Auxiliary verbs:
Helping verbs or auxiliary verbs such as will, shall, may, might, can, could, must, ought to, should, would, used to, need are used in conjunction with main verbs to express shades of time and mood.
Shall:
In chapters 2-4 we shall examine the ecology of the replacement processes in both general terms
???? ???? ?? ?????? ?????? ??????? ??????? ????????? ?????? ??????? ?? ??????? ??????? ?????
Every valley shall be exalted and every mountain and hill shall be brought low and the crooked shall be made straight
?? ??? ????? ??? ??? ??? ????? ??????? ????? ???? ?????? ???? ????
that `the fine arts exclusively' or shall we say `the metropolitan fine arts exclusively'
?? "?????? ??????? ??? ??? ?????" - ?? ?? ???? "?????? ??????? ?? ??????? ??? ??? ?????"
Will:
As we will use the term in this study the history of technology can range over the whole history of humankind
??? ??? ????????? ??????? ?? ??????? ??? ???? ?? ???? ????? ??????????? ???????
????? ??????? ???
Of course when the problem is unfamiliar it is difficult to know exactly what preparation will be most conducive to its solution
?????? ?? ??????? ??? ???? ????? ??? ?????? ???? ???? ????? ?? ???? ?????? ??
??????????? ?? ??????
??????? ???? ???? ?????? ??? ???? ??????
Recreation for example will probably mean forgoing timber harvests in some places
?? ??? ???? ?? ??????? ????????? ???? ???? ????? ????????? ?? ????? ????? ?? ??? ???????
Should:
It is as old as human species so that we should expect to find significant continuities in the history of technology
?????? ????? ??? ????? ?????? ???? ??? ??? ?? ????? ?????????? ???? ?? ????? ???????????
While it is certain that every historical investigation requires some measure of preliminary theoretical organization this should never be permitted to dominate the inquiry
???? ??? ??? ???? ?? ?? ?? ??? ?????? ?????? ????? ????? ?? ????? ???? ???????
?????? ??????? ???? ????? ??? ???? ???? ???????? ??? ????? ?????
and also that the profound changes associated with technological revolution are such that they should be seen to be as revolutionary as any other developments in history
??? ????? ??? ?? ???????? ??????? ???????? ??????? ??????????? ????? ??? ??????? ?????
? ????? ??? ?? ?????? ???? ?? ???????
Do:
For those who do not have a car or who do not wish to use it for travel into the congested towns there are fast electric-train services and motor buses
??? ?? ?? ?????? ????? ?? ?? ?????? ?? ??????? ??? ???? ???? ??????? ??? ????
????? ???????? ?????????? ??????? ????????
for instance from experiments on unconscious emotions such as the remarkable finding that people form definite likings for things they do not even realize they have seen before
???????? ??????? ????????? ?? ?? ????? ?????? ?????? ????? ?? ?????? ???? ?? ???
??? ?????? ?? ???
but it does mean that they do not qualify as natural ecosystems within any accepted definitions of those words
???? ???? ??? ????? ??? ?? ????? ????? ??? ????? ??????????? ???????? ?? ????
???????? ???????? ???????
Does:
This is hard on any evidence which does not fit into the preconceived boxes and too often the `solution' to a historical problem is assumed in the structure of the theory by which it is investigated
????? ????? ?????? ??? ?????? ?? ?? ??? ?????? ?????? ?? ??? ????? ????????
????? ?????? ?? ???? ???? ???
????? ??????? ?? ???? ?? ????? ??? ???? ???????
???? ???? ??? ??????? ?????? ?????
While the history of power technology in the twentieth century has thus been distinguished by its stability in so far as its basic processes have been concerned that does not imply that there has been little happening
???? ??? ????? ????????? ?????? ?? ????? ??????? ???? ????????? ???? ?????
???????? ????????? ??? ??? ?? ???? ???? ?? ?????? ?? ??????????? ????
it does seem to impede medical recovery and heighten the risk of death especially with more frail patients with severe conditions
???? ?? ???? ?????? ????? ????? ?? ??? ?????? ???? ?? ??????? ?? ???? ???????
