Adjectives are words that describe or modify another person or thing in the sentence.
ADJECTIVES � FORM
Adjectives are positioned usually in front of a noun
Ex.
On the land we see for example the creation of beautiful gardens
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Or after verbs like "to be", "to seem", "to look", "to taste�
Ex.
Its outstanding spokesman was E Schumacher who coined the phrase Small is Beautiful as the title of his pioneering book on the subject
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Or after the noun in some fixed expressions
Ex.
- The Princess Royal
- The President elect
- a court martial
Adjectives - comparison forms
AS + ADJECTIVE + AS
To compare people, places, events or things, when there is no difference, use (as + adjective + as)
Ex.
- old --> as old as
It is as old as human species so that we should expect to find significant continuities in the history of technology
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- good --> as good as
Likewise irrigation and drainage systems are only as good as their ditch systems
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- revolutionary --> as revolutionary as
and also that the profound changes associated with technological revolution are such that they should be seen to be as revolutionary as any other developments in history
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NOT AS + ADJECTIVE + AS
Difference can also be shown by using (not + as ...as)
Ex.
- much � not as much as
but not as much as would be expected on the basis of their extra height
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- consistent � not as consistent as
America's history is not as consistent as that of either Japan or Latin America
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- closely � not as closely as
The world economy was not as closely integrated as it is today
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Comparative
To compare people, places, events or things, when there is a difference, use the followings;
One syllable: (adj + er)
Ex.
- Tall � taller
Because he was taller and had a voice like John Wayne
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- Rich � richer
Where the United States was once much richer than the rest of the world
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- Old � older
So that technology is much older than science
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One syllable with the spelling consonant + single vowel + consonant: double the final consonant (adj + double the final consonant + er)
Ex.
- Big � bigger
The success and stability of the systems led to bigger projects
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- Sad � sadder
The Romans fought in thinner lines or waves
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Two syllable (adj + er OR more + adj)
Ex.
- happy � happier/ more happy
And happier with their own playing
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But it also makes for a more happy and receptive atmosphere in the theatre
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- simple � simpler / more simple
And it came as a godsend to them when a Scottish surveyor John Loudon McAdam devised a simpler form of construction which dispensed with Telford's massive foundations
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Three syllables or more (more + adj)
Ex.
- important � more important
But a more important factor was probably that Western Civilization lacked the homogeneity of most ancient civilizations
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- expensive� more expensive
Were slower and more expensive
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- comfortable � more comfortable
A western manufacturer, enjoying a much more comfortable standard of living
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**IRREGULAR COMPARATIVES
These adjectives have completely irregular comparative forms:
Ex.
- good � better
And even though the copies will vary in quality some of them may actually improve upon the original and so represent a different or better quality of product
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- bad � worse
Unfortunately some of the strategies most often resorted to can backfire leaving people feeling worse than be fore
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- little � less
Was less primitive than has been assumed and that the skills emerged spontaneously only to be lost again after Stonehenge had been built
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- much � more
The mastery of ever more sophisticated skills of metal working and the use of metal artefacts
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- far � further
These served greatly to facilitate movement within the towns and encouraged further expansion
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Superlative
To compare people, places, events or things, when there is a difference, use the followings;
One syllable: (adj + est)
ex.
- Rich � richest
America has not been the richest country in the world for some time
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- Old � oldest
Even in the oldest and most established cultures
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One syllable with the spelling consonant + single vowel + consonant: double the final consonant (adj + double the final consonant + est)
Ex.
- big � biggest
The biggest changes in the iron industry however apart from the enormous increase in the scale of operations
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Two syllable (adj + est OR most + adj)
Ex.
- happy � happiest/ most happy
I would have been the happiest man in the world
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- simple � simplest / most simple
It was the simplest instruction
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It seems unlikely that there is any trend which is sufficiently long to make any reliable prediction for anything other than the most simple world-wide processes
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Three syllables or more (most + adj)
ex.
- important � most important
and perhaps the most important of all the prerequisites for a successful invention is the existence of a social milieu which is sympathetic towards it
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- expensive� most expensive
`It's the most expensive kind I've ever had'
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- comfortable � most comfortable
America's most comfortable hypothesis is to tell itself that it does not need an economic game plan
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** Irregular superlatives
These adjectives have completely irregular superlative forms:
ex.
- good � best
The best explanation of this evolutionary pattern is probably that the whole of Chinese society was dominated throughout three millennia by the mandarins - a non-hereditary intellectual aristocracy
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- bad � worst
which is that the worst consequences of the dilemma
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- little � least
the explanatory parts are the least satisfactory tending to be rhetorical and leaving important questions unanswered
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- much � most
Perhaps the most far-reaching consequence of the Neolithic Revolution was the expansion of the human population
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- far � furthest
This topic is discussed furthest in connection with the therapeutic use of music
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*COMPARISONS OF QUANTITY
To show difference use (more, less, fewer + than)
Ex.
- More � more than
and ingenious means were devised for casting it in molten form from more efficient furnaces than any available hitherto
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- Less � less than
and we are bound to be less precise in defining the circumstances of such inspiration than those of the more material prerequisites of invention
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- Few � fewer than
with fewer species than in its natural state
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To show no difference use (as much as, as many as, as few as, as little as)
ex.
- much � as much as
In the last resort the only guarantee of relative security which is as much as we can humanly hope for
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- many � as many as
the layout of fields is a simple example which may reflect as many differing social and political pressures as it does environmental influences
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- little � as little as
One is by living close to the fields so that as little energy as possible is spent on getting to work
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