Militarism - A policy in which military preparedness is of primary importance to a state. It was prevalent among European nations before the First World War.
Ultimatum - A final statement of terms made by one party to another. Ultimatums were issued as a last ditch effort to prevent the war.
Mobilize - To make mobile or capable of movement. European nations �mobilized� for war by preparing their military readiness.
Neutrality - The state or policy of being neutral, especially nonparticipation in war. Nations that chose not to participate in WWI were known as neutral nations.
Total war - A war that extends to the deaths of civilians and non-military targets. The Germans were the first to extend the Great War into total war.
Propaganda - The systematic propagation of a doctrine or cause or of information reflecting the views and interests of those advocating such a doctrine or cause. Propaganda was used during the First World War to persuade peoples to believe in their cause.
Atrocity - An appalling or atrocious act, situation, or object, especially an act of unusual or illegal cruelty inflicted by an armed force on civilians or prisoners. Many atrocities occurred during the First World War, as it was the first war of its kind, and European was unprepared for the scale on which it occurred.
Armistice - A temporary cessation of fighting by mutual consent. An armistice was reached between all sides of World War I in the final months of 1918.
Reparations - Compensation or remuneration required from a defeated nation as indemnity for damage or injury during a war. The Central Powers were forced to pay reparations after losing the war.
Mandate - To assign a colony or territory to a specified nation. After WWI, many luxury lands of the Central Powers were split into mandates of the Allies.
Edith Cavell - English nurse who served Allied soldiers during WWI. She was captured and executed by German occupational forces in Belgium.
Georges Clemenceau - French politician during World War I. He played a key role in negotiating the Treaty of Versailles.
Alfred Nobel - Swedish chemist and engineer who invented dynamite. He issued prizes to those who promoted peace.
Gavrillo Princip - Serbian political agitator and member of the Black Hand. He assassinated the Archduke Ferdinand.
Sarajevo - Capital of Bosnia where the assassination of the Archduke Ferdinand and his wife in 1914. It triggered the First World War.
Woodrow Wilson - 28th president of the United States who led the country into World War I. He established the League of Nations at the Paris Peace Conference, but was unable to convince Congress to allow U.S. inclusion.
(Wilson's Fourteen Points Points) - A plan for peace written by the American President Woodrow Wilson. It emphasized free trade between nations and equal rights between colonists and European citizens.
Francis Ferdinand - Austrian Archduke who was assassinated by Serbian nationalists in 1914. This event led to World War I.
Kaiser William II - German leader who led the Germans into World War I. After his abdication, the war ended and Germany became a republic.
Bertha Von Sutner - Austrian pacifist who wrote the novel Lay Down Your Arms. She was the first woman recipient of the Nobel Prize.
Triple Alliance - An alliance formed between France, England, and Russia. It was formed prior to the war in 1908 and the three countries later became the Allies in WWI.
Ottoman Empire - Known as the �sick man of Europe.� They allied themselves with the Central Powers, and ended up being the greatest losers of the war.
Trench warfare - Warfare between two opposing sides entrenched, with each side using mortars and explosives to destroy the opposing side�s trench. They were prolonged and ineffective battles that held soldiers in terrible conditions and isolation.
Machine gun (role it played in WWI) - Machine guns, a new technology in World War I, was beginning to be used effectively. It was a devastating weapon that could halt incoming enemies with devastating firepower.
Airplane (role it played in WWI) - The airplane added new dynamics to warfare. It could be used for espionage, bombing, and dogfights with other airplanes.
Role of women in WWI - While the men during WWI were off fighting the war, women at home had to take to the factory to keep the weapons manufacturing continuing. Many women made sacrifices at home and take poor, hardworking, industrial factory jobs.
Nationalism (i.e. tension between France and Germany) - The leading countries of Europe had intense nationalist feelings. Each country felt it was superior to the other, leading to the events of WWI.
