*National debt
� WW2 Generation pays 6% in taxes
� Today over 40% in taxes
� Visualization of the debt
� Deficit = Interest
� Debt = principle
� Interest wisely
� $23,000,000 more in debt every hour
*AIDS - Aids is a very popular disease originated from Africa. This disease has been killing the lives of many people for many years. There is still no cure founded at this time; however, scientists have come up with medicines and shots that can lower the affect of aids or slow it down, but in the end, the person still dies.
Cause - There is a couple ways of spreading AIDS. If one has aids, and has children, the children will have a chance of getting aids also. If one that has AIDS has sexual contact with another, than that person will have a chance of having AIDS also. Basically, they are all sexually transmitted.
Affect - AIDS is very affective and can be infected by anyone.
*N. Ireland-
IRA
the problem defined
RISE OF DEMOCRATIC IDEAS/ ch. 5-6
*oligarchy - As trade expanded the middle class of wealthy merchant farmers came to dominate some city-states. The result was a form of government called oligarchy. In an oligarchy, power is in the hands of small, powerful elite, usually from the business class.
*democracy - As discontent spread through Greece, Athens moved slowly toward democracy or government by the people
*geography of Greece - Greece is part of the Balkan Peninsula which extends southward into the eastern Mediterranean Sea. The Mediterranean and Aegean seas were as central to the Greek world as the Nile to Egypt.
*Greek theater - The first Greek plays evolved out of religious festivals, especially those held in Athens to honor Dionysus. Plays were performed outdoors in large theaters gouged out of the sides of hills.
*Alexander's greatest achievement - Alexander intended to invade Persia just as his father did. He won his first victory against the Persians at the Granicus River. He never lost a battle. He fell victim of sudden fever.
*center of the Hellenistic world- where? - The cities of the Hellenistic world employed armies of architects and artists. Temples, palaces, and other public buildings were much larger and grander than the buildings of classical Greece.
*Pericles - Pericles believed that all male citizens, regardless of wealth or social class should be able to take part of the government as any other members. During the time of Pericles, there were assemblies that met several times a month discussing the facts about a good government.
*Darius - he was a Persian emperor. Sent a huge army to attack the Athenians.
*Alexander - Alexander was a fierce worrier who was and experienced soldier at the age 20. He killed many people in his life. Two of his many victories were in Persian and India. He died of a very bad fever
*Athen's golden age - When the noblemen had a lot of slaves. There were many buildings which were rebuilt after the Persian war.
*Spartan boys - At the age of 11, boys began training for a lifetime in the military. Toughened by a coarse diet, hard exercise, and rigid discipline, Spartan boys became excellent soldiers.
*Persian Wars - Athens was at war for many years, but after their victory with the Persian Wars, Athens became a very strong powerful city. This caused the democracy and economy to improve greatly and these years were the Golden Ages of Athens.
*Trojan Wars - The Mycenaeans are best remembered for their part in the Trojan War, which took place around 1250 B.C. The war was between the Myceaeans and the Troy.
*Peloponnesian War - It started in 431 B.C. The war was between Athens and Sparta. The Spartans won the war and ended Athens great government and economy.
*Paul - Jesus came to him; He immediately converted Paul to Christianity. He helped spread it by converting Jews and gentile.
*Hannibal - Jesus came to him; He immediately converted Paul to Christianity. He helped spread it by converting Jews and gentile.
*Virgil - Was in an epic poem called Aeneid. In this, Virgil tried to show that Rome�s past was as heroic as that of Greece.
*Augustus - He was declared princeps which was the first citizen. He did not call himself a king, but he acted like one.
*Odoacer - He was a Germanic leader who ousted the emperor in Rome. Later historians referred to those events as the Fall of Rome.
*Jesus - The founder of Christianity. He was also born as the messiah from God.
*Constantine - In 312, the talented general Constantine continued Diocletian�s reforms. He granted toleration to Christians and he built a new capital.
*Ptolemy - An astronomer-mathematician who proposed his theory that the Earth was the center of the universe. This idea was accepted in the western world for nearly 1,500 years.
