enclosure - The definition of enclosure is the process of taking over and fencing off land formerly shared by peasant farmers. There was an enclosure movement when rich landowners pushed ahead with this idea during the 1500s and had enclosed land to gain pastures for sheep and increased wool output.
factories (How they worked)- Factories are defined as these places that brought together workers and machine to produce large quantities of goods. The new machine doomed the old putting out system of manufacturing and later powered by steam engines.
turnpike - Turnpikes are privately built roads that charged a fee to travelers who used them. In the 1700s, many people made improvements in local systems of transportation and some capitalists invested turnpikes.
urbanization - Urbanization is the term where a farmland slowly turns into city-like area where factories become visible and become more modern. Without Urbanization, we would probably never have come this far in making our world today because many things we do in this world is based on technology and without urbanization, technology might have never been here.
utilitarianism - Utilitarianism is the idea that the goal of society should be �the greatest happiness for the greatest number� of its citizens. The man that came up with this new idea is Jeremy Bentham and he believed that laws and actions should be judged by their �utility.�
socialism - Socialism is a radical idea that came up in order to end poverty and injustice. This idea believed that people as a whole rather than private individuals would own and operate the �means of production.� The advantages of this is that people were created equal and so no one was considered poor and everyone was able to get the same amount of food as others.
communism - Communism is a form of socialism that sees class struggle between employers and employees as inevitable. Karl Marx and his assistant Friedrich Engels were famous socialists that wrote in a pamphlet that stated about how socialism relates to Communism.
proletariat - The Proletariats were the working classes who, according to Karl Marx, were the �have-nots.� Karl Marx predicted that in the end, Proletariats would win over the bourgeoisies after their big conflict.
Michael Faraday - Michael Faraday was the inventor of the dynamo, and this invention helped the industrial development. A dynamo was an electric generator that worked by rotating a coil of wire between the poled of a magnet, which created electric current.
John Wesley - In mid-1700s, John Wesley had been the leader of a religious revival land founded the Methodist Church. He stressed the need for a personal sense of faith and urged Christians to improve their lot by adopting sober, which were their moral ways.
Karl Marx - Karl Marx was a famous socialist who believed strongly that socialism is better than any capitalist idea; therefore, this encouraged him to write pamphlets about socialism and helped spread the knowledge and significance of socialism. He was considered to be the most influential thinkers during the 19th century, which helped his popularity, expand.
Thomas Malthus - Malthus was one of many great thinkers who tried to understand the amazing changes that took place in the early industrial age. His ideas were spread with his writings, which helped shape economic thinking for generations.
John Stuart Mill - This man was a follower of Jeremy Bentham who believed that actions are right if they promote happiness and wrong if they cause pain. Mill also believed in individualism and wanted the government to step in to improve the hard lives of the working class.
James Watt - James Watt was the inventor of the famous improved steam engine. This improved version of steam English was used with coal rather than waterpower.
Abraham Darby - In 1709, this amazing man had the idea of using coal instead of wood for smelting iron, which was separating iron from it ore. Because coal gave off impurities that damaged iron, he developed a way to stop that.
David Ricardo - He was an economist who agreed with Thomas Malthus and believed that the government should not help the poor. He was a laissez- faire supporter. Malthus believed that the poor people were having too many children.
Jeremy Bentham - The man that came up with this new idea is Jeremy Bentham and he believed that laws and actions should be judged by their �utility.� He had many famous followers after his time, which also helped his ideas spread like John Stuart Mill.
Robert Owen - Robert Owen believed in the Utopianism. He believed that people would be able to become Utopians and live in a perfect world and perfect society where everyone is happy and equal; however, many people believe that his ideas were impossible to work with.
Britain's population growth (why did it happen?)- The growth of Britain�s population started to grow very rapidly during the agricultural revolution. This population explosion continued until today however in different locations.
Importance of coal to Industrialization - Because of Darby�s idea of using iron instead of wood made a big difference to our world. Using coal made them produce iron that was better quality and much cheaper.
Agricultural Revolution - In 1600s Dutch created a new agricultural revolution that built earthen walls known as dikes to reclaim land from the sea. They combined smaller fields into larger ones and make better use of the land and used fertilizer from livestock to renew the soil.
textile industry - Textiles were an important change that also took place in Britain�s largest industry. Cotton cloth came from India became very popular among the people, which once again, helped made their country� economic increase.
laissez faire economics (Adam Smith)- Adam Smith believed that a free market, the unregistered exchange of goods and services, would eventually help everyone, not just the rich. The free market would produce more goods at lower prices, making them affordable to everyone.
Ch. 21
ideology - Ideologies are systems of thought and belief. The clash of people with opposing ideologies plunged Europe into a period of turmoil that lasted more than 30 years.
universal manhood suffrage - this means giving all adult men the right to vote, and social reform. John Stuart Mill was an influential English liberal, was a notable exception, which urged equal rights for women.
autonomy - Autonomy means self-rule and in the end of the Balkan people against the Ottomans, they achieved this within the Ottoman Empire. This helped them a lot because now they don�t have to be under control of some other empire.
el Grito de Dolores - Father Miguel Hidalgo raised a cry for freedom that would echo across the land. He was a Creole priest in 1810 and his speech came to be known as the �el Grito de Dolores,�: which means the cry of the Dolores.
February Days - In February when the government tried hard to keep the critics silent and prevent public meetings, angry crowed came to revolt. During February days, iron railings, overturned carts, paving stones, and topples trees again blocked the streets of Paris.