???????
Did:
but he did describe how the idea for the separate condenser which revolutionized the clumsy old atmospheric steam engine came to him in a flash as he strolled on the Green of Glasgow University one sabbath afternoon
????? ????? ??? ??? ??? ????? ???? ????? ???? ????? ?????? ???? ????? ????? ???
???? ??????? ??? ??? ??? ?? ???? ????? ?? ????? ????? ??????. ???? ?? ??????
???? ????? ?????? ????? ?? ????? ???????? ??????? ?????
particularly as traditional historical accounts tend to emphasize the activities of the few - merchants missionaries soldiers sailors political adventurers and such like - who did move comparatively freely
???? ?? ???????? ????????? ????????? ???? ??? ????? ????? ??? ???? ?? ??????
??????????? ????????? ??????? ????????? ????????? ????????? ????? ??????? ??????
?????
When high-pressure steam did become available it was found difficult to harness the energy from a jet of steam effectively until the water turbine had developed sufficiently to provide an understanding of this mechanism
?????? ???? ?????? ???? ????? ?????? ??? ?? ?? ????? ?????? ??????? ?? ??????
??????? ?? ???? ?????? ??????. ??? ????? ???? ??? ?? ??? ???????? ?????? ??????
????? ???? ???? ??? ?????? ?? ???????
Have:
In terms of increasing their wealth-producing capacity the modern descendants of all these great civilizations have found it necessary to turn to Western Civilization for guidance and inspiration
??? ?? ??? ???????? ?? ????? ??? ???????? ??????? ????? ??? ?? ??????? ??????
????? ??????? ??? ????? ??????? ?? ?????? ??? ??????? ??????? ?????????
????????? ???
Unlike other species which possess a high degree of instinctual skill or even like those higher primates which are capable of forming a simple tool when an occasion requires it human beings have had to learn their skills and this has implied a facility for passing them on from one generation to the next
??? ????? - ??? ???? ??????? ?????? ???? ????? ??????? ?????? ????? ?????? ??
???? ????? ???????? ??????? ???? ????? ????? ??? ????? ???? ????? ??????? ??????
????? - ?????? ??? ???? ???????? ????????. ????? ??? ????? ?? ??? ??? ????????
?? ??? ??? ???
it can be argued that the mathematical and architectural skills involved in its construction were too sophisticated to have been indigenous to the illiterate tribal community which it is assumed occupied southern Britain in the second millennium BC when it was built
????? ?? ???? ?? ???????? ???????? ???? ????? ????? ????? ??????? ???? ?????
???????? ???? ?? ???? ????? ???????? ??????? ?????? ???? ??? ??? ??? ??? ????
???? ???????? ?? ????? ??????? ?. ?? ??? ????? ???????
Has:
It is against this background of responsiveness to innovation that the emergence of our contemporary technological society has to be seen and it is not easy to account for the phenomenon
???? ??? ?? ???? ??? ??????? ?????? ??????? ?? ??? ??? ??????? ?? ????????? ???
??????? ?? ???? ?? ????? ??????? ??? ???? ?????
True Western Civilization has developed without the substructure of slavery which characterized the ancient civilizations (except as an instrument of colonial exploitation)
??? ??? ????? ??????? ??????? ?? ??? ????? ?? ??????? ??? ?? ????? ?? ????????
??????? (??? ????? ????????? ??????????
At the same time the automobile has given an unprecedented mobility to ordinary men and women who can now choose to live at some distance from their place of work and to commute in their motor cars
????? ??????? ???? ????????? ??? ?????? ?????? ??????? ???? ???? ???????? ??????
?????? ???? ?????? ??? ????? ?? ???? ?????? ??????? ???? ????? ????? ?????????
Had:
was characteristic of the urbanized civilized communities which had emerged from the agricultural societies of the Neolithic Revolution in response to the new metal-using economies
????? ?????? ???? ????????? ???????? ?????????? ????? ????? ???? ?????????
