Anabaptists: Anabaptists are defined as the one of the hundreds of new Protestant sects that developed during the Reformation. Anabaptists rejected infant baptism because they strongly believed that children at a young age will not understand the true meaning of their religion, Christianity.
Henry VIII: Henry VIII was King of England and was firmly against the Protestant revolt. He had a series of laws passed after the Pope refused to annul his marriage to Catherine, his wife. He then passed the Act of Supremacy which made him the supreme head of the Church of England.
Mary Tudor: Mary Tudor was Edward�s half-sister who inherited the throne after his death. She was determined to make England Catholic again, but failed, and Elizabeth I became queen after her death. Elizabeth I restored unity in England once again and established it as a Protestant land.
Book of Common Prayer: The Book of Common Prayer was drawn up by Thomas Cranmer during the push for Calvinist reforms. It preserved many Catholic doctrines but imposed a moderate form of Protestant service.
Elizabeth I: Elizabeth I was Mary Tudor�s Protestant half-sister. After Mary Tudor�s death, Elizabeth I took over the throne and restored England�s unity and established it as a Protestant land.
Catholic Reformation: The Catholic Reformation took place after the Protestant Reformation. This movement was led by Pope Paul III and took place in order to revive the moral authority of the Church and push back the Protestant reformations.
Council of Trent: The Council of Trent met on and off for almost 20 years in order to establish the direction the Catholic reformation should take. The council reaffirmed the traditional Catholic views that the Protestants had previously challenged.
Inquisition: The Inquisition was a Church court that was set up to root out heresies during the Middle Ages. It used secret testimony, torture, and execution as methods of rooting out such heresies. During the Catholic Reformation, the Pope strengthened the Inquisition.
Jesuits: The Society of Jesus, also known as Jesuits, was new religious order recognized by the pope in 1540. the Jesuit order was determined to combat heresy and spread the Catholic faith.
St. Teresa of Avila: Teresa of Avila was a nun who set out to establish her own order of Carmelite nuns when she realized the convent routine was not strict enough to satisfy her strong religious nature. Her new order lived in isolation, ate and slept little and dedicated themselves to prayer and meditation.
Sec. 5 Identify A-G pg. 367
Nicolaus Copernicus: Nicolaus Copernicus was a Polish scholar that published On the Revolutions of the Heavenly Spheres. In it he proposed that the sun was the center of the universe. This theory was rejected as it contradicted with the teachings of the Church and previous theories proposed by Ptolemy.
Tycho Brahe: In the late 1500�s, Danish astronomer Tycho Brahe provided evidence that supported Copernicus�s theory. He set up an astronomical observatory and observed the sky every night for years, and published his data to prove Copernicus right.
Johannes Kepler: Johannes Kepler, Brahe�s assistant, used the data collected by Brahe to calculate the orbits of the planets revolving around the sun. his calculations also supported Copernicus�s theory.
Galileo Galilei: Galileo used newly developed technology to make an astronomical telescope. He became the first person to see sunspots and mountains on the moon with his invention. He observed many new discoveries that led to further facts to support Copernicus.
Andreas Vesalius: Andreas published On the Structure of the Human Body in 1543. It provided an accurate and detailed study of the human anatomy and corrected errors from classical models.
William Harvey: William Harvey was an English scholar that described the circulation of blood for the first time. He showed how the heart is like a pump and pushes the blood through the body to veins and arteries.
Ren� Descartes: Descartes devoted himself toe the problem of knowledge. He rejected Aristotle�s scientific assumptions and stressed human reasoning over experimentation.