*Copernicus - He disagreed with what Ptolemy said. He did not think that the earth was the center of the universe
*Virgil - Virgil is a poet who wrote epic poems. One of his works is called the Aeneid, in which Virgil tried to show how Roma�s path was very heroic.
*Roman landholding upper class -
*martyr - people who die or suffer for their beliefs. One person that died for their beliefs was Paul.
*messiah - Savior sent by God. Such as one who lead the Jewish people to freedom.
*mercenary - Soldier serving in a foreign army for pay. Most were German warriors who felt little loyalty to Rome
*totalitarian - government in which a one-party dictatorship regulates every aspect of the citizens� lives.
*communist - a form of socialism advocated by Karl Marx; according to Marx. Class struggle was inevitable and would lead to the creation of a classless society in which all wealth and property would be owned by the community as a whole.
*republic - System of government in which officials are chosen by the people. Romans thought this would keep any individual from gaining too much power.
*basic unit of the Roman army - Rome�s well-disciplined army greatly contributed to its success. The basic unit of the army was called a legion and consisted of about 5,000 men.
MIDDLE AGES/ Ch. 8-9
*peasants - peasants were the lowest class. They had a very harsh life
*knights - a knight is a mounted warrior. Boys started to train to be a knight at age 7
*fief - a fief is a plot of land that lords would give their vassals. In return for a fief vassals would protect their lords in times of need.
*serf - a peasant that lived on a manor. They were bound to the land
*vassal - are lesser lords. They get land from lords in exchange for loyalty
*Lord - were higher than peasants knights and vassals. Lords held the most land
*charter - a charter is a written document that set out the rights and privileges of the town. In return for the charter merchants paid the lord or the king a large sum of money or yearly fee or both
*bill of rights - It was a bill that enlisted the rights of man. If you did not follow these rules you would be punished
*Church reform - why? - Church reform was desired because the church started to lack discipline. The church began to become corrupt due to its growth in power and strength.
*most important economic activity in medieval town -
*lending money at interest - Usury is when you lend money for an interest. The clergy believed that the profits that he merchants made from usury were wrong.
*Battle of Tours - Frankish warriors led by Charles Martel defeated a Muslim army. Christians saw this as a sign from god that he was on their side. Muslims advanced no farther into Western Europe.
*causes that united Charlemagne's empire - Charlemagne could not read, but he could write. He was very tall and was a very good leader who had officials keeps records because he could not.
*Cluniac reforms - The Cluniac reform was started to stop the abuse. The Cluniac reform stated that no noble could interfere with the reform.
*Three field system - The three field system is where peasants planted a field of grain, another with legumes, and a third with the left fallow. This allowed them to produce more food.
*clergy - The body of people intended for religious service.
*merchant guilds - merchant guilds were the first form of unions. They grouped similar people together by their occupation and helped them make working fair.
*nobles - men and women could be nobles. If a noblemen died the wife would take over
*Magna Carta �importance - charter of English political and civil liberties granted by King John
*Concordat of Worms - in 1122 a treaty was signed saying that the church had the sole power to elect and invest bishops with spiritual authority. Emperors had the power to invest fiefs
*Goal of the Crusades - the chief goal of the crusades was to gain back holy sites of Christianity. The result was that the Muslims now hated the Christians.
*Viking name for Lightning warfare - The name for it is blitxkrieg. This is a swift, sudden military offensive, usually by combined air and mobile land forces.
*result of plague in Europe - The Black Death started in Messina, Sicily and spread to the rest of Italy, Spain, France, and soon through the rest of Europe. One in three people died, worse than any war in history. Cairo, Egypt had it the worst because about 7,000 people died a day.
*Reconquista - this was the campaign to run Muslims out of Spain. This happened after the Muslims conquered most of Spain in the 700s
*result of the Crusades - the chief goal of the crusades was to gain back holy sites of Christianity. The result was that the Muslims now hated the Christians.
*early jury system- when? - Early jury system was a group of people that were chosen in the area by a traveling judge to tell the truth and to decide the fate of criminals and other public matters.
*cause of Germany's disunity - The emperors and popes would fight over who would decide who becomes bishop. They came up with a resolution that goes like the emperors would give the new bishop land and the pope would choose whom the new bishop is.
