Giorgi
Kavraradze. About the Settlement of the Kartvelian Tribes in
giorgi qavTaraZe. anatoliaSi qarTvelur
tomTa gansaxlebis sakiTxisaTvis.
saqarTvelos
mecnierebaTa akademia
iv. javaxiSvilis sax. istoriis,
arqeologiisa da eTnografiis instituti. arqeologiuri kvlevis centri.
arqeologiuri komisia.
902.6(c41)
ББК63. 4(2г)
902.6(47.922)
q 153
naSromSi,
ZiriTadad, Zveli werilobiTi wyaroebis monacemebze dayrdnobiT, navaraudevia Zv.
w. I aTaswleulis centralur da aRmosavleT anatoliaSi qarTvelur tomTa gansaxleba;
naCvenebia anatoliis arqeologiuri Zeglebis Seswavlis didi mniSvneloba
qarTveluri warmomavlobis tomebis uZvelesi istoriisaTvis.
redaqtori saqarTvelos ssr mecnierebaTa
akademiis wevr-korespondenti, prof. oT. jafariZe
recenzentebi: prof. r. gordeziani
prof. g. lorTqifaniZe
q0505010000
M607(06)_85 228-82 © gamomcemloba `mecniereba~, 1985
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winasityvaoba
/3/ anatolia, Tanamedrove TurqeTis respublikis aziuri nawili, axlo
aRmosavleTis Crdilo-dasavleT mxares moicavs.
termini `anatolia~ mcire aziis naxevarkunZulis aRmniSvnelad pirvelad
gamoiyena X s. bizantiis imperatorma konstantine porfirogenetma. berZnulad
niSnavs `ganTiads~, `mzes~, `aRmosavleTs~. termini `mcire azia~, aziis
kontinentisagan romauli provinciis `aziis~ gansasxvaveblad pirvelad ixmara V s.
istorikosma paganos oroseelma, Tumca, Tavad es saxelwodeba bevrad ufro adre iyo
cnobili.
miuxedavad imisa, rom terminebi `anatolia~ da `mcire azia~ faqtiurad
sinonimebad aris miCneuli, maT Soris garkveuli sxvaobac arsebobs. kerZod,
`mcire aziisagan~ gansxvavebiT `anatolia~ ar Seicavs tavrosis qedis samxreTiT
mdebare xmelTaSuazRvis sanapiros, xolo `mcire azia~ ar unda vrceldebodes sakuTriv
naxevarkunZulis farglebs gareT, romlis aRmosavleT mijnas xmelTaSuazRvis
iskanderunis yurisa da Savi zRvis e. w. `SemaerTebeli xazi~ warmoadgens,
romelic Tavis mxriv miaxloebiT Tanxvdeba centraluri da aRmosavleT anatoliis
pirobiT sazRvars mdinareebis meleTis (Sav zRvaSi Caedineba q. ordusTan) da
gioqsus (md. jeihanis dasavleTi toti) `SemaerTebeli xazis~ gayolebaze. amdenad,
cnebas `centraluri anatolia~ unda Seesabamebodes _ `Crdilo-aRmosavleTi mcire
azia~.
anatolia unikaluri arqeologiuri aRmoCenebis mxarea; amas aq gaTxril
ZeglTa saxelwodebebic mowmoben: troa da boRazqioi, aliSari da alaja huiuqi,
hajilari da CaTal /4/ huiuqi, qiul Tefe da beijesultani. arqeologiurma masalam
cxadyo, rom anatolia Zveli samyaros erT-erTi yvelaze ufro dawinaurebuli mxare
iyo. TvalsaCinoa misi wvlili kacobriobis istoriaSi; kerZod, sakvebwarmoebiTi
ekonomikis, spilenZisa da rkinis metalurgiis, protourbanuli sazogadoebis, deda
RvTaebis kultis warmoqmna-CamoyalibebaSi. sakvebwarmoebiTi meurneoba evropaSi
anatoliidan aris gavrcelebuli. anatoliis arqeologiuri masalis Seswavlas didi
mniSvneloba aqvs amierkavkasiis uZvelesi istoriis kvlevis drosac. Rogorc
cnobilia, amierkavkasia sami mxridan _ dasavleTidan, CrdiloeTidan da
aRmosavleTidan, Semofarglulia bunebrivi zRudeebiT: Savi ZrviT, kavkasionis
qediT da kaspiis zRviT, xolo samxreT-dasavleTidan da samxreT-aRmosavleTidan mas
Sesabamisad anatolia da irani esazRvrebian. amitom bunebrivia, rom dasavleTi
amierkavkasia, pirvel rigSi, swored anatoliasTan avlenda xolme kavSirs, xolo
aRmosavleTi amierkavkasia _ iranTan.
anatoliis geografiuli mdebareoba Zveli samyaros sxvadasxva mxareebis
SemaerTebel gzajvaredinze imTaviTve apirobebda misi ganviTarebis Taviseburebas.
anatolia iranTan erTad `SemaerTebeli xidi~ iyo centralur aziasa da evropas
Soris, xolo kavkasiasTan erTad erTmaneTTan akavSirebda axlo aRmosavleTsa da
evropas. CrdiloeTi anatolia da dasavleTi kavkasia, amave dros, qmnidnen e. w.