Paris Peace Conference - A conference to end World War I. It created a temporary peace and wanted to establish a permanent peace in Europe.
American neutrality - America tried to stay neutral throughout WWI, as it was considered by most Americans as a �European War.� After the sinking of the Lusitanian, American sentiments changed and the U.S. entered the conflict towards the end.
Black Hand - A secret society organized for acts of terrorism and blackmail to create a greater, independent Serbia. They assassinated Francis Ferdinand and spiraled Europe into World War I.
Treaty of Versailles - An international conference held at Versailles to establish an international peace. It, among other things, established the League of Nations.
Self determination - The ability of a nation to rule autonomously under its own government and systems. Germany tried to force other nations to act under their rule.
Shleiffen Plan - Created by German military chief of staff Alfred von Schlieffen as an offensive plan against France. It ultimately failed.
U boat - Revolutionary German submarines. They terrorized sea routes and coast lines, and for a while were considered �invincible� by Allie naval forces.
Lusitania - American ship that was sunk by a German naval vessel. American civilians were killed and it led to the Americans entering the war.
Ch. 28
Soviet - Soviets are councils of workers and soldiers. At first, these particular soviets from Russia worked democratically within the government but it all died down.
Command economy - a command economy is a government official made all basic economic decisions. The Soviet Union developed this command economy to achieve this economic growth.
Collective - a collective is large farms owned and operated by peasants as a group. Stalin forced peasants to give up their private plots and live on state-owned farms or other tings like that because Stalin did not want peasants to be big and powerful.
Kulak - Kulaks are wealthy peasants during the Russian Revolution. The government confiscated Kulak�s land and sent them to labor camps because no one wants peasants to become powerful enough to rebel.
Totalitarian state - Karl Marx turned the government into a totalitarian state. In this form of government, a one-party dictatorship attempts to regulate every aspect of the lives of its citizens.
Socialist realism - Joseph Stalin forced artists and writers to conform to his stage. Its goal was to boost socialism by showing soviet life in a positive light. Artist and writers could criticize the bourgeois past or even, to a limited degree point out mistakes under communism.
Lenin - Vladimir Lenin was born in 1879. When he was 17 years old, his older brother was arrested and hanged for plotting to kill Alex III. He read Karl Mark�s book and spread the ideas, which lead him to get arrested. After release, they had to work in labor in the country they were exiled to, which was Switzerland.
Osip Mandelstam - Under Stalin�s power, writers, poets, and artists were persecuted. Sip Mandelstam was a Jewish poet; therefore, he was imprisoned, tortured like crazy, and exiled for composing a satirical verse about Stalin.
Nicholas II - Nicholas II was the one who abdicated the throne during the Russian Revolution. His whole family, however, was executed because of his faults while he was in power of the country.
Gregory Rasputin - This very evil man was considered to be the unholy man. He was considered unholy so he was murdered. He did not bathe; therefore, he smelt. This showed the signs of not being nice and normal.
Joseph Stalin - Stalin was born to a poor family in Georgia, a region in the Caucasus Mountains. Stalin means �man of steel.� He organized robberies to get money for the party and spent time in prison and in Siberian exile.
Stalin's 5 Year Plan - In 1928, Stalin proposed the first of several� five year plans� which aimed at building heavy industry, improving transportation, and increasing farm output. To achieve this, he brought all economic activity under government control.
Socialist realism - Joseph Stalin forced artists and writers to conform to his stage. Its goal was to boost socialism by showing soviet life in a positive light. Artist and writers could criticize the bourgeois past or even, to a limited degree point out mistakes under communism.
Totalitarian state - Karl Marx turned the government into this totalitarian state. In this form of government, a one-party dictatorship attempts to regulate every aspect of the lives of its citizens.
Anna Akhmatova - Akhmatova is one of Russia�s greatest poets, who fell out of favor because her poetry did not stress communist ideas. She went on writing poetry in secret because this is simply what she wanted to do. She could not publish her works but her friends would memorize them to help her spread them to future generations.
