-p] [-t] [-k] }
[intial vowel + secondary vowel] { [-i] [-u] [-m] [-n] [-ng] [-p] [-t] [-k] }
In the scheme for representing Taiwanese Hakka sounds ������ has used the occlusive endings �t�x�| (-b -d -g) in the final positions of the sounds, where the ZhuYin Fuhao as used by �^�w�� are �u�x�} (-p -t -k).
IPA
Phonetic
| No
| Hakka
Phonemic
| ZhuYin
FuHao | �i����
| �B���o
| �^�w��
| DWHS
STK/
STdG
| TLPA
ZhuYin
| ASCII
IPA
|
| 1
| a
| ��
| a
| a
| a
| a
| a
| ��
| /a/
|
|---|
| 2
| ai
| ��
| ai
| ai
| ai
| ai
| ai
| ��
| /ai/
|
|---|
| 3
| au
| ��
| au
| ao
au
| au
| ao
au
| au
| ��
| /au/
|
|---|
|
| 4
| am
| ���v
| am
| am
| am
| am
| am
| ���v
| /am/
|
|---|
|
| 5
| an
| ��
| an
| an
| an
| an
| an
| ��
| /an/
|
|---|
|
| 6
| ang
| ��
| ang
| ang
| ang
| ang
| ang
| ��
| /aN/
|
|---|
|
| 7
| ap
| ���u
| ab
| ab
| ap
| ab
ap
| ap
| ���t
| /ap/
|
|---|
|
| 8
| at
| ���y
| ad
| ad
| at
| ad
at
| at
| ���x
| /at/
|
|---|
|
| 9
| ak
| ���}
| ag
| ag
| ak
| ag
ak
| ak
| ���|
| /ak/
|
|---|
| 10
| e
| ��
| ê
| e
| e
| e
| e
| ��
| /E/
|
|---|
|
| 11
| eu
| ����
| êu
| eu
| eu
| iu
| eu
| ����
| /Eu/
|
|---|
|
| 12
| em
| ���v
| êm
| em
| em
| em
| em
| ���v
| /Em/
|
|---|
|
| 13
| en
| ����
| ên
| en
| en
| en
| en
| ����
| /En/
|
|---|
|
| 14
| ep
| ���u
| êb
| eb
| ep
| eb
ep
| ep
| ���t
| /Ep/
|
|---|
|
| 15
| et
| ���y
| êd
| ed
| et
| ed
et
| et
| ���x
| /Et/
|
|---|
| 16
| em
| �Уv
| em
|
| üm
| im
|
|
| /@/
|
|---|
|
| 17
| en
| �У�
| en
|
| ün
| in
|
|
| /@n/
|
|---|
|
| 18
| ep
| �Уu
| eb
|
| üp
| ib
ip
|
|
| /@p/
|
|---|
|
| 19
| et
| �Уy
| ed
|
| üt
| id
it
|
|
| /@t/
|
|---|
|
| 20
| i
| ��
| i
| i
| i
| i
| i
| ��
| /i/
|
|---|
|
| 21
| im
| �Уv
| im
| im
| im
| im
| im
| �Уv
| /im/
|
|---|
|
| 22
| in
| �У�
| in
| in
| in
| in
| in
| �У�
| /in/
|
|---|
|
| 23
| ip
| �Уu
| ib
| ib
| ip
| ib
ip
| ip
| �Уt
| /ip/
|
|---|
|
| 24
| it
| �Уy
| id
| id
| it
| id
it
| it
| �Уx
| /it/
|
|---|
|
| 25
| ia
| �У�
| ia
| ia
| ia
| ia
| ia
| �У�
| /ia/
|
|---|
|
| 26
| iai
| �У�
| iai
| iai
| iai
| ai
| ia
| ����
| /iai/
|
|---|
|
| 27
| iau
| �У�
| iau
| iao
iau
| iau
| iao
iau
| iau
| �У�
| /iau/
|
|---|
|
| 28
| iam
| ���v
| iam
| iam
| iam
| iam
| iam
| ���v
| /iam/
|
|---|
|
| 29
| ian
ien
| �У�
����
| iên
| ian
| ien
| en
ien
| ian
| �У�
| /ian/
/iEn/
|
|---|
|
| 30
| iang
| �У�
| iang
| iang
| iang
| iang
| iang
| �У�
| /iaN/
|
|---|
|
| 31
| iap
| ���u
| iab
| iab
| iap
| iab
iap
| iap
| ���t
| /iap/
|
|---|
|
| 32
| iat
iet
| ���y
���y
| iad
| iad
| iet
| ied
iet
| iat
| ���x
| /iat/
/iEt/
|
|---|
|
| 33
| iak
| ���}
| iag
| iag
| iak
| iag
iak
| iak
| ���|
| /iak/
|
|---|
|
| 34
| ie
| �У�
| iê
| ie
|
|
| ie
| �У�
| /iE/
|
|---|
|
| 35
| ( ieu )
| ����
|
| ieu
| ieu
| iu
iao
iau
| ieu
| ����
| /iEu/
|
|---|
|
| 36
| ( iem )
| ���v
|
| iem
| am
|
|
|
| /iEm/
|
|---|
|
| 37
| ien
| �У�
| iên
| ian
| ien
| en
ien
|
|
| /iEn/
|
|---|
|
| 38
| ( iep )
| ���u
|
| ieb
| iep
| eb ( ieb )
ep ( iep )
|
|
| /iEp/
|
|---|
|
| 39
| iet
| ���y
| iêd
| iad
| iet
| ed ( ied )
et ( iet )
|
|
| /iEt/
|
|---|
| 40
| io
| �У�
| io
| io
| io
| io
| io
| �У�
| /iO/
|
|---|
|
| 41
| ( ioi )
| ����
|
| ioi
| ioi
| ioi
| ioi
| ����
| /iOi/
|
|---|
|
| 42
| ion
| ����
| ion
| ion
| ion
| ion
| ion
| ����
| /iOn/
|
|---|
|
| 43
| iong
| ����
| iong
| iong
| iong
| iong
| iong
| ����
| /iON/
|
|---|
|
| 44
| iot
| ���y
|
| iod
| iot
| iod
iot
| iot
| ���x
| /iOt/
|
|---|
|
| 45
| iok
| ���}
| iog
| iog
| iot
| iog
iok
| iok
| ���|
| /iOk/
|
|---|
|
| 46
| iu
| �У�
| iu
| iu
| iu
| iu
| iu
| �У�
| /iu/
|
|---|
|
| 47
| iui
| ����
| iui
| iui
| ui
|
|
|
| /iui/
|
|---|
|
| 48
| iun
| ����
| iun
| iun
| iun
| iun
| iun
| ����
| /iui/
|
|---|
|
| 49
| iung
| ����
| iung
| iung
| iung
| iung
| iung
| ����
| /iuN/
|
|---|
|
| 50
| iut
| ���y
| iud
| iud
| iut
| iud
iut
| iut
| ���x
| /iut/
|
|---|
|
| 51
| iuk
| ���}
| iug
| iug
| iuk
| iug
iuk
| iuk
| ���|
| /iuk/
|
|---|
| 52
| i
u
| ��
��
| i
| i
| ü
| i
u
| ii
| ��
| /i./
|
|---|
|
| 53
| ( im )
( um )
| �Уv
���v
|
| Im
|
|
| iim
| ��v
| /i.m/
|
|---|
|
| 54
| ( in )
( un )
| �У�
����
|
| In
|
|
| iin
| �棴
| /i.n/
|
|---|
|
| 55
| ( ip )
( up )
| �Уu
���u
|
| Ip
|
|
| iip
| ��t
| /i.p/
|
|---|
|
| 56
| ( it )
( ut )
| �Уy
���y
|
| It
|
|
| iit
| ��x
| /i.t/
|
|---|
|
| 57
| o
| ��
| o
| o
| o
| o
| o
| ��
| /O/
|
|---|
|
| 58
| oi
| ����
| oi
| oi
| oi
| oi
| oi
| ����
| /Oi/
|
|---|
|
| 59
| on
| ����
| on
| on
| on
| on
| on
| ����
| /on/
|
|---|
|
| 60
| ong
| ����
| ong
| ong
| ong
| ong
| ong
| ����
| /oN/
|
|---|
|
| 61
| ot
| ���y
| od
| od
| ot
| od
ot
| ot
| ���x
| /Ot/
|
|---|
|
| 62
| ok
| ���}
| og
| og
| ok
| og
ok
| ok