cirkumponturi zonis samxreT da dasavleT mxareebs, xolo dasavleTi da samxreTi
anatolia warmoadgenda xmelTaSuazRvispireTuli, e. w. cirkummediteranuli zonis
Crdilo-aRmosavleT nawils. aRsaniSnavia, rom anatoliis samxreTi da dasavleTi
mxareebis uZvelesi (winaxeTuri) xanebis kultura sagrZnoblad gansxvavdeba
CrdiloeT da aRmosavleT anatoliurisagan, rac, SesaZloa, gansxvavebul safuZvelze
misi Camoyalibebis niSani iyos. anatoliis rTuli reliefi, erTmaneTisagan
gancalkevebuli xeobebis simravle, klimaturi pirobebis mkveTri regionaluri
sxvaoba, xels uwyobda mis teritoriaze gansxvavebuli warmomavlobis, kulturisa da
ekonomikuri bazisis mqone mosaxleobis Tanaarsebobas. anatoliuri mosaxleobis
heterogenulobas, rac jer kidev antikuri xanis istorikosebs hqondaT SemCneuli,
ar SeiZleboda xeli ar Seewyo `simbiozuri kulturebis~ CamoyalibebisaTvis da ar
/5/ daeCqarebina adgilobriv mimdinare socialuri stratifikaciis procesi.
anatoliis gansakuTrebuli simdidre liTonis wiaRiseuliT, mas ZvelTaganve
mimzidvel mxared xdida.
kulturul-istoriuli xasiaTis sakiTxebis kvlevis garda, anatoliis
Seswavlas kavkasiis arqeologiisaTvis wminda sociologiuri aspeqtic axlavs.
kavkasiisaTvis, gansxvavebiT Mesopotamia-egviptisagan, damaxasiaTebelia
klasobrivi sazogadoebis Camoyalibebis anatoliuri gza, romelic, mkvlevarTa
azriT, xasiaTdeba klasTawarmoqmnis procesis Senelebuli tempiT, miwaTmoqmedebis
naklebi produqtiulobiT, mezoblad arsebul civilizaciebTan kontaqtebis Sedegad
qonebrivi diferenciaciisa da xelosnobis ganviTarebis stimulirebiT. amave dros,
anatoliaSi, kavkasiasTan SedarebiT, saxelmwifos warmoqmnis bevrad adreuli
TariRi, SesaZleblobas iZleva davadginoT am or regions Soris socialuri
ganviTarebis uTanabrobis gamomwvevi mizezi, rac, Tavis mxriv, klasobrivi
sazogadoebisa da saxelmwifoebriobis Camoyalibebis procesis ZiriTadi
ganmsazRvreli niSnebisgamoyofis SesaZleblobas mogvcemda sazogadod `anatoliuri
modelis~ mqone sazogadoebebisaTvis da dagvexmareboda kavkasiis adreul
saxelmwifoTa genezisis gagebaSi.
anatoliaSi pirveli saxelmwifos warmoqmnisaTvis garkveuli mniSvneloba
hqonda mis centralur, sakvanZo nawilSi, vrceli, irgvliv mTebiT SemozRuduli
zegnis arsebobas (zRvis donidan 1000-1500 m), romelsac xeTur xanaSi qveynis
ZiriTadi birTvis funqcia daekisra.
centralur, anu Sida anatolias, TiTqmis mTel mis sivrceze gasdevs
anatoliis udidesi mdinare kizil-irmki (antikuri da momdevno xanebis halisi,
xeTuri marasanTia). es mxare CrdiloeTidan Savi zRviT SemoizRudeba, samxreTidan
_ koniis naxevarudabnoTi da tavrosis qediT, dasavleTidan md. saqariis Sua
weliT, aRmosavleTisaken, rogorc aRvniSneT, daaxloebiT mdinareebis meleTisa da
gioqsus `SemaerTebeli xazamde~ vrceldeboda.
centraluri, anu Sida anatolia sam ZiriTad nawilad iyofa. mis CrdiloeT
nawils istoriuli ponto Seadgens da Tanamedrove qalaqebis Corumis, zilesa da
ToqaTis CrdiloeTiT mdebareobs. centraluri nawili umTavresad md. kizil-irmakis
rkalis SigniT eqceva da amasTanave moicavs /6/ kizil-irmakisa da sakariis
SuamdinareTs. samxreTi nawili, CrdiloeTidan md. kizil-irmakiTa da samxreTidan
tavrosis qediT SemoisazRvreba.
centraluri, anu Sida anatoliis udidesi nawili antikur da ufro gviandel
xanebSi `didi kapadokiis~ (anu `kapadokiis~) da `pontos kapadokiis~ (anu
`pontos~) saxeliT aris cnobili.
centraluri anatoliis aRmosavleTiT mdebare aRmosavleT Anatolia _ TurqeTis
respublikis ukiduresi aRmosavluri nawilis Semcveli, ZiriTadad, aRmosavleT
anatoliis mTianeTs (somxeTis zegans) ukavia. CrdiloeTidan igi aRmosavleT-pontos
mTebiT (giresunis, giumiuShanes, trabzonisa da lazistanis qedebi), xolo
samxreTidan _ aRmosavleTis tavrosiT (erganisa da biTlisis qedebi) aris
SemozRuduli.
aRmosavleT anatoliis mniSvnelovani nawili antikur xanasa da Sua
saukuneebSi somxuri da qarTuli samefo-samTavroebis farglebSi iyo moqceuli.