???????? ???? ?????? ???? ????? ?????? ??????. ????? ??? ????????? ???????
?????????? ??????? ???????? ??? ??????? ???????
even though important signs of change had begun to appear in the Middle Ages and had grown distinctly stronger with the intellectual and religious revolutions of the Renaissance and Reformation of which the birth of modern science was one of the most significant consequences
??? ????? ?? ??? ?? ???? ???? ????? ???? ???? ???????? ?? ????? ??????? ??
?????? ??? ?? ??????? ??????? ???????? ?? ???? ?????? ???????? ??????? ??????
??? ????? ??? ??????? ?? ????? ????? ??????
most of which had been either actively discouraged or at least not positively encouraged by Boulton and Watt
????? ???? ??? ???????? ????? ?? ?????? ??????? ???? ?? ???? ?????? ????
???????? ???????? ?? ??? ????? ???????? ?? ??????? ?????
Can:
Study of the technological revolution which has dominated Western Civilization since 1700 can thus contribute to an understanding of the extraordinary situation full of dangers and potentialities
??? ????? ?????? ??????????? ???? ???? ??????? ??????? ??? ????? 1700? ???? ??
???? ?? ??? ?????? ??????????? ???????? ???????? ???????????
No invention can be generally accepted until such economic and social resources have been made available for it
???? ????? ?? ?? ?????? ?? ???? ?? ????? ????? ???? ??? ??? ?? ?????? ?? ??? ???
??????? ?????????? ???????????
The primary task of human technological ingenuity has been to find ways of converting this energy into forms in which it can be used and controlled by mankind
??? ??? ???? ??????? ??????????? ??????? ?? ?????? ??? ????? ??? ?????? ???
????? ????? ??? ???????? ??????
???? ?????
Could:
Human beings could begin to make and do things long before they had more than the most partial and primitive explanations of the materials at their disposal
???????? ?? ????? ?? ?????? ?? ??? ???? ????? ??? ?? ?????? ????? ???? ???
??????? ?????? ?????? ?? ??????? ??????? ???
Further evidence of the control being exerted over nature comes in the eighteenth century with the regularization and canalization of riv'ers (Pioredby Edward I when he canalized five kilometres of the River d) so that barges carrying coal (among other goods) could progress quickly and cheaply from supplier to user
????? ???? ??? ??? ?????? ?? ??????? ?? ????? ?????? ??? ?? ????? ??????? ???
??????? (???? ??? ?? ??? ?????? ????? ????? ?? ???? ????? ???? ???? ????
?????????)? ???? ????? ???? ?????? ??????? ??????? ?????? ????? ?? ??????? ???
??? ??????
it was a cumbersome method but it could be made to work provided the subject did not move too quickly
??? ???? ????? ????? ?????? ????? ???????? ????? ??? ????? ??????? ???? ?????
???
May:
therefore it is necessary to take account of the fact that in civilized societies at least inventions are readily transmitted by various means - by what may be called the `mechanisms of transmission'
???? ????? ?? ??? ?? ???????? ???? ?? ?????????? ?? ????????? ???????? ?? ?????
?????? ?????? ??? ????????- ??? ?? ???? ?? ????? ????? ????????
and even though the copies will vary in quality some of them may actually improve upon the original and so represent a different or better quality of product
??? ?? ??? ??????? ??? ????? ?? ??? ????????. ????? ?? ???? ?????? ?????? ????
????? ?? ?????? ??? ?? ???? ????? ?????? ?? ???? ?? ?????
more frequent drying-out of the path between crops may interrupt the life cycles of the fish frogs and crustaceans
?? ????? ??? ????? ????? ????? ???? ????? ??? ????????? ????? ????? ???? ???????
???????? ?????????
Might:
Boulton and Watt were anxious to avoid litigation which might draw attention to their own patent rights
??? ?????? ???? ???? ?????? ??? ???? ?? ????? ?????? ???? ?? ???? ??????? ???
??????? ?????? ?? ????? ????????
