Adverbs modify, or tell us more about other words, usually verbs, Sometimes they tell us more about adjectives, and They can also modify other adverbs.
Adverbs � form
In most cases, an adverb is formed by adding '-ly' to an adjective
Ex.
- cheap � cheaply
of an electrolytic method of producing the metal in bulk and comparatively cheaply
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- quick � quickly
They spread quickly throughout the Middle East and northwards and westwards into Europe
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- slow � slowly
Thus Chinese technology developed slowly but steadily
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If the adjective ends in '-y', replace the 'y' with 'i' and add '-ly'
Ex.
- easy � easily
we have slipped easily into using the concept `civilization'
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- angry � angrily
These are the parents who angrily yell at a child who is trying to tell his side of the story "Don't you talk back to me!"
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- lucky � luckily
Luckily for Americans
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If the adjective ends in -'able', '-ible', or '-le', replace the '-e' with '-y'
Ex. - probable � probably
Recreation for example will probably mean forgoing timber harvests in some places
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- terrible � terribly
I'm terribly miserable and depressed
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- gentle � gently
researchers gently inserted long fine-tipped electrodes into the brains of monkeys
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If the adjective ends in '-ic', add '-ally'
Ex.
- Basic � basically
Thus the tropics are thought to breed people who are basically lazy
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- Economic � economically
Being stronger than cast iron and less brittle it could be used economically in even larger structures and thus initiated the age of the skyscraper
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- Tragic � tragically
with whom he falls tragically in love
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Some adverbs have the same form as the adjective
Ex.
- Late
happy about having run into a friend and apologizing for being late
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- Near
workers lived near the factories mines or other installations
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- Hard
But the evidence of modern technological development shows that we are pressing hard on this capacity The human species by design or folly is using technological tools to abuse Gaia
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Adverbs � COMPARISON
In general, comparative and superlative forms of adverbs are the same as for adjectives
Comparative
Add -er to short adverbs
ex.
- hard � harder
The reason seems to be that from the earliest years of school Asian children work harder than whites
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- late � later
Beech and hornbeam followed later during agricultural times
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- fast � faster
Another specific advantage is that it enables aero planes to travel faster than the speed of sound
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With adverbs ending in -ly, use more for the comparative
ex.
- slowly � more slowly
while exports are growing more slowly than its GNP
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- seriously � more seriously
Targeting by foreign countries must be taken more seriously as they become competitive with the United States
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Some adverbs have irregular comparative forms:
Ex.
- Badly � worse
the problems may also have been made worse by increasing silt burdens in the drainage system
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- Far � further
or refined further to make it into steel
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- Little � less
but the view held here is that historical revolutions are characterized less by discontinuities than by novelties and social change
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Superlative
Add -est to short adverbs
ex.
- hard � hardest
But what is hardest to realize is that even traditional art changes when its audiences change
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With adverbs ending in -ly, use most for the superlative
ex.
- quietly � most quietly
Ben then stalks off to his empty table crying quietly
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- slowly � most slowly
Thus Chinese technology developed slowly but steadily
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- seriously � most seriously
some of it is generating a stream of good writing which deserves to be taken seriously both as an art form and as a medium for significant speculation about the essence of technological society
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Some adverbs have irregular comparative forms:
Ex.
- Far � furthest
This topic is discussed furthest in connection with the therapeutic use of music
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Adverbs � kinds
There are several classes or 'kinds' of adverbs that we use for specific functions
A) ADVERBS OF MANNER
Adverbs of manner tell us how something happens. They are usually placed after the main verb or after the object.
Ex.
( after the main verb)
- Softly
is to 'speak softly and carry a big stick'
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- Loudly
that shouting loudly produces a lifting of the taboo on infantile emotion and behaviour
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- Rapidly
Thereafter its production and use spread rapidly
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(after the object)
- quickly
A wide variety of deciduous species respond to being cut at the base by putting out shoots quickly and prolifically
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b) ADVERBS OF PLACE
Adverbs of place tell us where something happens. They are usually placed after the main verb or after the object
Ex.
(after the main verb)
- Everywhere
The American system would be adopted everywhere and last forever
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- Around
They normally possessed substantial buildings often arranged around a court equipped with a supply of water and a portable steam engine to provide power for the agricultural machines as required
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- Back
Before embarking on an examination of technology in the modern world however let us go back to the beginning
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(after the object)
- Outside
the Swedish entrepreneur Marten Triewald took the idea home to build the first steam engine outside Britain
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c) ADVERBS OF TIME
Adverbs of time tell us when an action happened, but also for how long, and how often.