Tavi pirveli
anatoliis, amierkavkasiisa da egeosuri
samyaros urTierTobis zogierTi sakiTxi
/7/ qarTul istoriografiasa da
hagiografiaSi imTaviTve gansakuTrebuli adgili ekava anatolias, kerZod mis
centralur nawils, kapadokias. `kabadukielebi~ iyvnen qarTvelTa umTavres
patronad miCneuli wminda giorgi da qarTvelTa ganmanaTleblad wodebuli wminda
nino[1]. `bibliis~ `dabadebis~, `SesaqmeTa
wignisa~ da `ezekielis winaswarmetyvelebis~ Togarmadan[2] momdinare haosisa da
qarTlosis mamis Targamosis[3] saxeli ukavSirdeba
kapadokiis teritoriaze mdebare asuruli wyaroebis qalaqis Til-garimus
saxelwodebas, romelic, Tavis mxriv, ufro adreuli xanis xeTuri olqis _ Tegaramas
saxelidanaa warmomdgari[4]. `moqcevaჲ qarTlisaჲs~ teqstis mier qarTlis pirvel mefed miCneuli azos[5] samSoblo mxare, `qarTlis
cxovrebis~ monacemebiT, anatoliaSia sagulvebeli[6]. konstantine porfirogenetis
mixedviT, iberielebi STamomavlebi arian huri xeTelis meuRlis bersaviasi,
romelic SeirTo mefem da winaswarmetyvelma daviTma[7]. p. ingoroyvas komentariT,
qristianiizaciisdamiuxedavad, Tqmulebis am gviandel versiaSi mainc ar aris
savsebiT warxocili xeTur samyarosTan kavSiris kvali[8].
Jer kidev I s. ebraeli istorikosi ioseb flaviusi miiCnevda, rom iberebi
da mesxebi anatoliuri warmomavlobisani iyvnen. Bibliuri `Tobelisa~ da `mosoqis~[9] Sesaxeb igi Tavis
nawarmoebSi `iudaebrivi sityuadasabamoba~ SeniSnavda: `Tobelma daafuZna
Tobelebi, romlebsac /8/ axla iberebi ewodebaT; mosoxenebi dafuZnebuli arian
mosoxis mier, axlaxan maT kapadokielebi ewodaT, xolo Zveli maTi saxelwodebis
niSanic emCnevaT; rameTu maT aqvT dResac qalaqi mazaka, romelic naTel yofs imaTTvis,
visac SeuZlia gaigos, rom odesRac ase ewodeboda mTel toms~[10]. Ioane petriwis
TargmaniT: `daamkჳidrebs ukuiჱ Tovilosca TovilTasa, romelni aw ivirad iwodebian, xolo mesaqinni mesxioჲs mier aRSenebulni aw kappadukad
iwodebian...~[11]. s. yauxCiSvilis varaudiT, ioane petriws
unda hqonoda gamoyenebuli Txzulebis iseTi nusxa, rogoric XVII s. filologs leo
alaciuss da romelSic tomis saxeli berZnulad unda yofiliyo Μεσχινοί, xolo mamamTavrisa _
Μέσχος[12]. maTi daweriloba asevea warmodgenili XI s. bizantieli moRvawis
SeniSnulia, rom sazogadod bizantiuri istoriografiisaTvis kapadokielebi
igive mesxebia[15].
im faqts, rom mosoxenebi Tu mosxebi qarTvelur samyaros ganekuTvnebodnen,
unda mowmobdes Zv. w. V s. istorikosis herodote halikarnaselis cnobac,
aqemeniduri sparseTis me-19 satrapiaSi mosxTa gaerTianebisa im
samxreTSavizRvispireTul tomebTan erTad[16], romelTa qarTveluri
warmomavloba eWvs ar iwvevs[17]. yvela es tomi _ mosxebi,
tibarenebi, makronebi, mosinikebi, erTnairad iyvnen SeiaraRebuli, xolo mosxebsa
da tibarenebs erTi winamZRolic hyavdaT sparsul laSqarSi _ darios I-isa da
parmisis (smerdisis asulisa da kirosis SviliSvilis) Ze _ ariomardi[18].
mosxTa eTnikuri identificirebisaTvis gansakuTrebiT didi mniSvneloba aqvs
Zv. w. VI-V ss. mijnis logografosis hekateos miletelis `dedamiwis aRweris~
fragments, romelic Semoinaxa, stefane bizantionelis `eTnikurma leqsikonma~
(`eTnikam~). hekateosis cnobiT, mosxebi _ kolxuri tomia, matienebis mezoblad
mosaxle[19]. /9/ mosxebis kolxur
tomad gansazRvra miT ufro niSandoblivia, rom hekateos miletelis xanaSi, isini,
pontoSi mosaxle tomebTan erTad, sparsul satrapiaSi Sediodnen, xolo kolxebi
faqtiurad damoukideblebi iyvnen sparselebisagan[20]. hekateosis cnobas
gansakuTrebuli mniSvneloba aqvs kidev im TvalsazrisiT, rom igi iZleva mosxebis
kolxuri tomis kapadokiaSi, mis CrdiloeT nawilSi, lokalizebis saSualebas,
vinaidan TviT hekateosis sxva cnobiT, matienebis qalaqi hiope gordiebis
mezoblad mdebareobs da aqauri xalxi iseTsave tansacmels atarebs, rogorsac
paflagonielebi[21].
aSkaraa, rom mosxebis mezobel matienebSi igulisxmebian gordioneli frigielebisa
da paflagonielebis maxloblad mcxovrebi dasavleTis matienebi. hekateos miletelis
zemoT moyvanili fragmentebis herodotes im cnobasTan SepirispirebiT, romlis
mixedviTac matienebi cxovrobdnen md. halisis (kizil-irmaki) marjvena napirze,
xolo mdinaris meore napiri frigielebs ekavaT[22] da rigi sxva monacemebis
gaTvaliswinebis Sedegad _ romelTa Soris aRsaniSnavia herodotesave cnobebi
matienebis, paflagonielebis, ligiebis, mariandinebis da sirielebis erTnairi
sabrZolo aRWurvilobisa da matienebisa da paflagonielebis erTi winamZRolis
meTaurobiT gaerTianebis Sesaxeb[23], agreTve, I s. pirveli
naxevris romaeli moRvawis pomponius melas mier tibarenebis gverdiT `matianebis~
moxsenebis faqti[24],
_ n. xazaraZem gamoTqva mosazreba, rom dasavlel matienebs unda sWerodaT
teritoria md. halisis rkalis SigniT, Tanamedrove qalaqebis, Corum-zile-ToqaTis
samxreTiTa da dasavleTiT, didi kapadokiis ukidures dasavleT olqSi, xolo mosxebs
_ qalaqebis ToqaT-karahisar-giumiuShanes seqtori[25].
