At:
It aims at interpreting them within a social context.
????? ???? ???? ??? ??????? ???? ???? ???????.
In this chapter we will look more closely at this process of technological revolution.
???? ????? ?? ??? ????? ?? ?????? ?? ????? ?? ??? ????? ????? ?????? ???????????
The civilization of China subsumes a whole series of developments in a single area stretching over at least three millennia.
?? ????? ????? ????? ??? ????? ????? ?? ???????? ???? ??? ??? ???? ????? ?????? ??? ??? ????? ???? ??? ??? ??? ?????.
I will see you at eleven o'clock.
????? ?? ??????? ??? ?????.
In:
In terms of increasing their wealth-producing capacity the modern descendants of all these great civilizations have found it necessary to turn to Western Civilization for guidance and inspiration.
?? ???????? ?? ????? ??? ???????? ??????? ????? ??? ?? ??????? ?????? ????? ??????? ??? ????? ??????? ?? ?????? ??? ??????? ??????? ????????? ????????? ???.
She likes to jog in the morning.
???? ??? ??????? ?? ??????.
On:
On the contrary it has been fraught by intense rivalry between competing states and this has erupted into a series of violent wars
????? ???? ??? ????? ????? ??????? ??????? ?????? ??? ????? ?????????. ????? ??? ??? ?? ???? ????? ?? ?????? ???????
Her house is on Boretz Road.
??? ?????? ?? ????? ???.
The book is on the table.
?? ?????? ??? ???????.
About:
The development of a spirit of scientific inquiry devoted to discovering more about the nature of human beings in their environment
????? ????? ??? ????? ?????? ???? ???? ?????? ???????? ?????? ??????? ?? ????? ????? ?? ??????
So that it was here over several millennia from about 10,000 B.c that the Neolithic Revolution began
????? ???? ??? ???? ??? ???? ?????? ??? ????? 10 ???? ?. ?. ???? ????? ?????? ??????
This of course is much older than the civilization which emerged on the western seaboard of Europe about a millennium ago
??? ?????? ?????? ???? ????? ?? ??????? ???? ???? ??? ?????? ?????? ???????? ?? ?????? ?????? ??? ???
It is also about people
???? ?? ????? ????.
It caries information about how to make a cheese cake.
???? ???? ??????? ??? ????? ???? ?????.
Above:
As mentioned above they act as a land bank for agriculturalists.
????????? ??? ???? ???????? ?? ?????? ??? ???????.
The revelation that the atmosphere possessed weight which varied according to the height above sea level
?????? ?? ?????? ????? ???? ????? ????? ???????? ?? ??? ?????.
If that is we can pick them `out above the year-upon-year events that constitute apparent noise in the system
???? ?????? ?????? ??? ??????? ???????? ?? ??? ??????? ????????? ??? ??? ??? ????? ???? ????? ????? ?? ??????.
Across:
This set the pattern for a selection of such linkages ranging across the whole history of technology.
???? ?? ???? ?? ???? ??? ?????? ??? ??? ??????? ??? ?? ????? ???????????
The way in which they are described cuts across conventional economic categories
??????? ????? ????? ?? ?????? ?????????? ?????????
That they came across in the course of food-gathering
???? ??????? ????? ????? ??????
Did not predict successful performance across or on a consistent subset of Spectrum activities
?? ?????? ?????? ??????? ?????? ?? ???? ?? ??? ???? ?????? ????? ????? ?? ????? ??????? ??????
Dandruff always comes wide across the hair.
????? ?? ???? ?????? ??? ?????.
After:
Time after time moreover a development has served to prepare the way for new improvements which have replaced the original development or made it redundant.
????? ??? ??? ??? ?????? ??? ?? ????? ??? ?????? ???? ?? ????? ?????? ???????? ????? ??? ??? ?????? ??????? ?? ????? ????? ??? ??????
Against:
It had a rotary piston a triangular section of a disc which was driven round by the expansion of burning fuel pressing against each of its three faces in turn
?????? ??? ?????? ??? ???? ?????? ????? ???? ????? ???? ???? ???? ???? ?????? ??????? ???? ???? ??? ?? ?? ????? ??????? ??? ???????
It depends for its working stroke on the expansion of heated air against a piston in a cylinder.
?????? ?? ????? ???? ??????? ??? ???? ?????? ?????? ????? ???? ???? ???????
