A. A Turning Point in History
� The Industrial Revolution was the turning point, which made the biggest difference because it changed the lives of many people.
� The conservatives in 1815 had very different goals from conservatives in the United States today. Conservatives of the early 1800s wanted to turn back the clock to they way things had been before 1789.
� Fortunately, the Industrial Revolution began which helped the number of growing people live an easier and improving life.
B. A New Agricultural Revolution
� The Liberal challenge challenges liberal ideas about the conservatives at every turn were the liberals.
� Because liberals spoke mostly for the bourgeoisie, or middle class, their ideas are sometimes �bourgeois liberalism.�
� Liberals wanted governments to be based on written constitutions and separation of powers. They called for rulers elected by the people and responsible
C. The Population Explosion
� Because the Industrialization produces machines that could produce more food and other great things, the population increased like crazy.
� Various parts of the world went almost double the amount of people within one century.
� The great increase in the population was mostly from the decreasing of people dying everywhere than it was of people giving birth to a new child.
D. An Energy Revolution
� The energy revolution was the third factor that has helped make the industrial revolution become how it was.
� Before, the work done by the people was always based on the humans, or man�s strength and muscles.
� During the Industrial Revolution, water mills and windmills and other technologies were made, which helped the man�s power and also let more other people able to work at it.
II. Britain Leads the Way
A. Why Britain?
� Britain was the one country that was preferred to as the most powerful because not only did their military and area expand they also had resources like iron and coal, which became very useful during the industrialization.
� Louis�s effects at compromise satisfied few people.
� The French people called this one dude named Louis Philippe the �citizen king� because he owed his throne to the people.
B. The Age of Iron and Coal
� Iron and Coal was useful during the revolution because they needed these resources in order to make the machines and other materials.
� Many major inventions were created during this time like John Kay and his flying shuttle and Richard Arkwright and his water frame.
� Spinners and weavers came each day to work in these first factories which are places that brought together workers and machines to produce large quantities of goods.
C. Revolutionary Changes in the Textile Industry
� Some capitalists invested in turnpikes, which were privately built roads that charged a fee to travelers who used them
� The great revolution in transportation was the invention of the steam locomotive and this was the thing that made possible of the growth of railroads
� To transport goodies across sea, other inventors focused on improving their shipping so in Scotland, they built the fist first paddle wheel steamboats to pull barges along canals.
D. Revolution in Transportation
� Some capitalists invested in turnpikes, which were privately built roads that charged a fee to travelers who used them.
� The great revolution in transportation was the invention of the steam locomotive and this was the thing that made possible of the growth of railroads
� To transport goodies across sea, other inventors focused on improving their shipping so in Scotland, they built the fist first paddle wheel steamboats to pull barges along canals.
E. Looking Ahead
� Inventors were making machines that improved our way of living and because of the industrialization, we are able to use the many great technologies that we use today
� There were many changes in the style of farming, soaring population growth, and demand for workers led masses of people to migrate from farms cities.
� The Austrian army soon regained control of Vienna and Prague.
III. Hardships of Early Industrial Life
A. The New Industrial City
� They factory was center, or heart, of the industrial revolution; the technology of the machine age imposed a harsh new way of life on workers
� The factory differed greatly from farm work because even though ur work hard you produce more with the factory.
� Factories hired children like little boys and girls because they were quick moving and changed spool in textile mills.
B. The Factory System
� Because the factories took in many children at very young ages many of them remained uneducated in which caused many problems.
� Many children were forced to go into labor when they were only like 5 years old, in which some children even died.
� Kershaw believed with a strong passion that this way of labor was definitely wrong because children are not being educated and some of them die; therefore, he wrote a book on it.
C. Patience Kershaw�s Life Underground
� Many working- class people found nice, good, homey, comfort in a new religious movement.
� Methodist meetings feature hymn and sermons promising forgiveness of sin and a better life to come for the people.
� They set up Sunday school where the followers would study Bible and also learn to read and write to become literate.
D. The Working Class
� The new industrial revolution was mainly affected the middle class because they were the ones who were the workers and stuff
� Middle-class families lived in solid, well-built house, which was significant for them and they dressed well and ate large meals.
� The new middle class valued hard work and the determination to �get ahead� so their confidence made them lost sympathy to the poor.
E. The New Middle Class
� Those who benefited from the Industrial Revolution were the entrepreneurs who set it in motion.
� They valued hard work and the determination to �get ahead.�
� They had confidence in themselves and often little sympathy for the poor.
F. Benefits and Problems
� The strongest challenge by native some guy led Maericans named Tupac Amaru, who claimed descent from the Incan royal family.
� This Tupac Amaru organized a revolt and a large army crushed the rebels and captured and killed their leader.
� Although the middle class back did not accept ideas about this in the days, his ideas helped our nation become democratic today.
IV. New Ways of Thinking
A. Laissez-Faire Economics
� The Laissez- Faire meant that the government was �hands off� on the whole economy and business that the workers worked at.
� There were many famous people who believed in this system like Thomas Matlhus, David Ricardo, and Adam Smith.
� Adam Smith believed that a free market would eventually helps everyone because in a free market, it produces more goods at lower prices making it affordable to everyone.
B. The Utilitarians
� By 1800, Jeremy Bentham was preaching utilitarianism, the idea that the goal of society should be �the greatest happiness for the greatest number� of its citizens.
� Most middle-class people rejected Mill�s ideas. Only in the later 1800s were his views slowly accepted.
� Although he believed strongly in individual freedom, Mill wanted the government to step in to improve the hard lives of the working class.
C. Emergence of Socialism
� To end poverty and injustice, they offered a radical solution � socialism.
� Under socialism the people as a whole rather than private individuals would own and operate the �means of production�
� Socialism grew out of the Enlightenment faith in progress, its belief in the basic goodness of human nature, and its concern for social justice.
D. The �Scientific Socialism� of Karl Marx
� Communism is a form of socialism that sees class struggle between employers and employees as inevitable.
� In the 1840s Karl Marx put forward a new theory, �scientific socialism,� which he claimed was based on a scientific study of history.
� According to Marx, the modern class struggle pitted the bourgeoisie against the proletariat. In the end he predicted, the proletariat would triumph.