The increased movement of people and their ships also meant that bacterial diseases might break out from source areas and be transmitted over large areas
???? ??? ????? ???? ?????? ????? ?????? ??? ????? ?????? ??????? ????????? ???
?????? ????? ??????? ?? ??????
and we know that a Cistercian monastery might need 40,000 cartloads of stone in its construction
??? ????? ?????? ?????? ????? ????? ?? ????? ??????????? ???? ???? ???? ?? ?????
???????? ?? ????? ????? ??? 40 ??? ??? ???? ?? ???????
Would:
so that it would be reasonable to regard it as a set of different civilizations if it were not for the striking cultural uniformity maintained over this period
??? ?? ??? ???? ?? ????? ????? ????????? ?????? ?? ???????? ???????? ???? ???
??????? ??????? ?????? ???? ??? ????? ??? ??? ??? ??????
But its application of counterfactual theory (i.e. attempting to determine what would have happened if a particular innovation had not been introduced)
??? ?? ?????? ?????? ???????? ??????? (????? ?????? ????? ?? ??? ???? ?? ???? ??
?? ??????? ????? ?? ?? ?????
The aim of this duplication was to give the ship maximum manoeuvrability whatever the conditions of the harbour installations it would be obliged to use
??????? ???? ?????????? ?? ???? ??????? ???? ??? ???? ?? ?????? ??? ???????? ??
?????? ?? ???? ?????? ????? ??????
Linking Verbs:
A linking verb connects a subject and its complement. Sometimes called copulas. linking verbs are sometimes verbs related to the five senses (look, sound, smell, feel, taste) and sometimes verbs that somehow reflect a state of being (appear, seem, become, grow, turn, prove, remain).
Look:
Faro tells Bing he's "gonna look crazy" at the "two dudes" in the next car
?????: ??????? ????? ?????? ?????? ??????? ???????? ?? ??????? ????????
when her mother asked her to go for a swim saying she'd look fat in a swimsuit
????? ???? ???? ???? ?????? ??????? ????? ???? ????? ??? ????? "???????
Sound:
although Fortress Europe and reciprocity sound very different
??? ????? ???????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ???????? ??? ??? ??? ????? ???? ???? ????????
Feel:
(though because of the seductive nature of anger it may feel satisfying)
?? ?? ???? ???? ?????? ?? ?????. (???? ????? ?? ????? ????? ????????? ?? ???? ?????? ??????)
Appear:
Ultimately however and particularly in contrast to the rapid growth of Western Civilization this process came to appear as one of stagnation
??? ?? ??? ??????? ??? ???????? ????? ??? ??????? ??????? ??? ?????? ????? ??
??????
Seem:
This came to seem less astonishing when it was discovered that the surfaces of Mercury and of most of the larger satellites around the giant planets were similarly marked
???? ??? ????? ??? ????? ?????? ????? ????? ??????? ?? ??? ?????? ????? ?????
?????? ??????? ?????? ??????? ???????? ???????? ??????? ?? ??? ???????? ????????
Become:
it is only in the West in modern times that it has become the distinctive feature and outstanding quality of a civilization providing both its major blessings (such as a superior capacity for raising the standard of life) and many curses (including its facility for mass destruction)
??? ????? ????? ???? ????? ?????? ????? ????? ????? ?????? ????? ?? ???? ????
??? ?? ????? ???????? (??? ?????? ??? ??? ????? ???????)? ?????? ?? ???????
??????? (??? ?? ??? ??????? ?????? ??????
Grow:
Kagan finds that children who are overly sensitive and fearful grow into shy and timorous adults from birth
?????? "?????" ?? ??????? ????? ???????? ??????? ??????? ????? ?? ?????? ??????
??????
Prove:
which prove to be a hidden spur to marital meltdowns
????? ???? ???? "???????" ???? ???? ??????? ??????? ?? ?????? ???????
Causative Verbs:
Causative verbs designate the action necessary to cause another action to happen.