How far Reason can prevail against the combined forces of these two the common life of man makes quite clear.
???? ???? ????? ?? ???? ???? ????? ?????????. ?? ??? ???? ?? ???? ????? ???????
Around:
Slowly therefore but none the less surely people acquired the tools which enabled them to impose themselves on the world around them.
??? ?? ?????? ????? ???? ???? ???? ?? ?????? ?? ?????? ??? ??????? ???? ???? ??? ???? ??? ??? ?????? ??? ?????? ?? ?????.
The legendary heroes of Homer's epics around 1200 BC were Bronze Age warriors.
????? ?? ????? ????? ??????? ?????????? ????? ????? 1200 ?. ?. ????? ?? ?????? ????? ????????.
This effect has been compounded by a different technological side-effect in the form of the depletion of the ozone layer around the earth caused by the release of chlorofluorocarbons - chloride- based gases used in refrigerators and as compressants in cans for hair-sprays.
?????? ??? ??????? ???? ???? ?? ?????? ???????? ??????????? ???????? ????? ????? ?? ??????? ???? ??????? ??????? ?????? ?????? ?? ?????? ????? ??????? ????? ????? - ??? ????? ??? ???? ??????? (??? ??? ?????????) - ???????? ?? ????? ??????? ????????? ??? ?????? ??? ??? ???? ??? ?? ?????? ?????.
The ecology of pastoralism has some complications arrayed firstly around water.
?????? ????????? ???? ????? ??? ????????? ???? ????? ?????? ????.
Others are easier to document and revolve around the use of the forest as pasture.
??? ??????? ?????? ?? ???? ????? ?????? ??? ????? ?? ??????? ??????? ?????.
Before:
Human beings could begin to make and do things long before they had more than the most partial and primitive explanations of the materials at their disposal.
???????? ?? ????? ?? ?????? ?? ??? ???? ????? ??? ?? ?????? ????? ???? ??? ??????? ?????? ?????? ?? ??????? ??????? ???.
Before embarking on an examination of technology in the modern world however let us go back to the beginning.
????? ????? ??? ???????? ?????? ???????? ???? ??? ??? ?? ???? ????? ????? ????? ????? ????? ?????????? ??????. ?? ???? ???????? ????? ?????? ?????? ????? ??? ??? ???? ?????? ?????? ????? ??????? ????????.
Behind:
It is common knowledge that westward settlement destroyed a great deal of forest and left cropland grassland and industry behind.
??? ??????? ???????? ?? ????????? ?????? ??? ????? ???? ?????? ?? ???????? ????? ????? ???? ?????? ???????? ?????? ?????.
The guiding visionary behind Project Spectrum is Howard Gardner.
??? "????? ?????? ????? ????? ??? ????? ??????.
Of course behind economics there lies political economy.
????? ??????????? ???? ???????? ??????? ?????? ?????.
The American steel companies were six to seven years behind.
????? ????? ????? ????????? ?? ??? ?? ???? ?????.
Below:
Steam was admitted from a boiler below the cylinder.
????? ?????? ?? ???? ????? ???? ?????????.
It was only a small sphere with an 83 kg instrument package which broadcast a radio bleep to listeners below.
??? ????? ???? ??? ????? ???? ???? ?? ??????? ????? 83 ???? ???? ??????? ???? ??????? ??? ?? ??????? ????? ??? ????? ??????? ??? ????? ?????? ???.
This below-the-horizon husbandry might have lasted for thousands of years.
????? ?? ??? ????? ?? ??????? ???????? ?? ????? ????? ??????.
A third had IQs below 90.
??? ????? ?????? ???? ??? ???????? ??? ?? 90 ????.
If those below you can be fired will give you power.
???? ??? ????????? ??? ?? ?????? ??? ????? ?????? ???? ???.
Beneath:
At first they were placed inside the frame beneath the boiler driving on to a cranked axle. ?? ???? ???? ?? ??????? ???? ?????? ??? ??????? ???? ?????? ??? ???? ?? ????.
Then as the car sank beneath the water they perished!
????? ????? ???????? ??? ?????? ?? ???? ?????? ???????!
Beside:
Beside all dresses I have bought to you, you bought a new one!
????? ??? ???? ???????? ???? ???????? ??, ??????? ????? ?????!
Besides:
It makes them prone to abusing an almost random list of drugs besides alcohol.