RENAISSANCE, REFORMATION, ENLIGHTENMENT/ Ch. 14 & 18
*development of printing- effects - By 1300, methods of papermaking had reached Europe. By the 1400s, German engravers had developed movable type. Johann Gutenberg of Mainz, Germany, printed a complete edition of the bible using movable type. With the Gutenberg Bible, the European age of printing had begun.
*Copernicus -
*Newton - As a student at Cambridge University in England, Isaac Newton devoured the works of the leading scientist of his day. By age 24, he had developed a brilliant theory to explain why the planets moved as they did. In the next 20 years, he perfected his theory. Using mathematics, he showed that a single force keeps the planets in their orbits around the sun.
*causes of the Renaissance -
*Luther - He argued that salvation could be achieved through faith alone. He thus rejected the Church doctrine that good deeds were necessary for salvation. He declared that the Bible was the sole source of religious truth. He denied other traditional authorities, such as church councils or the pope. He rejected the idea that priests and the Church hierarchy had special powers.
*Scientific method - The Scientific method is simply a method to figure out most of your problems in simple steps. This scientific method can be used to experiment and figure mostly anything like your daily life problems.
*Calvin - John Calvin was the most important reformer to follow Martin Luther. Trained to be a lawyer, Calvin was born in France.
*Erasmus - Dutch Renaissance scholar and Roman Catholic theologian who sought to revive classical texts from antiquity, restore simple Christian faith based on Scripture, and eradicate the improprieties of the medieval Church
*Montesquieu - published the spirit of the laws. He studied governments of Europe and read about ancient medieval times he had criticisms about the absolute monarchy.
*Cause of Britain's global power/ 1700s - his power was because of all of the advanced technology that Britain had. They easily conquered all of the other countries because of the weapons mostly.
*Adam Smith - Adam Smith tried to show how manufacturing, trade, wages, profits, and economic growth were all related to the forces of supply and demand. Free market is the natural forces of supply and demand.
*John Locke - He had an optimistic view of human nature in that people were basically reasonable and moral. He said that they had natural rights that belonged to all humans from birth.
*Thomas Hobbes - He argued that people were naturally cruel, greedy, and selfish. If not strictly controlled, they would fight, rob, and oppress one another.
*"No taxation without representation" - this is the right to tax Americans without them having a say or word in it.
*Age of Reason - An era in which rationalism prevails, especially the period of the Enlightenment in England, France, and the United States.
*Joseph II - He traveled in disguise among his subjects to learn of their problems. His efforts to improve their lives won him the nickname the �peasant emperor.�
*absolute monarch - A ruler with complete authority over the government and lives of the people he or she governs.
*divine rule - This was the rule that was made by the absolute monarch saying that he could do whatever he wanted and whenever he wanted to do it.
*cabinet - new feature of government- British throne passed by hereditary right to a German protestant prince.
AGE OF REVOLUTIONS/ Ch. 19& 23
*suffrage - Suffrage was the right to vote and it was extended to all male citizens. Radicals in Paris took control of the Assembly and they called for the election of a new legislative body that would help suffrage.
*abdicate - Napoleon abdicated the thrown when he stepped down from power. Usually a person would abdicate the thrown by choice, sometimes they are forced to. The Russian force against him had him exiled to Elba.
*Robespierre - The government battled counterrevolutionaries under the guiding hand of Maximilien Robespierre. He was a shrewd lawyer and politician who quickly rose to the leadership of the Committee of Public Safety.
*von Metternich - Metternich wanted to restore the status quo, the way things are, of 1792. He was the dominant figure at the Vienna Congress.
*nationalism - The government rallied sons and daughters of the revolution to defend the nation itself. The aggressive feeling of pride in and devotion to one�s country was nationalism, and it spread through France.
*Napoleon - was born on the French-ruled island of Corsica in the Mediterranean. His family were nobles who were minor, but had little money.
*Louis XVI - Louis XVI was well meaning towards the crisis in France, but weak and indecisive. Louis XVI took action in 1788, and summoned the Estates General and start the revolution.
*First, Second and Third Estates - The First Estate was made up of the clergy, the Second Estate was the nobility, and the Third Estate was the bourgeoisie, or middle class.