Let:
Let us then explore the geography of present-day wilderness and then look at the cultural background that has brought wilderness to the level of attention it currently demands
???????? ??? ??????? ??????? ??????? ?? ???? ?? ???????? ???????? ???? ?????
???????? ??? ????? ???????? ???? ???? ?? ?????
Of all such moments the most critical are those that let the child know her emotions are met with empathy accepted and reciprocated in a process Stern calls attunement
??? ???? ??? ???????? ??? ???? ???? ????? ???? ?? ?????? ????? ???????? ?????
????? ?????? ???????? ?? ????? ???? ????? "?????" ??? "???????
She felt unable to let them know what she was like and didn't even feel she knew what to say after "Hello how are you
???? ???? ?????? ??? ?? ?????? ?????? ??? ??????? ???? ?? ?????: "?????
" ?"??? ????
Help:
but it will help to keep the extraordinary technological progress of these centuries in perspective if we recognize at the outset that the study has a dimension of profound antiquity
??? ???? ????? ?????? ?????????? ?????? ???? ??? ???? ??? ?????? ???????. ??
???? ???????? ??????? ??????? ??? ?? ????? ??? ??????? ??? ??????? ??? ??? ??
????? ???? ???? ??????
at this point they might for example recognize that another child's pride might mean that the best way to help them deal with their tears is not to call undue attention to them
??? ?????? ???? ?? ??? ??????? ?? ?????? ??? ??? ???? ???????? ?? ???????? ?? ??
???? ???? ??????? ???????? ?????? ?????
They fail to use emotional moments as a chance to get closer to the child or to help the child learn lessons in emotional competence
????? ?????? ?????? ?? ??????? ????? ????? ???????? ????? ??????? ???? ?? ?????
????? ?? ??? ??????? ??? ???? ??????? ????????
Allow:
By contrast the proliferation of patent laws in Western countries giving legal recognition and protection to the ideas of inventors however bizarre is a powerful indication of the willingness of these societies to allow inventors to secure proper rewards for their ingenuity
???? ??? ??? ???? ?? ??????? ???????: ?? ???? ?????? ?????? ???????? ????? ????
??????? ????? ?????? ??? ????? ????????? ???? ???? ????? ?? ????. ?????? ???
????? ????? ???? ??? ????? ????? ??? ????????? ?? ?? ???? ????????? ??????
?????? ?????????? ?????????
This bypass seems to allow the amygdala to be a repository for emotional impressions and memories
????? ?? ??? ??????? ???? ?? " ??????????" ?? ???? ??????? ??????????? ?????????
????????
The skills that allow us to do this well or poorly are also for the most part learned tacitly
??? ??? ???????? ???? ???? ??? ?? ???? ??? ????? ???? ?? ?????? ?? ???? ?? ????
??????? ?????? ???????? ?????
Require:
in conditions which require it to be kept under 100-150 millimetres of slowly moving water for three-quarters of its growing period
?? ???? ???? ?? ?? ???? ?????? ???? ????? ????? ???? ???? ?? ???? ????? ????
??????? ????? ??? 100 ? 150 ????????
because to do so would require changes in standard operating procedures
??? ??????? ????? ??????? ?? ??????? ??????? ???????
that will require them to fire those who are physically close to them
????? ???? ?? ?????? ?? ?????? ?????? ?????? ???????
Motivate:
can motivate students like Haber to study hard
???? ?? ???? ?????? ??? "????" ??? ????????? ??????
or test say-to motivate themselves to prepare well for it
?? ?????? ?? ????? ?????? ??? ??????? ?????
Encourage:
it is to encourage people to speak out against even low-key acts of discrimination or harassment-offensive jokes say
?????? ????? ??? ??????? ?? ?????? ???? ????? ??????? ???????? ??? ????? ??
??????? ??????? ??? ???????? ??????????? ???????
We encourage these groups to continue lobbying and pressuring governments multilateral institutions
???? ???? ??? ????????? ??? ?? ????? ????? ?????? ??? ???????? ????????? ??????
??????? ???????? ??? ???????