???? ??????? ???? ???? ??? ????? ????? ??????? ?? ???????? ??? ???? ??????.
There are now many compulsions for change besides the enlargement of the membership.
??? ???? ????? ????? ???? ????? ??????? ????? ???? ???????.
Between:
On the contrary it has been fraught by intense rivalry between competing states and this has erupted into a series of violent wars.
????? ???? ??? ????? ????? ??????? ??????? ?????? ??? ????? ?????????. ????? ??? ??? ?? ???? ????? ?? ?????? ???????.
Travelers of all sorts - diplomatic commercial tourists - have moved between the nations of the West and provided an invaluable source of technological know-how sometimes illicit.
????? ?? ????? ?? ???? ??????? ???????????- ??????????? ?????? ??????- ????? ?? ????? ?????? ??????? ?? ??? ????? ??? ??? ?????? ????? ???? ?????? ???? ??????? ???????????. ????? ????? ??? ??????? ???? ??? ??????.
Beyond:
But it is worth retaining them as separate categories because they remind the historian to look beyond the documents.
???? ???? ??? ???????? ??? ????? ?????? ??????? ???? ????? ???? ?????? ??????? ??? ????? ??? ?? ???? ???????.
What is now beyond reasonable historical doubt is the fact that Europe was powerfully stimulated by Chinese technological superiority during the middle Ages.
??? ????? ???? ?? ?????? ?? ?????? ???? ?? ?? ?????? ????? ??????? ?????? ?????? ???? ????? ???? ??? ???? ?????? ??????.
It is further taken to be beyond the bounds of legitimate historical doubt that this process has been going on for some centuries.
???? ?? ???? ?? ??? ???? ??????? ?? ??? ??????? ????? ??? ???? ????.
The cost to children goes beyond the suffering caused by depression itself
?? ????? ???? ????? ??????? ?????? ????????? ???? ??? ?? ?? ???? ??? ????? ??? ?? ??????
By:
Alone amongst world civilizations it has been dominated by a process of continuous technological revolution.
???????? ??? ????????? ???????? ??????? ????? ???? ????????? ??????.
The transformation to settled agrarian communities was accompanied by acceleration in the growth of technical skills.
?????? ?????? ??? ????????? ???????? ???????? ???????? ?? ????? ???????? ???????.
It must also be thought to be capable of amelioration by some sort of application.
??? ????? ?? ?????? ??????? ????? ????? ??? ????? ??? ?? ??????? ?? ??????? ?????? ???? ?? ????.
Down:
We will pursue the theme down to the present in the following chapter.
???? ????? ??????? ?? ????? ?????? ??? ????? ??????.
It was followed by a 300-year decline down to 270,000 in 1600 BC.
????? ???? ?? ???? ???????? ??? ??? 270 ??? ???? ??? 1600 ?
They had to be greatly geared down in order to work effectively.
???? ????? ????? ????? ????? ??? ???? ??????.
So much so that it would be unwise to think that the process of innovation and refinement had slowed down.
???? ?? ?????? ?? ???? ???? ??? ?????? ?????? ?? ??? ?? ?????? ???????? ?????? ?? ????? ????????.
During:
Sheep must have been introduced to western and northern Europe during prehistory.
????? ?? ??????? ????? ??? ??? ?????? ??????? ???? ??? ???????.
Except:
Many such apparently simple observations - except that nobody had the initiative to act on them before - have led to momentous inventions.
??? ?? ????????? ?????????? ???? ???? ??? ????? ?? ??????- ?? ?? ??? ????? ???? ????? ??????- ???? ??????? ??? ???????? ??????? ????? ???????? ?????? ???? ????.
As with the water turbine the steam turbine was a fully enclosed vessel except for the points of entry and exit of the steam.
???? ???????? ???????? ???? ??? ???????? ??????? ????? ?? ????? ???? ????? ???? ??? ????? ???? ????? ??????.
On the coasts both elephant and fur seals disappeared except in remote areas
??? ??????? ????????? ???????? ??????? ????? ????? ?????? ??????
For:
Nevertheless it is a period which calls for historical explanation because it has so many unique features.
??? ??? ????? ???? ????? ?????? ???????? ???? ??? ???? ?? ?? ????? ????? ?????.
Technology is the study of human techniques for making and doing things.
