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The Psychology of Adult Development

Subject Lecturer: Bob Pithers

 

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CREATIVITY and its importance of being an Chinese Language teacher.

 

study questions in the section of creativity

  1. What, in constrast, were the findings of Schaie and Hertzog (1983) and McCrae, Arenberg and Costa (1987)?

McCrae, Arenberg and Costa (1987) examined 825 well-educated men aged 17 to 101 at regular intervals between 1959 and 1972. They were required to perform different divergent-thinking tasks involved associational fluency, expressional fluency, ideational fluency, word fluency and consequences. They were also given the vocabulary test from the WAIS.

While it is believed that vocabulary test and all of the measures of creativity were verbal in nature, participants showed distinct scores on the measures of creativity and vocabulary.

The study also revealed that there is a decline in creativity with age just the same as fluid intelligence. However, the correlation between age and performance on creative tasks only showed a modest range (-0.10 to –0.30).

One of the problems raised in the test is that McCrae and his colleague administered the tests under standardized conditions with strict time limits. Hence, the slower processing speeds of older adults were put in disadvantages.

  1. What might account for these findings? E.g. the “context views”, the “motivitational” viewpoint?

From the context views, creativity in the adulthood is influenced by a number of cognitive, neuro-biological, and social changes. Jean and Michael Romaniuk (1981) suggested incentives for productivity may influence an individual’s creativity. For examples, tenure and pressure to publish an academic document, shifting of job positions as well as changing the career goals or job security may boost creativity, or opening of new research fields may also influence creative accomplishment.

For the motivational viewpoint, people generally show a lack of interest in generating new ideas as they age. Instead, they are more likely to make use of the existing knowledge to help practical daily lives or to help evolving their cultures.

  1. What does Simoton’s (1988) research say about the “need to be creative” as we age?

The need to be creative is generally decline with age because of psychosocial. When an individual ages, he the need to be wise may replace the need to be creative for practical reasons.

He concluded this by observe the individual occupying the position of power and leadership with a number of social, political and religious institutions, and the individual who create or revolutionize existing ones. 

He made the typical age of a pope of the Roman Catholic Church as an example, the age when the position assumed to him is approximately double the age at which Jesus of Nazareth ended his ministry.

It is common to see young person to create new institutions and to revolutionize existing ones, but when they grow older, they are going to occupy position of power and leadership. They are to be in the positions that have to make wise decision in order to maintain the institution.

  1. What of creativity and the “genius”?

Genius is the factor beyond creativity and intelligence, while creativity and intelligence are necessary but not sufficient condition for the development of genius.

Geniuses may not be good in solving problems but they are curious and relish in problem finding. They approach their work with a sense of childlike enthusiasm and obsessiveness. They gain fundamental insights by asking questions that are childlike in nature, and eager to search deeper.

Geniuses seemed to be able to synthesize different modes of thought to produce their work. For example, a composer should have the creativity to “see” how music “looks” and a painter should have the creativity to imagine sounds as symbols.

It seemed that a genius must posses is a critical amount of knowledge about a particular domain to make a genius-like contribution. Too much as well as too little knowledge and thought are is also a problem to genius. Therefore, geniuses would be likely to appear at their thirties.

  1. What might this broad-based conclusion mean for teaching-learning of creative problem solving in your discipline?

If the conclusion that a fairly positive result is an outcome in the area of ageing and creativity, it could be a rather positive news for a Chinese Languages Teacher in a secondary school.

If generally speaking, creativity develops in the young adolescence, at should be at the secondary school age. The responsibility of a teacher is to boost their curious in the subject, and lead them to think in a multi-facet manner.

In case that an exceptional creative student is identified, he could be able to maintain his creativity through his life; and when the ordinary creativity developed in the early adolescence ages, it can keep growing till its peak in the adulthood. No matter when the peak appears, making use of the creativity in his early can help to manage daily lives, with accumulated experience and acculturation, intelligence grows and lead the person to a wise person in his adulthood.

Teachers in a particular subject would like to discover a genius in that subject, however, it is a fact that most of the people are not genius. When it is fail to identify genius, a teacher still have to bear in mind that the major social function of education is to produce our generation who could be contributable to our society. 

 


importance of creativity as being a chinese language teacher

Understanding creativity is important in being a teacher, and it is particularly important to language teachers. In the curriculum of Hong Kong, Languages subjects consist of different aspect, but most of them require practical skills rather than utilizing creativity. However, the understanding of an imaginary fiction, the use of metaphor, the composing a story or even a poem, they are tasks require imagination and creativity.

In most of the writings or compositions, students can only think of the most simple things, and reluctant to use various kinds of metaphor even though they did learn them before. One of the reasons they reflected is that they could not think of things that are out of their lives, and they could not think of a metaphor to describe the matter they were describing.

Lack of creativity is actually a main issue in the secondary education in Hong Kong, not only the languages subjects, but also the sciences subjects, teachers keep saying that lack of creativity to make new hypothesis, and only memorizing the existing job of the recent scientists would only lead to a decline in development. The same appears in different subjects.

Parents keep complaining that their children are in lack of creativity, and could not manage even the mother language to express themselves. The public keep blaming the existing educational system could only damage and limit creative thinking, and produce zombies that could not contribute to our future development. 

The Educational Reform proposed by the Educational Department in Hong Kong in 2001, emphasized on the developing and exploring creativity of students, and it is obviously the responsibility of the teachers. In the Guidelines the Educational Department provides, it encouraged languages teachers to use concept map or mental map to help students to develop a story before actually write it. However, even the mapping is required, most of the students can only draw linear pattern instead of radial pattern. 

The problem here is to help student to think divergently as well as convergently, the former can help developing creativity and the latter can help turning the creativity into practical use. Therefore, in order to help exploring the potential of the students, the first thing for a teacher to do is to understand “creativity”, how it is measured, and the way to help development of it.

 

reference

Hoyer, W. J., Roodin, P.A. 2003, “Adult Development and Aging”, 5th ed., McGraw Hill College, Boston, Ch 8, pp.333-340

 

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