savsebiT viziarebT ra n. xazaraZis mosazrebas matienebis didi kapadokiis
ukidures dasavleT olqSi gansaxlebis Sesaxeb, amave dros aradamajereblad
migvaCnia misi varaudi matienebis aRmosavleTis mimarTulebiT q. ToqaTamde
gavrcelebis Taobze. pomponius melas mier `matianebisa~ da tibarenebis
erTmaneTis gverdiT moxsenieba ar aris aucilebeli maT uSualo mezoblobaze
metyvelebdes, xolo hekateosisa da herodotes cnobebis Sejereba TiTqos swored
mosxebis gansaxlebaze unda migvaniSnebdes matienebsa da tibarenebs So/10/ris.
savsebiT dasaSvebia, teritoria Corumsa da ToqaTs Soris mosxebs sWerodaT, miT
ufro, rom q. giumiuShanes dasavleTiT, rogorc Cans, mosinikebs unda ecxovraT.
Zv. w. IV s. avtoris fsevdo-skilaqs kariandelis `periplusis~ cnobiT, mosinikebi
sanapiro zolis garda mTebSic cxovrobdnen[26]. rac Seexeba matienebis
sacxovriss, igi zemoT moyvanili cnobebis da agreTve n. xazaraZis mierve
SeniSnuli im faqtis gaTvaliswinebiT, rom `gord~ fuZis Semcveli toponimebi
dasturdebian didi frigiis im seqtorSi, romelic dasavleTidan uSualod akravs md.
halisis auzs[27],
safiqrebelia Tavsdebodes qalaqebis Corumisa da kirSehiris `SemaerTebeli xazisa~
da mis dasavleTiT mdebare md. kizil-irmaks Soris.
mosxebis kapadokiaSi gansaxlebis sakiTxTan mimarTebaSi, sainteresoa leo
alaciusis komentari ioseb flaviusis zemoT moyvanil fragmentTan dakavSirebiT.
igi SeniSnavs, rom zogierTebis varaudiT, mesqinebi xalxia, romelTac Zveli
avtorebi Μοσχικοί-s da
Μοσσύνοικοι-s uwodeben. maTi Tavdapirveli mkvidrobis adgili evqsinis pontos
sanapiro iyo, Semdeg isini kapadokielebi gaxdnen, bolos ki isev CrdiloeTisaken
gadainacvles[28].
mesxebis kapadokiur warmomavlobaze, SesaZloa, metyveleben qarTuli
masalebic, kerZod, qalaq mcxeTasTan dakavSirebuli cnobebi. jer kidev gasuli
saukunidan mecnierebi toponim `mcxeTas~ mesxebis satomo saxelTan aaxloebdnen.
T. bagrationi, p. ioseliani da v. sen-martini bibliur `meSex-mosoxsa~ da
eTnonim `mosx-mesxs~ qarTlosis Zis mcxeTosisa da q. mcxeTis saxelebTan
akavSirebdnen, xolo a. xaxanaSvilis mixedviT, cnebebis `mesxeTisa~ da `samcxis~
urTierTkavSiri mniSvnelovnad ufro safuZvlians xdis mcxeTasTan maTi dakavSirebis
SesaZleblobas[29].
g. meliqiSvilis SexedulebiT, saxelwodeba `mcxeTa~ udavod warmoqmnilia mesxTa
satomo saxelisagan, es faqti ki unda miuniSnebdes mcxeTis mesxuri dasaxlebis
aramesxuri mosaxleobis wiaRSi warmoqmnis SesaZleblobaze[30]. Cveulebriv, `samcxel da
mcxeTel mesxebs~ mcireazieli muSqebis memkvidreebad miiCneven[31], romlebic werilobiT
wyaroebSi pirvelad Zv. w. XIOI s. Cndebian, rodesac asurli wyaroebi iuwyebian
maT SeWras aRmosavleT anatoliis Sida raionebSi[32]. amJamad, vfiqrobT,
aranaklebi SesaZlebloba arsebobs mesxebTan, berZnuli wyariebis mier Zv. /12/ w.
I aTaswleulis Sua xanebSi, centraluranatoliaSi dadasturebuli mosxebis
dakavSirebisaTvis. yovel SemTxvevaSi, erTi ram udavoa, mcxeTaSi damkvidrebuli
mosaxleoba xeTur-mcireaziuli kulturuli tradiciebis matarebeli iyo. am
garemoebas da agreTve imas, rom swored aRniSnul mosaxleobas unda Seesrulebina
mniSvnelovani roli aRmosavlurqarTuli saxelmwifoebriobis warmoqmnaSi, mowmobs
iberiis samefos warmarTuli sakulto panTeonis anatoliuri xasiaTi[33]. qarTlis uzenaesi RvTaeba
armazi warmomdgari iyo xeTur-nesituri mTvaris RvTaeba armasagan, romlis kultic
antikur xanaSi RvTaeba menis kultiT Semoinaxa, Tumca fiqroben, rom mcire aziis
zogierT mxareSi igi isev Zvel saxelwodebas _ Armas-s atarebda[34]. xeTuri warmomavlobis mqoned
aris miCneuli qarTlis erT-erTi mTavari RvTaeba zadenic; mas aaxloeben luviur
RvTaeba sanTasTan (sandonTan)[35]. gamoTqmulia agreTve
azri, warmarTuli mcxeTis RvTaebebis gacisa da gas (gaimis) kavSiris Sesaxeb
mcireaziul RvTaebebTan atisTan da kibelesTan[36].