??????????? ?? ????? ???????? ?????? ???????? ??????? ?? ????? ???? ???????.
This is particularly important for the historian of technology.
???? ????? ??? ?????? ??????? ????? ???????????.
The search for sources of metals moreover involved exploration and trade because they were rarely to be found in sufficient abundance precisely where they were most required.
????? ??? ??? ??? ????? ?? ??????? ???????? ???? ????? ????????? ???????? ???? ????? ???? ??? ??????? ?????? ????? ??????? ??? ???? ?????? ???? ????? ??????.
Unlike the earlier metals iron was rapidly adopted for a variety of everyday uses.
???????? ?????? ????? ??? ??? ??????? ???????? ?? ?????? ?? ??????????? ???????.
From:
It has experienced unprecedented pressures from increasing population in conditions of expanding social mobility.
????? ?? ???? ??? ?????? ?? ??????? ???? ??????? ???????? ?? ???? ???? ??????? ??? ?? ?????? ??????.
Nevertheless it remains qualitatively different from science.
?????? ??? ??? ???? ?????? ????? ?? ?????.
Other historians have pointed to the asymmetry of technological history in so far as it tends to be written entirely from the perspective of successful inventions.
???? ?????? ????? ?????? ???? ????????? ?? ??????? ?????????? ??? ?? ????? ??? ??????? ????? ?? ????? ?????????? ???????.
Initiative was also being shown by British chemical companies from the beginning of the twentieth century.
??????? ???? ???? ?????? ????? ?????????? ?????????? ?? ???? ????? ???????.
The trouble here has been that social scientists have tended to approach problems in the history of technology with an extensive apparatus of theoretical categories and `empty conceptual boxes' which have then been filled from the available historical material.
??????? ??? ?? ?? ????? ???????? ????? ??? ????? ???????? ?? ????? ??????????? ??? ?????? ??? ????? ?? ????????? ??????? ? ???? ???? ?? ???????? ? ????? ??????? ????????? ???????.
Inside:
At first they were placed inside the frame.
?? ???? ???? ?? ??????? ???? ??????.
Into:
So humankind increased in numbers and spread out into more challenging environments.
????? ?????? ????? ????? ??????? ????? ????? ????? ??? ?????? ????.
The possession of domesticated animals promoted the skills of converting animal fleeces into fiber for textiles.
???? ??? ?????? ??????? ????? ??? ?? ?????? ????? ??? ??????? ??? ????? ?????? ??????.
They spread quickly throughout the Middle East and northwards and westwards into Europe.
?????? ?? ?????? ??? ???????? ?? ????? ?????? ??? ???? ???? ??????.
There was little incentive to put substantial resources into the development.
?? ??? ??? ???? ??? ?????? ???? ????? ??????? ?? ??? ???????
We have slipped easily into using the concept `civilization'.
???? ??????? ?????? ??? ??????? ????? ???????.
Like:
Modern China like the rest of the non-Western world has been obliged to undergo `Westernization.'
?????? ????? ???????? ??? ???? ?????? ??? ??????? ??? ?????? ???????.
Men like the English Midlands farmer Robert Bakewell were able to make sensational progress in these respects.
??????? ???? ?? ????? ????? ??????? ??? ????? ?? ??????? ?????? ?? ???????? ?? ???? ????? ????? ?? ??? ????????.
The trouble was that coal shafts acted like wells piercing the subterranean water table and collecting water.
????? ??????? ?? ?? ????? ??????? ??? ???? ??????? ??? ?????? ?????? ??? ??? ?????? ??????? ?????? ??????.
The cast-iron segments were assembled with slots and wedges like a piece of carpentry.
?????? ?????? ????? ????? ?????? ?? ????? ????? ???? ?? ????? ???????.
Sea-birds like the kittiwake will colonize large warehouses as nesting places and expand their populations quite markedly.
??? ?? ????? ????? ??????? ?????? ??????? ????? ???? ?????? ?????? ???? ?????
. ??????
Near:
It was rarely practicable to pursue the seams to any depth when plenty of coal was easily accessible near the surface.
?? ??? ?????? ??? ?? ??????? ???? ????? ????? ??? ??????? ????? ???????? ?????? ??? ????? ????? ???? ?????? ??? ?????.
This produced a near-monoculture of heather.
????? ??? ??? ??? ??????? ??? ????? ???? ?????? ?? ??????.