*Declaration of the Rights of Man and the Citizen
*Napoleonic Code - It embodied Enlightenment principles such as the equality of all citizens before law, religious toleration, and advancement based on merit.
*cause of Napoleon's downfall - The result Napoleon�s invasion on Russia was that only about 100,000 soldiers out of 600,000 survived the retreat home from Russia. Also, because of the disaster in Russia, new alliances were formed with Russia, Britain, Austria and Prussia and they were all against France.
*Reign of Terror - The Reign of Terror was when the revolutionary courts conducted hasty trials that usually resulted in the person being sentenced to death. Nearly 40,000 people died during the Reign of Terror.
*Otto von Bismarck - Otto became the new power in Europe, he applied the same ruthless method he used on the achieve unification as he did on the domestic front.
*revolution of 1905 - after bloody Sunday, the revolts grew more and more. The king promised freedom in an important speech. It won over the moderates and left the socialists behind.
*William II - William II became emperor in 1888. He was confident of his abilities and wished to put his own stamp on Germany.
*threat to the Hapsburg Empire - Factories were starting to spring up, cities were growing and socialism was starting. All of these things posed as a threat to the Hapsburg Empire. Also the nationalists were a threat to the empire.
INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION / Ch. 20-22
*enclosure - The definition of enclosure is the process of taking over and fencing off land formerly shared by peasant farmers. There was an enclosure movement when rich landowners pushed ahead with this idea during the 1500s and had enclosed land to gain pastures for sheep and increased wool output.
*utilitarianism - Utilitarianism is the idea that the goal of society should be �the greatest happiness for the greatest number� of its citizens. The man that came up with this new idea is Jeremy Bentham and he believed that laws and actions should be judged by their �utility.�
*factory movement - factories brought together people and machines to produce large quantities of goods. They came into being called factories. People were amazed by the largeness of these places
*urbanization - Urbanization is the term where a farmland slowly turns into city-like area where factories become visible and become more modern. Without Urbanization, we would probably never have come this far in making our world today because many things we do in this world is based on technology and without urbanization, technology might have never been here.
*founder of Methodist Church - John Wesley, in the 1700s, had been the leader of a religious revival and founded the Methodist Church. He also stressed the need for a personal sense of faith and urged Christians to improve their lot by adopting moral ways.
* term for "working class" - The Proletariats were the working classes who, according to Karl Marx, were the �have-nots.� Karl Marx predicted that in the end, Proletariats would win over the bourgeoisies after their big conflict.
*inventor who improved the steam engine - James Watt was the inventor of the famous improved steam engine. This improved version of steam English was used with coal rather than waterpower.
*which group most benefited from Ind. Rev. - workers were people who benefited from this because they had more job offerings.
*how factory system changed workers' lives - Factory life changed all of the workers lives. Once they started working in the factories they had no time for education or family. The worked very hard for very long and got little pay. Children had to work in the factories and many people died.
* Laissez faire economics - Adam Smith was the prophet of laissez-faire economics. He believed that a free market would eventually help everyone, not just the rich.
*ethnocentrism - Ethnocentrism is belief in the superiority of one's own ethnic group. Or overriding concern with race.
*racism - the thought that one racial group is superior to another racial group, this is how slavery began. People were not given the same amount of rights
*assembly line - The assembly line was another new method of production. Workers on an assembly line parts to a product that moves along a belt from one work station to the next.
*corporation - businesses that are owned by many investors who buy shares of stock; stock holders risk only the amount they invest in the company and cannot be held personally responsible for any dept
*survival of the fittest/ in war or industry - some thinkers used Darwin�s theories to support their own beliefs about society. Their ideas became known as Social Darwinism, applying the idea of survival of the fittest to war and economic competition.
*right to vote (term) - suffrage
*Middle class - The middle class benefited most from the Industrial Revolution.
*peasants - the lowest poorest class was also little in number because of the large middle class. The peasant earned little money for their work in the factories
*nobility - the upper more wealthy class that was little in number because of the large middle class. The nobility were usually people like kings or queens.