V.I. Lenin - Vladimir Lenin was born in 1879. When he was 17 years old, his older brother was arrested and hanged for plotting to kill Alex III. He read Karl Mark�s book and spread the ideas, which lead him to get arrested. After release, they had to work in labor in the country they were exiled to, which was Switzerland.
Mikhail Sholokhov - He was a great Russian writer and described the civil war in his novel. In this book, he wrote about the Red Army officer and how he feels about executing Cossacks, which were peasants in the czar�s cavalry.
Joseph Stalin - He played a far less important role in the revolution and civil war than Trotsky, but he became the general secretary of the party. During this time, he used his position to build a loyal following who owed their jobs to him.
Leon Trotsky - He assisted Lenin and he was a Marxist revolutionary. Trotsky turned the Red Army into an effective fighting force under the close watch of Communist officials. His passionate speeches made the soldiers want to fight.
Socialist revolution - The classless society did not happen. Members of the Communist party made up a new upper class. The Communists offered free schooling and health care, and new laws gave women training and jobs.
Bolshevik Revolution - Lenin wanted to plan a "Bolshevik take over". The Bolsheviks gave them a new name, which was the communist party.
Lenin's New Economic Policy - Late in 1921, Lenin launched the NEP (New Economic Plan). It called for a compromise with capitalism. Farmers could sell their surplus instead of having it taken by the government.
Stalin - When Stalin died in 1953, the Soviet Union had become a modern military and industrial power. However, it had gained that power through a strict program of censorship, propaganda, and fear.
Stalin's 5 Year Plan - In 1928, Stalin proposed the first of several� five year plans� which aimed at building heavy industry, improving transportation, and increasing farm output. To achieve this, he brought all economic activity under government control.
The arts under Stalin - He forced artists and writers to conform to his stage. Its goal was to boost socialism by showing soviet life in a positive light. Artist and writers could criticize the bourgeois past or even, to a limited degree point out mistakes under communism.
List three causes of the 1917 revolution in Russia - The revolution was the culmination of a long period of repression and unrest. The World War I was also another cause of the Russian Revolution. Another cause was the unfair rights of individuals.
Ch. 29
apartheid - Apartheid is defined as a system of racial segregation. In South Africa, white people strengthened their grip and by the process of apartheid their goal was to ensure white economic power.
Civil disobedience - Civil disobedience is when one refuses to obey unjust laws. Gandhi respected everyone; however, when it came to unjust laws, he could not just sit there obeying there; therefore, he believed in civil disobedience.
Diego Rivera - Diego Rivera studied painting and are in Europe. When he came back to Mexico, his painting became bold and gave a new style of are that drew on Mexican folk art.
Hirohito - Emperor of Japan, Hirohito, reigned from 1926 to 1989. During those decades, Japan experienced remarkable successes and appalling tragedies. Perhaps, this was the best time of Japan because they had such good ruling.
Jiang Jieshi - Jiang Jieshi took over the Guomindang after Yuxian Sun died. He was determined to reunite China, but had very little interest in either democracy or communism
Muhammad Ali Jinrah - The Muslim League gained an able leader during the 1930�s and he was Muhammad Ali Jinrah. He represented the Muslim interests within the Congress party and threw his support behind the idea of a separate state for Muslims, which was Pakistan.
Nationalization - Nationalism is when the government takes over something. In Latin America, their Constitution of 1917 permitted the breakup of large estates, placed restrictions on foreigners owning land, and allowed nationalization of natural resources.
Pancho Villa - one of the radical leaders was Francisco �Pancho� Villa, who was a hard-riding rebel from the north. He fought mostly for personal power but won the intense loyalty of his peasant followers.
Cause of the 1910 Mexico Revolution - the cause of it was because peasants were always hungry and factory workers an miners earning meager wages were restless and angry. Also, middle-class liberals, who embraced the ideals of democracy, opposed the Diaz dictatorship.