That such a region should now be a near-desert raises interesting questions.
????? ???? ?? ??????? ??????? ??? ????? ???? ????? ????? ??? ???????.
I made my way to a seat near the door.
??? ?? ????? ??? ???? ??? ????? ??? ??????.
40 percent reduction in current consumption leaves both new and old citizens near starvation.
?? ?????? ?? ????????? ?????? ???? ??? ?? ????????? ????? ???????? ??? ??? ??????? 40
Of:
It has experienced unprecedented pressures from increasing population in conditions of expanding social mobility.
????? ?? ???? ??? ?????? ?? ??????? ???? ??????? ???????? ?? ???? ???? ??????? ??? ?? ?????? ??????.
The historical explanation is necessary in order to assess the future prospects of our society.
??? ??????? ???????? ???? ?????? ???? ????? ???? ???????? ????????.
It is the product of several converging developments.
?? ???? ?????? ?? ???????? ???? ????? ???? ??? ?? ??? ???????.
It will help to keep the extraordinary technological progress of these centuries.
???? ????? ?????? ?????????? ?????? ???? ??? ???? ??? ?????? ???????.
Outside:
The Iron Age appears to have begun outside the earlier centres of civilization.
????? ??? ?? ??? ?????? ??? ???? ????? ??????? ???????.
The emotional synchrony is unstated and outside conscious awareness.
???????? ??????? ??? ?????? ?????? ????? ????? ?? ??????? ??????.
Outside' public aid proved to be necessary.
?????? ??????? ??????? ???????? ???? ??????.
Over:
And as it deals with changes in techniques over time it is perforce a historical study.
???? ???? ?????? ???????? ???? ???? ??? ???????? ??? ???? ??????? ????? ???? ????? ???? ????? ????? ???????.
As we will use the term in this study the history of technology can range over the whole history of humankind.
??? ??? ????????? ??????? ?? ??????? ??? ???? ?? ???? ????? ??????????? ??????? ????? ??????? ???.
They became common adjuncts to the electricity generation grids which made power available to consumers all over Europe and North America.
????? ??? ??????? ????? ????? ?????? ????? ????????? ??? ??? ?????? ?????? ????? ?????????? ?? ?????? ??????? ????????.
Others like glass-making which achieved a high standard of technical excellence in Venice from where it spread over the rest of Europe.
????? ?????? ???? ??? ????? ?????? ???? ???? ????? ????? ?? ??????? ??????????? ?? ???????? ??????? ?? ???? ??? ????? ????? ??????.
Since:
Most human societies since the fourth millennium BC have been part of one or other of the civilizations which have flourished since then.
???????? ?? ?????? ????????? ??????? ???? ??? ????? ?????? ??? ??????? ???? ???? ?? ??? ??????? ?? ???? ?? ???????? ???? ?????? ?????.
Since they had to be seen by thousands of spectators at once, many problems happened.
??????? ??? ??? ??? ????? ????? ??? ???? ????????? ?? ??? ????, ???? ?????? ?? ???????.
Through:
This was achieved through the establishment of safer conditions of life.
????? ??? ???? ????? ???? ???? ???? ????.
Possession of metal goods was not generally diffused through these early civilizations.
??? ??? ????? ????? ??????? ?????? ??????? ????? ?? ???? ??? ???????? ???????.
This involves the creation of a system of legal protection through an adequate network of patent regulations.
????? ?? ??? ????? ??? ?????? ??? ???? ??????? ????????? ?? ???? ???? ?????? ?????? ??? ????? ????????.
He traced the cause of this catastrophe through a chain of interconnected circumstances to the failure of a single contact-breaker.
????? ??? ??? ??????? ??? ????? ?? ????????? ????????? ???? ??? ??? ???? ???? ?????? ?????.
However the development of civilized societies tended to institutionalize technologies through literacy numeracy and education.
??? ?? ???? ????? ????????? ???????? ??? ??? ????? ???? ????? ??? ???????????? ?? ???? ??????? ???????? ??????? ????????.
To:
Study of the technological revolution which has dominated Western Civilization since 1700 can thus contribute to an understanding of the extraordinary situation full of dangers and potentialities.
??? ????? ?????? ??????????? ???? ???? ??????? ??????? ??? ????? 1700? ???? ??
???? ?? ??? ?????? ??????????? ???????? ???????? ???????????.