*romanticism/ painting - From about 1750 to 1850, romanticism shaped westerm literature and arts. Wordsworth was part of the movement
*Alfred Nobel - Alfred Nobel is the Swedish chemist that invented dynamite. Dynamite became widely used in warfare and construction. Nobel earned a huge fortune and he began to fund the Nobel prizes.
*Joseph Lister - he was an English surgeon who discovered how antiseptics prevented infection; he insisted surgeons wash their hands before operating and sterilize their instrument
*Charles Darwin - Charles Darwin was that the evolvement of species was due to time and a concept of survival of the fittest and whatever type was the strongest lasted and the others died off.
*women's suffrage movement - Women�s suffrage are votes for women. In Europe, groups dedicated to women�s suffrage emerged in the later 1800s
IMPERIALISM/ Ch. 25-26
*destruction of a religious or ethnic group (term) - Genocide is the destruction of a religious or ethnic group.
*sphere of influence - The third form of western control was the sphere of influence. This is an area in which an outside power claimed exclusive investment or trading privileges.
*protectorate - Sometimes, a western power established a protectorate. In this, local rulers were left in place
*imperialist - This is a person who follows imperialism. Imperialism is the domination by one country of the political, economic, or cultural life of another country or region.
*justification for imperialism - The policy of extending a nation's authority by territorial acquisition or by the establishment of economic and political hegemony over other nations.
*Ethiopia's resistance to Europe - They had hired Europeans to help them develop weapons so that when the British attacked, they were ready.
*decline of the Ottoman Empire - By the late 1800s, France and Britain had extended their own influence over Ottoman lands
*Sepoy rebellion - The first reason why the Sepoy Rebellion occurred was that it required sepoys to serve anywhere in India or overseas. Second, a new law was enforced that allowed Hindu widows to remarry. Finally, when the British issued new rifles to the sepoys, they had to load them by biting off the tip of it. The tip, however, was greased with cow fat, which was sacred, or pig fat, which Muslims were forbidden to eat.
*Indian National Congress - This was a congress that was made of professionals and business leaders who believed in peaceful protest to gain their ends.
*How Industrial Rev. encouraged imperialism - It sparked the new machines which in turn spread the ideas.
*Europe's main interest in China was? - They were interested in the trade because they were heavily taxing them and they wanted in.
*Britain and Russia's desire to control Iran - Britain and Russia both wanted to control Iran for the same reason. Whoever controls Iran is able to control all of the oil resources found there.
*Monroe Doctrine - an American foreign policy opposing interference in the Western hemisphere from outside powers
*James Monroe - The fifth President of the United States, whose administration was marked by the acquisition of Florida, the Missouri Compromise, in which Missouri was declared a slave state, and the profession of the Monroe Doctrine, declaring U.S. opposition to European interference in the Americas.
*Matthew Perry - In 1853, a fleet of American ships that were commanded by Matthew Perry sailed into Tokyo Bay. Parry had a letter with him that was from the President of the United States that demanded Japan open its ports to trade.
*James Cook - British navigator and explorer who commanded three major voyages of discovery, charting and naming many islands of the Pacific Ocean. He also sailed along the coast of North America as far north as the Bering Strait.
*Benito Juarez - In 1855, he and other liberals seized power, opening La Refirna, and era of reform.
*Japan controlled _____? - Korea
*Queen Liliuokalani - Queen Liliuokalani was a Hawaiian queen that tried to reduce foreign influence, but American planters overthrew her in 1893.
*political consequences of imperialism - They suffered a lot of consequences. One was that the people were unhappy. This lead to rebellion which ended it.
*British N. America Act - In 1687, the British North America Act was passed. It created the Dominion of Canada. It united four provinces in a self-governing nation.
*US intervention in Latin America in early 1900s - their investments soared and they protected them. The also backed a revolt by the Panamanians against the Columbians.
*Australia and New Zealand independence - They broke off from Britain. They were no longer used as a place to send refugees. They were there own country
*profits from global economy went where? - They made a lot of money by having all of the peace. It was mostly made by the U.N because of all of the checks that they did.
*imperialist Cecil Rhodes - She was a person who helped to spread the imperialistic ideas throughout the world. Her travels led her to 60 different countries.