Pan-Africanism - During the 1920s, a movement known as Pan-Africanism began to nourish the nationalist spirit and emphasized the unity of Africans and people of African descent around the world. They tried to forge a united front.
Mandate System (M. East) - The mandates were territories administered by European nations. They were set up by the Paris Peace Conference in which outrages Arabs.
Great Salt March - In Gandhi�s perspective, the government salt monopoly to maintain their government was an evil burden on the poor and a symbol of British of British oppression. So he and his followers went on a long march in order to get things right.
May Fourth Movement - On May 4, 1919, student protests erupted in Beijing and later spread to cities across China. Student protest set off a cultural and intellectual ferment known as the May Fourth Movement.
Effect of Great Depression in Japan - Trade in Japan suffered as foreign buyers could no longer afford Japanese silks and other exports. This was a devastating time for them because trade was a major thing in Japan.
Ch. 30
general strike - General strike is a strike organized by workers in many different industries at the same time. In 1926, a general strike lasted for nine days and involved some three million workers, which shows how effective this strike is.
Stream of consciousness - In a stream of consciousness a writer probes a character�s random thoughts and feelings without imposing any logic or order. As Freud�s ideas became popular, some writers experimented with a stream of consciousness.
Flapper - The reigning queen of the Jazz Age was the liberated young woman called the flapper. The first flappers were American but their European sisters soon adopted the fashion.
Concentration camp - these horrifying camps were detention centers for civilians considered enemies of the state. Jewish people and others were sent to these concentration camps because Hitler was freaking gay.
Leon Blum - In 1936, several parties united behind the socialist leader Leon Blum. His popular front government tired to solve labor problems and passed some social legislation.
Marie Curie - In early 1900s the Polish-born French scientist Marie curie and other scientists were experimenting with a process called radioactivity. They discovered that the atoms of certain elements, such as radium and uranium, spontaneously release charged particles.
Franklin D. Roosevelt - In 1932, the Americans elected a new president, Franklin D. Roosevelt. He projected an air of energy and optimism. He introduced the New Deal, a massive package of economic and social programs.
Virginia Woolf - Virginia Woolf was a British novelist and used stream of consciousness to explore the hidden thought of people as they go through the ordinary actions of their everyday lives.
Albert Einstein - In 1905, a German-born physicist Albert Einstein advanced his theories of relativity. Even nowadays people talk of him being the smartest, intelligent man ever and he is probably most famous for his equation of E=mc2
James Joyce - He was an Irish novelist who explored the mind of a hero who remains sound asleep throughout his novel. To convey his freedom and playfulness of the unconscious mind, he invented many words like the crazy one that is 100 letters long.
Pablo Picasso - Before the war, the Spanish artist Pablo Picasso and his friend Georges Braque created a revolutionary style called cubism. They broke 3-D objects into fragments and composed them into complex patterns of angles and planes.
Joseph Pilsudski - He became dictator in Poland in 1926. Eventually, right-wing dictators emerged in every eastern European country except Czechoslovakia and Finland.
Frank Lloyd Wright - he was an American architect and reflected the Bauhaus belief that the function of a building should determine its form. In designing houses, he used materials and forms that fir their environment.
Kellog-Briand Pact - United States took a leading role in international diplomacy. It sponsored the Kellogg-Briand Pact, pressed for disarmament, and worked to reduce German reparations.
Fascism - Germany became Europe�s second fascist state. Germans of all classes responded to Hitler�s hypnotic speeches and programs, which restored their national pride.
Adolph Hitler - Hitler was the leader of Germany during the time of World War II. He was able to persuade everyone that the Jewish people were the cause of all Germany�s bad happenings and was able to make everyone agree to send all Jewish people to concentration camps.
Totalitarian rule - In order to achieve all of his goals, Hitler organized a brutal system of terror, repression, and totalitarian state. The Nazis controlled all areas of German life from government to even the schools and religions.