mcire aziisa da kavkasiis urTierTobis
sakiTxTan dakavSirebiT, yuradRebas ipyrobs Zv. w. I _ ax. w. I s. geografosTan
da istorikosTan strabonTan daculi naxevradlegendaruli cnoba mcire aziidan
kavkasiaSi xalxTa gadmosaxlebis Sesaxeb. strabonis mixedviT, miTiuri
amaZonelebi, centraluri anatoliis CrdiloeT nawilSi mdebare Temiskiris
dablobidan da mis zemoT mdebare mTebidan gamoZevebulni[37], gadmocemebis Tanaxmad,
kavkasiaSi, albaneTis zemoT mdebare, keravnulad wodebul mTebSi cxovrobdnen
gargarevelebis[38]
mezoblad, romlebTanac axlo urTierToba hqoniaT[39]; Semdeg gargarevelebi,
romlebic aq Temiskiridan amaZonelebTan erTad iyvnen mosulni, amaZonelebs
Camocilebulan da, amave adgilebSi moxetiale TrakielebTan da evbeelebTan
SeTanxmebiT, maTTan brZolac ki dauwyiaT[40].
amaZonelebisa da gargarevelebis
anatoliidan gadmosaxlebis straboniseuli cnoba izolirebuli rom yofiliyo, bevris
arafris mTqmeli iqneboda, magram mas exmianeba antikuri xanis mravali mwerlis
informacia kavkasiaSi, ZiriTadad, samxreT-dasavleTis mxridan, xalxTa gadmosaxlebis
Taobaze. am mxriv, strabonis cnobaSi gansakuTrebul yuradRebas ipyrobs evbeelTa
moxsenieba, rac, rogorc Cans, ukav/12/Sirdeba ZvelberZnul mwerlobaSi farTod
gavrcelebul Sexedulebas, kavkasiasa da samxreT SavizRvispireTSi pelasgebis
(egeidis winaberZnuli mosaxleobis) migraciis Sesaxeb (ix. qvemoT).
aRsaniSnavia, rom ukanasknel xanebSi
egeosuri (ufro farTod _ mediteranuli) da kavkasiuri samyaros urTierTobis
sakiTxebis kvlevas axali stimuli eZleva winaberZnuli (pelasguri) da qarTveluri
enebis siaxlovis damtkicebisa[41] da agrTve sxva
xmelTasuazRvispireTul enebSi (etruskuli, baskuri) kavkasiuri (da kerZod,
qarTveluri) enebisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli elementebis gamovlenis Sedegad[42]. enaTmecnierebis es
miRwevebi axal perspeqtivas Slis arqeologiis winaSe ukve mopovebuli masalis
xelaxali interpretaciisaTvis. ingliseli arqeologi j. melarTi, imis
gaTvaliswinebiT, rom mcire azia-egeidaSi (gansakuTrebiT mis samxreT nawilSi)
neoliTis Semdgom periodSi ar SeiniSneba mniSvnelovani xarvezi, romelic aq enis
Secvlas SeiZleba daukavSirdes da radganac winaberZnuli enis gavrcelebis mTel am
regionSi met-naklebi lingvisturi erTianoba unda yofiliyo indoevropul enebze
molaparake tomebis gamoCenamde, gamoTqvams varauds, anatoliis uZvelesi
meurneebis, neoliTuri CaTal huiuqis, hajilaris da jan hasanis mosaxleobis, enis
SemorCenis SesaZleblobis Sesaxeb gvianbrinjaos xanis kretaze[43].
winaberZnuli enis qarTvelur enebTan
SeniSnuli siaxlovis Suqze, vfiqrobT, dasaSvebi unda iyos neoliTuri anatoliis
mosaxleobis SesaZlo kavSiris varaudi qarTvelur samyarosTanac. miTumetes, rom
anatoliis neoliTur Zeglebs TiTqos araerTi paraleli eZebneba qarTul da agreTve
kavkasiis sxva xalxTa eTnografiaSi. sayuradReboa, rom anatoliis CrdiloeT
raionebSi mosaxle tomebs _ levkosirebs, xalibebs, tibarenebs, mosinikebs,
makronebs, xSirad miiCneven winaxeTuri xanidan SemorCenil, anatoliis uZveles,
adgilobriv mosaxleobad[44]. SesaZloa, amave
garemoebis sasargeblod mowmobdes is faqti, rom e. w. Worox-rionuli
anTropologiuri tipi, sadReisod, mxolod am mdinareta mimdebare mxareebSi
SemorCenili, rogorc irkveva, adre bevrad ufro farTod unda yofiliyo
gavrcelebuli; misTvis damaxasiaTebeli zogierTi specifikuri niSan-Tvisebis
Sexameba, dResac TurqeTis TiTqmis mTel teritoriaze vlindeba[45]. /13/
rac Seexeba neoliTeli anatolielebis monaTesaavebad
miCneuli, minosuri kretis mosaxleobis eTnikur identificirebas, sakuTriv kretis
a-xazovani teqstebis masalis gaTvaliswinebiT, romelic namdvilad ar aris
indoevropuli-berZnuli, Zalze mwiri monacemebi mogvepoveba. miuxedavad amisa,
sxva enebis monacemebTan erTad, aRniSnuli sakiTxis gadawyvetisas, Cveni azriT,
saWiroa gaviTvaliswinoT qarTvelur enaTa monacemebic[46]. SeZlebisdagvarad
SevecdebiT es varaudi zogierTi monosuri sityvis etimologizaciis cdiT
davasabuToT.