It is subject to all the rules of historical scholarship.
????? ????? ????? ??????? ??????? ?????????.
Toward:
Contrast that sequence of building rage with a more charitable line of thought toward the driver who cut you.
???? ???? ??? ??????? ????????? ?? ??????? ?????? ???? ??????? ?????? ??????? ????? ??? ???? ??????? ???? ?????? ?????.
But a careful reading of research findings suggests that all these common attitudes toward anger are misguided.
????? ??? ????? ???? ????? ??? ????? ??? ??????? ????? ???? ???? ??? ?? ??? ?????? ?????? ?????? ??????? ???? ?????.
Under:
Under the stimulus of rapid change in the cotton industry the older industry was prompted to undergo a similar series of innovations.
???? ??? ????? ???? ?????? ?????? ?? ????? ??????? ????? ??????? ?????? ??????? ????? ?????? ?? ?????????.
You may use glue under wallpaper and in bedding for example.
??? ??? ??????? ??? ?????? ????. ????? ??????? ?????
These then decay under bacterial action which absorbs oxygen and results in the killing of fish.
?????? ??????? ???? ????????? ??? ???? ??? ?????? ???????? ???? ??????? ??? ??? ???.
Indeed nearly all forested areas were under some form of regulated use and management system.
?????? ???? ??????? ????????? ???? ???? ?? ??? ?? ????????? ?????? ??? ??? ???????.
Until:
No invention can be generally accepted until such economic and social resources have been made available for it.
???? ????? ?? ?? ?????? ?? ???? ?? ????? ????? ???? ??? ??? ?? ?????? ?? ??? ??? ??????? ?????????? ???????????.
One aspect of this continuity was the development of Chinese technology which far exceeded anything achieved in Western cultures until the end of the European Middle Ages.
?????? ??? ???? ??? ??????? ?? ???? ??????????? ??????? ???? ???? ?? ?? ????? ?? ??????? ??????? ??? ????? ?????? ?????? ?????????.
It is probably best to suspend judgment until more archaeological information becomes available.
??? ?? ?????? ????? ????? ??? ??? ????? ?????? ?? ????????? ????????????.?
With:
Technology is concerned with understanding techniques within the environment of their social development.
??? ?? ??? ??????????? ????? ???? ???????? ???? ?????? ???? ???? ????? ????????.
Modern scientists have pursued their objective with an increasingly sophisticated range of concepts and � methods.
?????? ??????? ???????? ????? ????? ?????? ??? ?????? ?????? ????? ??????? ???? ????? ??????.
On this reckoning the Copper Age coincided with the appearance of the first urban civilizations in Egypt Sumeria the Indus valley and parts of northern China close to the Yellow River.
????? ??? ??? ??????? ????????? ??? ??? ?????? ?????? ?? ???? ??? ?????? ????? ?? ??? ?????
????? ??? ???????? ??? ????? ?? ???? ????? ???????? ????? ??????.
Without:
Without the spark of inspiration there is no guarantee that any amount of perspiration will produce the desired result
??? ?? ??? ????? ??????? ?? ???? ??? ??? ?? ??? ????? ?????? ??????? ????????.
According to:
According to this view inventions tend to occur naturally and spontaneously once the conditions are appropriate.
????? ??? ?????? ??? ?????????? ???? ??? ?? ???? ??????? ???? ??? ?????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ????.
And we evaluate everyone along the way according to whether they meet that narrow standard of success.
??? ???? ????? ?????? ?? ??? ???? ??? ???? ?? ????? ????? ???? ??????? "??????? ?? ??????.
Because of:
Watt was particularly proud of this invention because of its geometrical elegance.
???? ??? ????? ???? ???????? ???? ?????? ????????.
Once these became available the preparation of several designs went ahead in conditions of considerable secrecy because of the approach of the Second World War. Frank Whittle took out the first British patents.
??? ??? ??? ??????? ????? ??? ???? ??????????? ?????? ??????? ??? ?? ???? ?? ?????? ????????? ???? ???? ?????? ????? ???????? ???????. ???? ????? ????? ??? ??? ????? ?????? ????????.
By way of:
By way of contrast, if one examines the American consumer-electronics industry, it is a history of a profit-maximizing strategic retreat into oblivion.