Mein Kampf - Mein Kampf was a book that Hitler wrote and it reflected Hitler�s obsessions like extreme nationalism, racism, and anti-Semitism. He wrote this book while he was in prison.
Campaign against the Jews - Hitler tried to drive the Jewish people out of Germany. He placed severe restrictions on them like prohibiting them from marrying non-Jews, attending or teaching German schools or universities, holding government jobs, and practicing law or medicine, and from writing books.
Great Depression - Germany went into Great Depression and Hitler promised to solve the economic crisis and restore German greatness. This is how many people believed in him, and Hitler was able to easily blame everything in the Jewish people.
Mussolini - Mussolini made himself dictator in the 1920s where his rise to power served as a model for ambitious strongmen elsewhere in Europe. He organized his supporters into combat squads where they rejected the democratic process in favor of violent action.
Weimar Republic - In 1919, the new German Republic drafted a constitution in the city of Weimar. The constitution set up a parliamentary form of government led by a prime minister or chancellor.
Kristallnacht - these were riots where the Nazis led mobs to attack the Jewish Communities all over Germany. Kristallnacht brought such bad publicity to Hitter�s Germany that it was not repeated.
List causes of Great Depression - The Weimar Republic faced severe problems from the start. It was weak because Germany had many small parties. Economic disaster fed unrest. Inflation spread misery and despair.
Ch. 31
Appeasement - this is when a nation or a person is willing to give into the demands of an aggressor in order to keep the peace. Western democracies adopted this such as US Britain and French
Blitzkrieg - this is a type of lightning warfare. This is the type of warfare that Hitler�s used during the invasions of Poland during World War II
Cold war - Churchill�s iron curtain became a symbol for the cold war. It expressed to growing fear of communism; Soviets on the east and US on the west (democracy).
Collaborator - These all and any people who helped the Nazis hunt down Jews and or kill them. They would also ship Jews to their death. They were the ones that did what Hitler said
Containment (policy) - This would limit communism to the areas already under soviet control. This was stated by the Truman doctrine.
Genocide - This was considered the only way to get rid of the Jewish problem. This would be the complete destruction of all Jews. This was the destruction of one race or religion
Kamikaze - These were Japanese pilots who took suicide missions. They would fly their planes into their targets. These men who flew into these targets were used during World War II.
Pacifism - these were the people who opposed all wars. This forced governments to seek peace at any cost because these people would refuse to be apart of the war.
Winston Churchill - he was a prime minister. He was the first one to see that Hitler was going to destroy many innocent people and rallied the British troops to help the Jews that were being killed.
Francisco Franco - he was the head of the nationalist force and he lead the nationalist forces in 1936, he led a revolt that touched off a bloody civil war.
Dwight Eisenhower - An American general who took control of a joint Anglo-American force in Morocco and Algeria. He combined with the British armies to trap Rommel�s army.
Haile Selassie - The Ethiopian King who went to the League of Nations for help. This was because Italy invaded them and the league placed sanctions on Italy
Harry Truman - The president of the United States during World War II. He decided to use the atomic bomb on Japan after the war was won in Europe. This bomb was dropped on Hiroshima
Dunkirk - these where 300,000 troops were sent to safety; this act of saving all these troops was known as the miracle of Dunkirk. This help raised the British morale because so many troops were saved.
El Alamein - This was when the British army finally stopped Rommels advances into that land and then forced him to surrender, this was a great point in this battle
Guernica - his is a small Spanish market town that had no military power and during World War II the Germans took this town over because it had no way to protect itself; it was a easy town to take ov
Hiroshima - On August 6, 1945, an American plane dropped an atomic bomb on the midsize city of Hiroshima. This bombing attack killed 70,000 people. However, the number did not end there; many more would die from radiation sickness.
Nagasaki - This is the city where the United States dropped the second atomic bomb in Japan after the Japanese refused to surrender and ignored the warnings. This bombing attack killed more than 40,000 people.
