| 1800's |
| In the early 1800s, George Stephenson developed the first steam-powered locomotives to pull carriages along rails. Many people accepted Thomas Malthus's bleak views in the early 1800s. It was too pessimisstic for most though. Better hygiene and sanitation helped the population boomed in the 1800s. Improvements in medical care also helped by slowing down the death rate from disease. Another British economist, David Ricardo, agreed with Malthus. They believed that the poor had too mayn children. He held no hope for the working class to escape poverty. John Stuart Mill was Bentham's chief follower. He also argued that actions are right if they promote happiness. They were wrong if they cause pain. Socialism was created to end povery and injustice. Under this, people are a whole, rather than private individuals. They would all own and operate the farms, factories, railways, and other large businesses that produced and distributed goods. Early socialists were called Utopians. This name implied that they were impractical dreamers. Communism was a form of socialism. It sees that the class struggle between employers and employees in inevitable. Louis Pasteur also developed the process pasteurization. It killed the disease-carrying microbes in milk. |
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