Force:
Americans cannot force the rest of the world to play the economic game as Americans think it should be played
?? ?????? ?????????? ????? ???? ?????? ??? ?????? ?????? ?????????? ??? ???????
???? ??????? ????? ????? ?? ????? ???
their strategy is to attempt to force everyone to write programs with the same reusable modules
??? ???????????? ?? ?????? ????? ?? ????? ??? ????? ?????? ???? ?????? ???????
???? ???? ????? ?????????
that can force everyone to agree
?????????? ????? ?????? ??? ????????
Phrasal Verbs:
Phrasal verbs consist of a verb and another word or phrase, usually a preposition. The resulting combination creates what amounts to a new verb, whose meaning can sometimes be puzzling to non-native speakers.
sitting around:
most citizens seem to be sitting around waiting for the market to happen
???? ???? ????????? ?????? ??????? ???? ?????
much time can be wasted with actors sitting around
?? ???? ??? ???? ???? ??? ???????? ?????? ???????? ????? ??? ???
break down:
while improvements in transport and communications break down barriers of space and time All these developments promote social change
????? ????? ??? ????? ?????????? ???? ???? ?????? ???????. ?????? ?? ??? ??????
?? ???? ???????? ???? ????? ?????? ?????????
to break down that rhetorical question to the historical and continuing diversity of tragic theory and practice
??? ??? ?????? ??????? ??? ?????? ???????? ???????? ?????? ?????????? ??????????
intended to break down the conventional separation between actors and audiences
????? ??? ????? ???????? ???????? ??? ???????? ????????
Turn up:
Four Minute Men would turn up to deliver their oration between reel changes
??? ???? ??????? ?????? ????? ?????? ??? ????? ??????? ?? ????? ????? "?????"
???????
which they turn up when they are favourably impressed
??????? ????? ???? ???????? ??????? ????? ????? ???????? ????? ????????
But it was necessary to do more than just turn up for a battle
??? ??? ??? ?? ??????? ?? ???? ????? ????? ?? ???? ?????? ??? ??????
Come out:
so that when they have three questions in mind as they wait for the doctor they will come out of the office with three answers
???? ??????? ????? ??????? ??? ????? ??? ?????? ??????? ???? ??????? ??????? ??
????? ?????? ????? ?? ?????
the answers come out as impressively as the questions determine
??? ???????? ???? ????? ??? ??? ?? ???? ???????
in the 1930s and 1940s to believe real atrocity stories that began to come out of Nazi Germany
?? ??????????? ???????????? ???? ???? ??? ????? ?????? ??????? ???????? ????
???? ???? ?? ??????? ???????
Bring up:
a psychiatrist friend complained that in his marriage his wife is reluctant to discuss emotional matters between them and he is the one who is left to bring them up
???? ?? ??? ?????- ??? ???? ??????- ?? ???? ?? ???? ???? ????? ????? ????? ????
????? ??? ??????? ???? ?? ?????? ???????? ???? ?????? ???? ??????
so as to bring all pupils up to an acceptable level of achievement
?????? ????? ?? ???????? ??? ??????? ?????? ?? ???????
Make up:
when parents make up stories to tell their preschool children
?????? ???? ?????? ?????? ???????? ??? ?? ?? ???????
" the great bulb of convoluted tissues that make up the top layers
??? ?????? ??????? ????? ?? ?????? ???? ???? ???? ?? ????? ?????? ???? ???????
?????? ?? "????
it cannot make up for the absence or decline of support for that effort from the world community
????? ?? ???? ???? ????? ???? ????? ??????? ??????? ???? ????? ?? ??????
Go through:
If someone scheduled for surgery tells me she's panicked that day and does not want to go through with it
"??? ??????? ???? ?? ????? ?????? ?????? ??????? ???? ????? ??? ???? ???????
those of us who have the morose pattern are not necessarily doomed to go through life brooding and crotchety
???? ???????? ?? ???? ??? ??????? ?????? ?? ???? ?????? ???? ?????? ??? ?????
?????