Frankfurt Assembly - Throughout 1848, delegates from many German states met in Frankfurt Assembly. Outside the assembly, liberals clashed with workers whose demands were too radical for middle-class reformers to accept.
Simon Bolivar - Simon Bolivar was an educated Creole applauded the French and American revolutions. They have always been dreaming about gaining their independence and freedom.
Miguel Hidalgo - Father Miguel Hidalgo raised a cry for freedom that would echo across the land. He was a Creole priest in 1810 and his speech came to be known as the �el Grito de Dolores,� which means the cry of the Dolores.
Louis Kossuth - Louis Kossuth was a strong leader of Hungarian nationalists in Budapest. He demanded to his people that an independent government was in need.
Tupac Amaru - In 1780, Tupac Amaru was the guy that created the revolt. A large army crushed the rebels and captured and killed their leader. The revolt did have effects.
Louis XVIII - When Louis XVIII came back to the throne by the Congress of Vienna, he immediately created an issue of the constitution, which is the Charter of French Liberties. It created a two-house legislature and allowed limited freedom of the press.
John Stuart Mill - This man was a follower of Jeremy Bentham who believed that actions are right if they promote happiness and wrong if they cause pain. Mill also believed in individualism and wanted the government to step in to improve the hard lives of the working class.
Toussaint L' Ouverture - This man was a self-educated former slave that changed his life around and ended up leading Haitians in a revolt against French rule. He was eventually captured and killed but his followers won independence in the end.
Louis Napoleon - Louis Napoleon was the nephew of Napoleon Bonaparte. He was the �new� Napoleon that attracted the working classes by presenting himself as a man who cared about social issues such as poverty.
Louis Philippe - Louis Philippe was considered the �citizen king� because he owed his throne the people. Louis was getting along with the middle, working class and under his time the upper bourgeoisie prospered.
Clemens Von Metternich - Metternich was a strong leader who dominated Austrian politics for more than 30 years and tried to restrain the students who took to the streets. However, he fled in disguise when he found out that the workers rose up to suppose the students.
Pedro - Dom Pedro followed his father�s advice, which was to �proclaim it yourself and put the crown on your own head.� He then became the emperor of an independent Brazil and accepted a constitution that provided for freedom of the press and religion as well as an elected legislature.
Revolts in Austrian empire - The workers revolted against the Austrian Empire and when Metternich tried to restrain the students who took to the streets, the workers rose up to support the students. Metternich was scared, and he fled in disguise when he found out that
goals of nationalists- The nationalists at this time wanted to end domination of Italy by the Austrian Hapsburgs. Also, their goals were related to liberal reforms like the constitutional government where workers suffer economic hardships.
conservative ideology in Europe- The conservatives included monarchs and members of their government, noble landowners, and church leaders. They supported the political and social order that had come under attack during the French Revolution.
Ch. 22
interchangeable parts - Interchangeable parts can be defined as identical components that could be used in place of one another. It simplified both assembly and repair.
assembly line - The assembly line are the manufacturers that introduce another new method of production. Workers on an assembly line add parts to a product that moves along a belt from one work station to the next.
corporation - The definition of Corporation is the businesses that are owned by many investors who buy shares of stock. Large-scale companies such as steel foundries needed so much capital that they sold hundreds of thousands of shares and formed giant corporations.
cartel - A cartel is an association to fix prices, set production quotas, or divide up markets. In Germany, a single cartel fixed prices for 170 coalmines, which helped them be very organized.
women's suffrage - Women�s suffrage, votes for women, emerged in Europe in the later 1800s. Among men, some liberals and socialists actually supported the women�s suffrage.
racism - Social Darwinism encouraged racism, which is the belief that one racial is superior to another. Many Europeans and Americans claimed that the success of western civilization was due to the supremacy of the white race. Racism is still an issue today where people still have hatred toward another because of their race, which is very wrong.
social gospel - Social Gospel is a movement that urged Christians to social service. In certain countries like Europe and the Untied States, Protestant churches backed this social gospel. They campaigned for reforms in housing, health care, and education.
romanticism - Wordsworth was part of a movement called romanticism. Romanticism changes the works in literature and art from 1750 to 1850. Romantic-ness came to excite strong emotion and very passionate in its works.
realism - Realism was an attempt to represent the world as it was, without the sentiment associated with romanticism. Realists often looked at the harsher side of life in cities and villages rather than the pleasant loving life like the romanticism people.
impressionism - a new movement sprang up called impressionism, which took root in Paris, capital of the western are world. Since the Renaissance, painters had carefully finished their painting so that not a brush stroke showed.
Social Darwinism - Social Darwinism encouraged racism, which is the belief that one racial is superior to another. Many Europeans and Americans claimed that the success of western civilization was due to the supremacy of the white race.
Darwin- Charles Darwin was a British naturalist who urged that all forms of life had evolved into their present state over millions of years. He produced the theory of natural selection to show how the long process of evolution is made possible.
Joseph Lister - He was an English surgeon who discovered how antiseptics prevented infection. The use of these methods such as having the surgeon wash their hand before operating and sterilizing instruments helped to drastically reduce the rate of death from infections.
factory life ( How it changed the lives of workers)- Women got jobs in the new factory, which helped the ways of thinking in many ways. Now that women are getting jobs, they feel more equal to the rest of the people. Also, more work is being done; therefore, more goods are being produced.