When: today, yesterday, later, now, last year
For how long: all day, not long, for a while, since last year
How often: sometimes, frequently, never, often, yearly
"When" adverbs are usually placed at the end of the sentence.
Ex.
- Today
There is a rather similar situation in studies of the causes of desertification in the world today
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- Later
Some of these such as the new intensity of urban development and the social relationships dependent upon it are so important that we will need to return to them later
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"For how long" adverbs are usually placed at the end of the sentence
ex.
- For a while
hold them for a while and say `relax' to themselves as they breathe out
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- for a year
it has already been with BMW for a year-and-a-half
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"How often" adverbs expressing the frequency of an action are usually placed before the main verb or after auxiliary verbs (such as be, have, may, must).
Ex.
(before the main verb)
- often
They normally possessed substantial buildings often arranged around a court equipped with a supply of water and a portable steam engine to provide power for the agricultural machines as required
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- never
although the fact that these communities never coalesced into a single state has had a very significant influence on the development of Western Civilization
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(after the auxiliary verb)
- always
This is not to say that the package must always be the same
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- never
Management in the last resort depends on the qualities of the people practising it and it can never be perfect
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d) ADVERBS OF CERTAINTY
These adverbs express how certain or sure we feel about an action or event (certainly, definitely, probably, undoubtedly, surely).
Adverbs of certainty go before the main verb or after the verb 'to be':
Ex.
- Definitely
High-quality porcelain was definitely an innovation from China
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- Probably
even though over a much longer period the spread of iron-working probably contributed towards a wider social appreciation of the benefits of technological improvements
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With other auxiliary verb, these adverbs go between the auxiliary and the main verb:
Ex.
- Certainly
Much later - probably in the twelfth century so far as Western Civilization was concerned - wind power was also applied to milling and other industrial uses in the form of the windmill and windmills were certainly operating in many parts of Europe in 1700
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- probably
they were probably lost and rediscovered several times before the numbers of human beings increased sufficiently to ensure lasting continuity of know-how - skills being passed on in family groups constituting an incipient form of apprenticeship
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Sometimes these adverbs can be placed at the beginning of the sentence:
Ex.
- Undoubtedly
Undoubtedly believing that they were acting with public support Brutus and his fellow-conspirators eventually became victims of the very propaganda campaign they had directed at Caesar's power and person
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e) ADVERBS OF DEGREE
Adverbs of degree tell us about the intensity or degree of an action, an adjective or another adverb. (Almost, nearly, quite, just, too, enough, hardly, scarcely, completely, very, extremely).
Adverbs of degree are usually placed before the adjective or adverb they are modifying
Ex.
- extremely
even though the nature of this relationship is sometimes extremely complex
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Or before the main verb
Ex.
- Just
And while the typewriter the telephone and the bicycle - as well as the labour-saving devices in the home which we have just mentioned - have contributed significantly to the emancipation of women from the thralldom of the domestic round
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f) INTERROGATIVE ADVERBS
(why, where, how, when) They are usually placed at the beginning of a question.
Ex.
- why?
Why do so many towns and cities from Paris southwards have wide boulevards in those parts developed or redeveloped
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g) RELATIVE ADVERBS
(where, when, why) these adverbs can be used to join sentences or clauses. They replace the more formal structure of preposition + which in a relative clause.
Ex.
- Where
It occurred first alongside the great rivers of the middle latitudes - the Nile the Tigris and Euphrates the Indus the Ganges and the Yellow River - where there was fertile soil which received regular enrichment from the flood waters of the river
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- When
Unlike other species which possess a high degree of instinctual skill or even like those higher primates which are capable of forming a simple tool when an occasion requires it human beings have had to learn their skills and this has implied a facility for passing them on from one generation to the next
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- Why
Might all be reasons why fire would be a popular possession of hunter-gatherer people
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h) VIEWPOINT AND COMMENTING ADVERBS
There are some adverbs and adverbial expressions which tell us about the speaker's viewpoint or opinion about an action, or make some comment on the action.( honestly, seriously, confidentially, personally, surprisingly, ideally, economically, officially, obviously, clearly, surely, undoubtedly).
Ex.
- obviously
Obviously, plans for peace enforcement operations should be scrutinized more carefully in the future than was done in the Somalia case
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- surprisingly
Not surprisingly, the laggards, companies years behind in technology, shrank, and the leaders, those firms ahead in technology, grew.
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