Pearl Harbor - General Tojo Hideki ordered a surprise attack on the American fleet at pear Harbor, Hawaii. The Japanese destroyed 19 ships, smashed American planes on the ground, and killed more than 2,400 people. The president declared that his was �a date which will live in infamy.�
Operation Barbarossa - In Operation Barbarossa, Hitler unleashed a new blitzkrieg. About three million Germans poured into Russia. They caught Stalin unprepared, his army still suffering from the purges that had wiped out many of its top officers.
D-Day - The Allies chose June 6, 1944 and declared it D-day for the invasion of France. About 176,000 Allied troops were ferried across the English Channel. They clawed their way inland through the tangled hedges of Normandy
Battle of Midway - American warships and airplanes severely damaged two Japanese fleets during the battles of the Coal Sea and Midway Island. This weakened the Japanese greatly. After the battle of Midway, the Untied States took offensive
Holocaust - This was Adolph Hitler�s final solution to get rid of the Jewish people. He would send them off to concentration camps and have them work or kill them as soon as they become weak and useless. The outcome of the Holocaust was the death of more than six million innocent Jewish people.
Cold War rivals (which nations) - Conflicting ideologies and mutual distrust divided the former Allies and soon led to the conflict known as the Cold War. The Cold War was a state of tension and hostility among nations without armed conflict between major rivals.
Francisco Franco - In 1936, a right-wing general, Francisco Franco, led a revolt that touched off a bloody civil war. His forces, called Nationalists, rallied conservatives to their banner.
Benito Mussolini - In Italy, Mussolini used his new, modern military to pursue his own imperialist ambitions. He looked first to Ethiopia, in northeastern Africa. Italy�s defeat by the Ethiopians at the battle of Adowa in 1896 still rankled
Adolph Hitler - He was the leader of Germany during the WWII. He was the man that persuaded everyone that Jewish people were bad and that they were the reasons of everything that went on during that time.
Tojo Hideki - He was the general that declared the bombing of Pearl Harbor. Many people nowadays would believe that this was probably the biggest mistake; however, back then it almost seemed possible that the Japanese would have taken over the pacific islands because of the power that they held.
Neville Chamberlin - The British Prime Minister Neville Chamberlain told cheering crowds that he had achieved �peace for out time.� In the House of Commons, he declared that the Munich Pact had �saved Czechoslovakia from destruction and Europe from Armageddon.�
Franklin Roosevelt - He was the president of the United States of America during the bombing of Pearl Harbor. Unfortunately, he died unexpectedly on April 12. After his term, President Harry Truman took office.
Stalingrad - In 1948, Stalin tried to force the western Allies out of Berlin by sealing off all railroads and highways into the western sectors of the city. The Western powers responded to the blockade by mounting a round-the-clock airlift.
Explain 2 reasons why the US used the atomic bomb against Japan - the Japanese bombed Pearl Harbor, and stayed as a threat to the United States because they were becoming too powerful. United States sent many warnings to the Japanese to surrender, but the Japanese ignored them all. Even after the dropping of the atomic bomb in Hiroshima, the Japanese still did not surrender. However, finally after the second atomic bomb attack, Japan had no other choice but to surrender.
Ch. 32
terrorism - Terrorism is the deliberate use of random violence against civilians, to exact revenge or achieves political goals. Terrorism is what fueled the September 11th attacks on the World Trade center.
privatization - Privatization is the selling off of state owned industries to private investors. With third world countries adopting these policies, they hoped that they would get them out of debt as well as help the economy
nonaligned - Nonaligned is like being stalemate. Some countries in the Cold War decided not to take side of either the US or the Soviet Union.
multinational corporation - A Multinational Corporation is a company with branches in many different countries. These companies brought new technology to mining, agriculture, transportation, and other things.
liberation theology - This movement started in Latin America, were some Roman Catholic clergy adopted, this movement. Liberation theology is when the church opposes social conditions that contribute to poverty.
interdependence - The dependence of countries of goods, resources, and knowledge from other parts of the world. �Since 1945, transportation and communication systems have made the world increasingly interdependent.�
culture shock - The Cultural shock is when East meets west. Western world is full of capitalism and democracy, while the East is full of communism and underclass third world developing countries.
acid rain - A form of pollution in which toxic chemicals in the air come back to the earth in the form of rain, snow, or hail. Acid rain is the product from gases from power plants and factories.