kretis minosuri teqstebis erT-erTi sityva,
romlis mniSvnelobac zustad aris dadgenili, Sejamebis aRmniSvnelia da
transliterirebulia _ ku-ro-d. j. Ceduiqis azriT, romelime enaSi
msgavsi sityvis povnam SesaZloa minosuri damwerlobis problema gadaWras; e.
peruci adarebs mas apofoniur indoevropul formas *ger-s _ `Segroveba~
(berZn. άγείρω), xolo p. merijis
mixedviT igi Seesabameba saerTo semitur Zirs kl _ `mTeli~ (aqad. kalu,
kullatu,
ebr. kol)[47]. Cveni azriT, dasaSvebi
unda iyos minosuri sityvis daaxloeba qarTul-zanuri erTobis xanis fuZesTan (ḳar/ḳr _ `Sekvris,
dakavSirebis~ mniSvnelobiT, romelsac Tavis mxriv ukavSireben qarTul-zanur fuZes
*ḳreb/ḳareb _ `Segroveba~[48].
dadgenilad SeiZleba CaiTvalos `deficitis~
aRmniSvneli minosuri sityvac _ ki-ro. e. peruci masTan aaxloebs andoevropul *s(kel) _ `valdebuloba,
unda~ (litv. skeliu da sxv.)[49]. gasaTvaliswinebelia, rom
minosuri ar asxvavebs r da l, iseve rogorc b/p,
g/k
Tanxmovnebs[50].
minosur sityvasTan garkveul msgavsebas avlens, semantikurad imave `deficitis~
mniSvnelobis mqone qarTul-zanuri *ḳal (qarTulSi _ ḳel/ḳl, zanurSi _ ḳor)[51].
minosursi _ kunisu da qerau miCneulia, rom
aRniSnaven marcvleulis jiSebs; maT ukavSireben aqadur kunāšu-s `romeliRac
marcvleulis jiSs~ da qālu-s `moxalul macvals~[52]. qarTvelur enebSi
yuradRebas ipyrobs qarTul-zanuri fuZe *kum (qarTuli kum-el, zanuri kum-u) _ `moxaluli
marcvlis~ mniSvnelobiT (fSavur dialeqtSi qumeli aRniSnavs Cveulebriv sels)[53] da moxevuri xiri _ `gamxmari Tivis, Calis Rero~ (Sdr.
agreTve Zvel qarTulSi xmarebuli _ xuarbali _ `marcvleuli~, romelic qarTveluri
warmomavlobis sityvad /14/ ar aris miCneuli, magram, vfiqrobT, TavisTavad mainc
angariSgasawevia minosuri sityvis etimologiis dadgenisas)[54].
savaraudod iTvleba, rom minosurSi
WurWleuls aRniSnavda ka-ti, ka-ra-re-we, qa-pa, ka-ro-pa. es sityvebi weria WurWlebis aRmniSvneli ideogramebis Tavze da arc is
aris gamoricxuli, rom WurWlebSi moTavsebul nivTierebebs aRniSnavdes[55]. g. noimani ka-ti-s xeTur gazi, luviur gati _ `WurWeli~ adarebs da dasZens, rom luviurSi es sityva winaluviuri
ara-indoevropuli enidan unda iyos Sesuli[56]. vfiqrobT, sayuradReboa
qarTul-zanuri erTobis xanisaTvis aRdgenili *ḳod- fuZe, romelic aRniSnavda `WurWels gamokveTils xisgan~, `WurWels
fxvieri nivTierebebisaTvis~ (Sdr. agreTve qarT. `qoTani~)[57]. WurWlebis aRmniSvnel
sxva savaraudo minosuri sityvebisaTvis s. gordons moyavs paralelebi WurWlebis
ugarituli saxelwodebebidan: sp, krpn, spl[58]; qarTvelur samyaroSic vxvdebiT minosurTan mimsgavsebul analogiuri
mniSvnelobis sityvebs: qronologiurad qarTul-zanuri erTobis drois *ḳardala-s `momcro qvabi~, romelic, Tumca, nasesxobad aris miCneuli (Sdr.
agreTve raWul dialeqtSi _ korva _ `xis WurWeli~), qara _ `kecis kide, amoweuli
gverdebi~, gobi _ `WurWeli~, Zvel qarTulSi igi `ormos~, `mRvimesac~ aRniSnavda[59].
minosuri xaniskretis msxverplSewirvis adgilebze da sakurTxevlebze
gvxvdeba sityvebi ta-na-no, a-ta-no, ja-ta-no, e. peruci maT adarebs xeTur istananas _ `adgili msxverplTa an SesawiravTa miRebisaTvis~, Tumca sagani,
romelzedac es sityvaa warwerili, rogorc irkveva, lamparia[60]. sayuradReboa, rom zemoT
moyvanili erT-erTi sityva TruloSi mopovebul sakulto WurWelzec gvxvdeba[61].Eegeb, es sityvebi,
romlebSic TiTqos tan Ziri gamoiyofa,
aRniSnavs ara romelime sagans an konkretul adgils, aramed warmoadgens religiuri
xasiaTis formulas. amasTan dakavSirebiT iqneb gasaTvaliswinebeli iyos qarTuli
`tan~- zmnisZiri, `gatanebis, atanis~ mniSvnelobiT.