| ���|
| /Ok/
|
|---|
|
| 63
| u
| ��
| u
| u
| u
| u
| u
| ��
| /u/
|
|---|
|
| 64
| ui
| ����
| ui
| ui
| ui
| ui
| ui
| ����
| /ui/
|
|---|
|
| 65
| un
| ����
| un
| un
| un
| un
| un
| ����
| /un/
|
|---|
|
| 66
| ung
| ����
| ung
| ung
| ung
| ung
| ung
| ����
| /uN/
|
|---|
|
| 67
| ut
| ���y
| ud
| ud
| ut
| ud
ut
| ut
| ���x
| /ut/
|
|---|
|
| 68
| uk
| ���}
| ug
| ug
| uk
| ug
uk
| uk
| ���|
| /uk/
|
|---|
|
| 69
| ua
| ����
| ua
| ua
| oa
|
| ua
| ����
| /ua/
|
|---|
|
| 70
| uai
| ����
| uai
| uai
| oai
|
| uai
| ����
| /uai/
|
|---|
|
| 71
| uan
| ����
| uan
| uan
| oan
|
| uan
| ����
| /uan/
|
|---|
|
| 72
| uang
| ����
| uang
| uang
| oang
|
| uang
| ����
| /uaN/
|
|---|
|
| 73
| uat
| �����y
| uad
| uad
| oat
|
| uat
| �����x
| /uat/
|
|---|
|
| 74
| uak
| �����}
| uag
| uag
| ok
oak
|
|
|
| /uak/
|
|---|
|
| 75
| ue
| ����
| uê
| ue
| oe
|
| ue
| ����
| /uE/
|
|---|
|
| 76
| uen
| ������
| uên
| uen
| oen
|
| uen
| ������
| /uEn/
|
|---|
|
| 77
| uet
| �����y
| uêd
| ued
| oet
|
| uet
| �����x
| /uEt/
|
|---|
|
| 78
| uo
| ����
| uo
| uo
| o
|
|
|
| /uO/
|
|---|
|
| 79
| uon
| ������
| uon
| uon
| oan
|
|
|
| /uOn/
|
|---|
|
| 80
| uong
| ������
| uong
| uong
| ong
oang
|
|
|
| /uON/
|
|---|
|
| 81
| ( uot )
| �����y
| uod
| uod
|
|
|
|
| /uOt/
|
|---|
|
| 82
| uok
| �����}
| uog
| uog
| ok
|
|
|
| /Ok/
|
|---|
|
| 83
| m
| �v
| m
| m
| m
| m
| m
| �v
| /m-/
|
|---|
|
| 84
| ( n )
| �z
| n
| n
| n
| n
| n
| ��
| /n-/
|
|---|
|
| 85
| ng
| �a
| ng
| ng
| ng
| ng
| ng
| ��
| /N-/
|
|---|
SiYan refers to four counties of WuHua, JiaoLing, PingYuan and XingNing, which surround Meixian. They together were once called the JiaYing Prefecture, from where many of today's speakers in Taiwan, HongKong and overseas are rooted. There are six tones in these dialects.
HaiLu refers to HaiFeng and LiuFeng on the southern coast of Guangdong. This area was once called HuiZhou Prefecture. Taiwanese Hailu speakers therefore come from these regions, and their tone structure has seven tones.
JN in the tables refer to Jerry Norman, "Chinese".
HH in the tables refer to Henry Henne, "Sathewkok Phonology".
Tones : Tone Sandhi : Initials : Rhymes : References : Index
© Dylan W.H. Sung 1999.
This page was created on Saturday 30th October 1999.
It was last updated on Tuesday 29th January 2000.