Effects of Cold War - The cold war left some nations destroyed and moneyless, while others were just beginning to develop. Westernization shows throughout the world in inventions like the TV and radio.
Effect of urbanization in developing nations - Developing countries have a lot of challenges to face including, political stability, economic policy, and population. The new countries must also get out of debt and somehow use their geography to benefit them.
Factories effect on environmental damage - Factories pollute the air, kill trees, and harm natural environments. An example of this is acid rain, products from the plants and factories give off things that mix with the air to produce rain.
factors contributing to political instability in African nations - After countries like Britain and other western nations let go of their daughter nations upset occurred. Many tribes formally in warfare stopped, but as soon as their father country was gone and civil war was a problem again. Also many military dictators did try and take power but all this did was leave nations more in debt and thousands of people on the street.
modern technology - Computers have shaped the globe by making it smaller. For example with the use of AIM someone in the US can talk to someone in Britain within a fraction of a second. A few years sooner the letter would not be received until a week later.
Ch. 33
D�tente- In the 1970s the nations of the United States and the Soviet Union decided to call a d�tente. This d�tente was a relaxation of tensions between the two countries.
Deficit- Government spending can often lead to deficit or the gap between what a government spends and what a government takes in through taxes and other resources. With the deficit growing programs had to be cut ranging from education to welfare.
Dissident- A dissident is someone who speaks out against a government. Any person who talked in this way was immediately crushed by Brezhnev�s authority and power.
Glasnost- Glasnost is �openness�. This policy was part of a two step plan devised by Gorbachev who wanted to reform Russia.
Welfare state- The Western European Nations recovered fairly quickly from WWII. A major goal of these nations was to create a welfare state which had all of the features of a Capitalist society but had greater needs and care for its citizens.
Leonid Brezhnev- Leonid Brezhnev was the man who took over the Soviet Union. He held power until 1982. He suppressed anyone who spoke out against the government; he even arrested Critics for their opinions.
Charles de Gaulle- Gaulle was the man who led Free France during the War. He n 1958 set up a new constitution, and became president. But he being a brave and intelligent leader has to give up Algeria in order for France to remain free and happy.
Martin Luther King Jr.- Martin Luther King Jr. was a gifted preacher and a loving father. He practiced nonviolent boycotts and lead peaceful marches through the streets to end segregation.
Joseph McCarthy- McCarthy was a man full of suspicions. He thought that some people were holding communist supporters in their house and trashed thousands of peoples reputations and lost others their jobs.
Margaret Thatcher- Thatcher like many British leaders opposed making further links with Europe. She and others thought that it would destroy their unique identity.
Perestroika- Perestroika is the restructuring of the government and the economy. This was the second step of the reforms made by Gorbachev.
Service industry- A service industry is something that provides a service rather than a product. Service industries include health care, finance, sales, education, and recreation.
Welfare state- The Western European Nations recovered fairly quickly from WWII. A major goal of these nations was to create a welfare state which had all of the features of a Capitalist society but had greater needs and care for its citizens.
Mikhail Gorbachev- The man partially responsible for Russia�s final collapse. He launched a two step program where a. the government was open and b. the economy was open and free.
Helmut Kohl- Kohl was the architect of unity; he assured the Soviet Union as well as the West that a united Germany would provide no threat to peace. In 1990, voters agreed and Kohl was elected to chancellor.