religiur Sinaarss akuTvneben niSanTa jgufs, wawerils selakonosis
Cuglugze _ da-ku, rac e. perucis
azriT, RvTaebis saxels unda warmoadgendes da SesaZlebelia ukavSirdebodes
indoevropul *dheghou-s _ `miwa~ (xeT. tegan, Toxar. tkam)[62]. aRsaniSnavia, rom
msgavsi sityva aRdgenilia qarTul-zanuri /15/ erTobisaTvis *tiqa (qarTuli tixu, megruli dixa,
dexa) `Tixa, niadagi~ (megrulSi agreTve
`miwa~)[63].
religiur Sinaarss atarebs agreTve warwera _ a-pi´, kefalis samarovanis Sesasvlelze,
romelsac e. peruci Selocvis formulad Tvlis da ukavSirebs berZnul ὄπίσω–s, miRebuls indoevropuli _ *opi-sagan (Sdr. xeT. da luv. appa)[64].
qarTulSi am sityvas emsgavseba warmarTuli RvTaebis _ apanis (romlis Tved
ianvari _ apnisi iTvleba) saxelwodeba, romelic, SesaZloa Semosuli iyos qarTulSi
sxva wyarodan.
minosuri ki- nawilaki, `amitom
rom, ase rom~[65],
SesaZleblad migvaCnia davukavSiroT qarTul-zanuri erTobis xanis dasturis
maniSnebel *kwe nawilaks (qarTuli k(w)e-; zanuri ko-)[66].
morfologiuri monacemebidan, romlebic agreTve Zalze mcire raodenobiT aris
gamoyofili, aRsaniSnavia s. gordonis mier u- prefiqsis daaxloebis cda (romlis mniSvnelobac, winaaRmdeg s. gordonis
Sexedulebisa, ar aris garkveuli) analogiur semitur prefiqsTan[67].Uu- prefiqsi qarTvelur enebisaTvisac aris damaxasiaTebeli, igi gvxvdeba
qarTul-zanur doneze, rogorc klebiTi prefiqsi da agreTve aRmatebiTi xarisxis
prefiqsuli formanti[68].
minosurSi t- formanti miCneulia
mravlobiTi ricxvis maCveneblad[69]; ZvelqarTulSi igive
formanti, garda saxelobiTisa da wodebiTisa, yvela brunvaSia warmodgenili[70].
minosuri sityvebis etimologizaciisas, qarTvelur enaTa gamoyenebis
SesaZleblobis sakiTxTan dakavSirebiT, gasaTvaliswinebelia mcenareebis
aRmniSvneli is minosuri terminebic, romlebic Semonaxulia berZnuli enis
dialeqtebSi, maT Soris b-xazovan mikenurSi[71] da romelTac, qarTvelur
enebSi (da maT dialeqtebSi) met-naklebad miaxloebuli paralelebi unda
eZebnebodeT: ἄκυλος_ `rko~, Sdr. qarTul-zanuri donis *ḳrḳo _ `rko~ (qarTuli rḳo, megruli , ḳi)[72];
μιμαίκυλον
_ `marwyvi~, Sdr. saerToqarTveluri *marw (svanuri bäsi, bäs)[73],
sayuradReboa agreTve baskuri maguri _ `marwyvi~[74]; βράβυλον
_ `kvrinCxa~, Sdr. ingilouri dialeqtis bruli
_ `bardi~; ὄσπρεα
_ `Wotosani nayofi~, Sdr. qarTluri
dialeqtis spiro _ `blis qerqis abga~[75]; ζίζυφον
_ `buCqiani mcenare~, Sdr. qarTul-zanuri *ჳeჳ(w) _ `eklebiani, datotvili /16/ buCqi~[76]; σταφυλή
_ `yurZnis mtevani~, Sdr. ZvelqarTuli
sTueli _ `Semodgoma, gina yurZnis mokrefa~ (saba) da sTuli _ `darTuli narTi~,
romlebic SesaZloa qarTul-zanur fuZes *rtw _ `gadafareba~ ukavSirdebian[77].
savaraudoa, winaberZnulidan iyos Sesuli berZnul enaSi `excrement~-is mniSvnelobis mqone sityva _ κόρος[78], romelsac SesaZloaUuaxlovdebodes qarTul-zanur fuZe *ar-, `yars, yrola~[79].
gasaTvaliswinebelia, rom minosuri enisaTvis, qarTveluri enebisa da
sazogadod xmelTaSuazRvis uZvelesi substratis enebis msgavsad, damaxasiaTebelia
calkeuli xmovnebis Tavisufali monacvleoba da meryeoba, rac metad iSviaTia
indoevropuli ojaxis enebSi[80].
winaberZnuli enebi, minosuri da egeosuri
(igive pelasguri), identuri an axlo monaTesave enebi unda yofiliyo. am enebze
metyveli mosaxleobis intensiuri urTierTobis kvali kavkasiur da sazogadod
SavizRvispireTul samyarosTan, rogorc zemoT SevniSneT, farTod aris asaxuli
antikur wyaroebSi.
aRmosavleTi da samxreTi SavizRvispireTi xSirad ganixileba antikur
literaturaSi rogorc egeosuri samyarodan calkeuli miTiuri pirovnebebisa Tu mTeli
tomebis gadmosaxlebis obieqti. msgavsi Sexeduleba, SesaZloa, sazrdoobda
antikuri xanis pontospireTSi berZnuli koloniebis daarsebisa da maTSi egeosis
zRvis auzidan wamosuli berZnuli mosaxleobis Casaxlebis permanentuli procesiT,
magram, sakuTriv berZnuli cnobebis mixedviT, xalxTa gadasaxlebebs, ZiriTadad,
winakoloniur periodSi hqonia adgili da maT monawileebad, upiratesad,
winaberZnuli mosaxleoba _ pelasgebi arian dasaxelebulni. samxreT da aRmosavleT
SavizRvispireTis mosaxleobis nawilis berZnebis mier pelasgTa naSierad miCneva
udavod angariSgasawevi garemoebaa; berZnebi kargad icnobdnen TavianTi samSoblos
winamosaxleobas _ pelasgebs, romlebTanac xangrZlivad Tanaarsebobdnen kidevac.