???? ???? ???????? ??? ????? ??? ??? ????? ??????? ????????? ??????? ??????????? ???????????? ???? ?????? ??????? ??????????? ?? ???? ?????? ????? ????? ????????? ?? ????? ???????.
In addition to:
In addition to essential capital and managerial expertise Boulton provided a workforce of skilled artisans who were able to produce the finely machined parts which were required in order to achieve the full benefits from Watt's invention.
??? ?? ????? ??? ??? ????? ?????? ??????? ????????? ???? ????? ??? ???. ??? ??? ?? ???? ???? ?????? ??? ????? ????? ????? ???? ????? ????? ?????? ?????? ??????? ????? ????? ?? ?????? ???.
The ways a couple handles the feelings between them-in addition to their direct dealings with a child-impart powerful lessons to their children who are astute learners attuned to the subtlest emotional exchanges in the family.
??? ????? ????? ????? ??????? ???? ??????? ???????? ??? ???????? ??????? ?? ?????? ?????? ???????? ????????. ????? ????? ??????? ??? ??????? ?? ?????? ??????? ???????? ?? ??????.
In addition to copying and memorizing legal materials, school has made a new method.
??? ???? ??????? ?????? ????? ??? ???? ??????? ?????? ??????? ??????.
In front of:
A young man crossing the street stops in front of the cab to wait for traffic to clear.
????? ???? ???? ??????? ???? ???? ??????? ????? ?? ??? ???? ?????.?
Suddenly a car pulls out of a driveway only a few feet in front of you.
????? ????? ????? ???? ????? ??? ??? ?????.
In spite of:
Some of which still exist in spite of encroachment upon their habitat and poaching.
????? ?? ???? ????? ?????? ??? ???? ??? ????? ?? ?????? ???? ?????? ?????????.
Instead of:
Methods of crop rotation were developed in the Netherlands in the seventeenth century which enabled most of the arable land to be kept under cultivation all the time instead of putting it out to fallow once every three years.
??? ????? ??? ??????? ????????? ?? ?????? ???? ????? ?????? ???? ????? ???? ??? ????? ???? ??????? ??????? ??????? ???? ????? ???? ?? ??????? ??? ????? ?? ????? ?????.
On account of:
But there are other aspects of the transformation which deserve mention on account of their contribution to the great facility for communication which we enjoy today.
???? ??? ????? ???? ?? ?????? ????? ????? ??? ??? ?? ??????? ???? ?????? ????????? ????? ????? ??? ??? ?? ???? ??? ?????.
They were changing in quality on account of the introduction of technological novelties and scientific discoveries.
?????? ??????? ???????? ????? ????? ????? ???????? ????????? ????????? ????? ?????.
Yet a third envisages cattle being corralled for use in religious ceremonies on account of the lunate curve of their horns.
???? ???? ???? ???? ????? ?? ????? ?? ????? ???? ????????? ?? ?????????? ??????? ?????? ??? ??????? ??????? ???????.
Out of:
The world will eventually run out of fossil fuels and that nuclear power is `clean'.
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How long have you been out of graduate school?
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He's getting out of control.
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But in modern life anxiety is more often out of proportion and out of place.
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Throughout:
They spread quickly throughout the Middle East and northwards and westwards into Europe.
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The best explanation of this evolutionary pattern is probably that the whole of Chinese society was dominated throughout three millennia by the mandarins - a non-hereditary intellectual aristocracy.
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Throughout human history the experience of an impressive new artefact has stimulated attempts to copy it.
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Up:
This was true of Europe up to the seventeenth century.
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Charles remained on duty for up to a year.
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In regard to:
In regard to legal jurisdiction the magistrate had virtually none.
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In regard to precedents it was extremely rare for them.
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Jean Escarra and Pelliot did in regard to law jurisprudence and technical legal studies.
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Upon:
Most traditional historiography depends heavily upon documentary evidence - the written and printed records left by the participants in a historical period or event .
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The endpoint of this imposition of the human upon the natural comes with the specially constructed canal.
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While Western Civilization remained - and has continued to remain - one based upon iron-working techniques.
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This has been the period of the greatest impact of our species upon its surroundings.
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This book is mainly concerned with the effects of humans upon their environments.
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Suddenly he came upon a dismal grove of mountain trees over hanging a grey rock.
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In place of:
This was the adoption of the gas turbine in place of the conventional reciprocating engine.
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