Nikita Krushev- He stated that �We shall bury you� this was not he explained later a military threat but was indeed a statement saying that capitalism will fail. However his predictions never came through and the US and capitalism won.
Josip Tito- After Tito died a fall of communism was near and a wave of nationalism appeared. However this situation turned extreme and ethnic and religious fighting broke out.
Lech Walesa- Walesa helped to lead an independent trade union that was called Solidarity. It claimed 10 million members who pressed for political change. Walesa later became a national hero for his work.
Global economic competition- The global economic competition was communism versus capitalism. Essentially it was the United States against the Soviet Union.
Civil war in Yugoslavia- Civil war in Yugoslavia tore the nation apart. It erupted in Civil Wars between ethnic and racially different groups.
American foreign policy during Cold War- During the Cold War America was paranoid. Anyone accused of communism was taken to trial and some lost their jobs and their reputation.
NAFTA- NAFTA stands for North American Free Trade Agreement. NAFTA later extended its membership to Mexico.
Warsaw Pact- The Warsaw Pact formed the two hostile military alliances. The communist nations of Eastern Europe dominated by the Soviet Union and the others.
NATO- NATO, the UN, and the Common Market, where the Western Democracies operated made a growing framework of regional and global cooperation. But western democracies also faced their own problems.
European Coal and Steel Community- After Russia lost its economy thousands were laid off and sent to the streets, this slowed down the coal and steel communities. Russia�s crashed economy got little or no sympathy because they were communists.
Glasnost- Glasnost is �openness�. This policy was part of a two step plan devised by Gorbachev who wanted to reform Russia.
1973 oil Crisis- OPEC or Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries had to halt oil exports and raise oil prices. With this oil shortage, soaring prices set off an economic shockwave hitting developing countries the hardest.
Berlin Wall as a symbol of Cold War- The Berlin wall was seen as a barrier between communism and democracy and freedom. People on the east of the wall had to live with communistic ideas and were shot if they ever tried to escape.
European Union- Europe was officially united when the Channel tunnel or Chunnel was built. It served as a gate way to and from Britain to other parts of Europe including France, and Germany.
Civil rights movement- The Civil Rights movement was the result of unfairness between, races and sexes. Martin Luther King Jr. led a civil right movement for African Americans.
"Ethnic cleansing" Bosnia- People in Bosnia were being killed for their religion or race to make Bosnia more pure. Bosnia was already upset with civil war so this war really no surprise.
Ch. 34
Asian tigers
commune
Diet
domino theory
Four Modernizations
gross domestic product
Khmer Rouge
"Little Red Book"
Hong Kong
Japan
Pacific Rim
Singapore
Vietnam
Mao Zedong
Four Modernizations
North Korea
South korea
General MacArthur's military govt goals.-
Nationalist
Ho Chi Minh
Importance of Pacific Rim to Global Economy.-
effect of American occupation of Japan post WWII.-
Communist Revolution
Cold War Countries (ie. China, N. Korea, N. Vietnam) elaborate on each.-
Ch. 35
Green Revolution
harijan
intifada
Ayatollah Khomeni
kibbutzim
Kurds
Gamal Abdel Nasser
Jawaharlal Nehru
harijan
hejab
ulama
Bangladesh
Beirut
West Bank
Pakistan
Palestine
Muslim and Hindu tension
Palestinian and Jewish conflict
Nasser
PLO
Water supply in Middle East
Ch. 36
Jomo Kenyatta
Nelson Mandela
mixed economy
Julius Nyerere
Organizations of African Unity
Mobutu Sese Seko
SWAPO
ujamaa
ANC
F,W, de Klerk
Mau Mau
Kwame Nkrumah
ethnic conficts in Nigeria
Minority government in Rhodesia
African battleground countries during the Cold War.-
Algeria's battle for Independence
Zimbabwe's majority rule
apartheid
economic sanctions agianst S. Africa-
African urbanization
weakening of African cultures
colonial rule
Islam as a revolutionary force in Africa.-