strabonis azriT, pelasgebi yvelaze Zveli tomia, romelic ki saberZneTSi
batonobda[81].
herodotesTan Semonaxuli gadmocemis Tanaxmad, aTenelebisaTvis akropolisis
galavani pelasgebs augiaT[82]. misi naSTebi aqamde
SemorCenilia akropolisze, sadac uZveles, didroni lo/17/debisagan nageb, e. w.
ciklopuri wyobis kedels `pelasgur galavans~ uwodeben[83]. sayuradReboa, rom
msgavsi nagebobebi damaxasiaTebelia kavkasiis gvianbrinjaos xanisaTvisac.
herodotes mixedviT, aTenelebi, vidre eladas pelasgebi flobdnen, TviTonac
pelasgebi iyvnen, xolo ionielebs, vidre isini peloponesze cxovrobdnen,
pelasgebi da egialeebi ewodebodaT[84]. aseve eolielebic, vidre
pelasgiotidaSi (CrdiloeT TesaliaSi) cxovrobdnen, elinuri gadmocemiT, pelasgebad
iwodebodnen[85].
eolielebisa da ionielebis, rogorc Cans, pelasguri substratis mqone berZnuli
tomebi, ufro gviandel xanebSi, Sesabamisad, mcire aziis dasavleT (egeosuri)
napiris CrdiloeT da centralur, pelasgur olqebs ikaveben. strabonic, iuwyeboda
ra, pelasgTa farTo gavrcelebas mTel saberZneTSi, gansakuTrebiT xazs usvamda maT
siWarbes eolielTa Soris, TesaliaSi[86]. homerosi Tesaliis argoss
pelasgur argoss uwodebda[87]. strabonis SeniSvniT,
peloponess homerosi, iseve, rogorc mTel eladas (saberZneTs), argoss uwodebda[88]. epirec pelasgebs unda
sWerodaT, homerosi epiruli dodonis zevss pelasgurs uwodebs[89], herodotec iuwyeba, rom
dodonaSi pelasgTa samlocvelo iyo[90], xolo Zv. w. VII s. poeti
hesiode epires Turme Turme pelasgTa sadgomad miiCnevda[91]. strabonisave cnobiT, Zv.
w. IV s. istorikosi eforos kvimeli peloponesis naxevarkunZuls pelasgias
uwodebda, xolo Zv. w. VI-V ss. dramaturges esqiles pelasgebi mikenis maxloblad
mebare argosidan gamohyavda[92]. esqiles msgavsad, Zv. w.
V s. dramaturgisaTvis evripidesaTvisac peloponesis argosi _ pelasguri miwaa[93]. herodotes azriT, mTel
eladas winaT pelasgia erqva[94]. homerosis monacemebiT,
kunZul kretazec sxva tomebTan erTad pelasgebic cxovrobdnen[95].
rogorc Cans, berZnuli tomebis mZlavrobasTan erTad pelasgebi materikidan
sul ufro kunZulebisaken inacvlebdnen. isini SedarebiT didxans, daaxloebiT Zv.
w. I aTaswleulis Sua xanebamde inarCunebdnen egeosis zRvis CrdiloeT nawils. maT
ekuTvnodaT TrakiaSi, kerZod mis samxreT-aRmosavleT /18/ nawilSi, larisis olqSi,
qalkidikaSi _ qalaqi krestoni, `iliadis~ `xomaldTa katalogis~ mixedviT _ mxare
helespontsa da Trakias Soris, kunZulebidan _ lesbosi, lemnosi, imbrosi, qiosi,
samoTrakia[96].
strabonis cnobiT, maTi nawili italiaSi gadasula tirenebis (igive etruskebis)
eponimis, atisis Zis tirenis winamZRolobiT, xolo maTi meore nawili, TviT
atisisa da misi meore Zis lidis, lidielTa eponimis meTaveobiT lidiaSi darCenila[97]. ax. w. I-II ss. mwerlis
plutarqes ganmartebiT, pelasguri warmomavlobis tirenebi (etruskebi) jer
TesaliaSi mosaxleobdnen, mere lidiaSi gadasaxldnen, lidiidan ki italiaSi
gadavidnen[98].
herodotes dros, mcire aziaSi, helespontos (Tanamedrove dardanelis srute)
aRmosavleT napirze gadasuli pelasgebi plakiesa da skilakeSi cxovrobdnen[99]. straboni, menekrat
eleelis monacemebze dayrdnobiT, mcireazieli pelasgebis sacxovriss mTeli ioniuri
sanapiroTi da misi mimdebare kunZulebiT gansazRvravs[100]. strabonis azriT, eoliur
qalaq kimes maxloblad unda mdebareobdes pomerosis `iliadaSi~ moxseniebuli
pelasguri larisa[101]. rogorc fiqroben,
`larisa~ pelasgur enaze `akropoliss~ niSnavda[102].
ufro CrdiloeTiT, propontidis (Tanamedrove marmarilos zRva) mcireaziul
sanapiroze pelasguri warmomavlobis mqoned miCneuli dolionebis tomi. iseT
mniSvnelovan naSromSi, rogoric iyo Zv. w. IV s. istorikosis, eforos kvimelis
ocdaaTtomiani `sazogado istoria~, romlis fragmentebic apolonios rodoselis
`argonavtikis~ sqolionebSia Semonaxuli, dolionebis tomi, sxva pelasgur tomTa
darad, Tesaliidan elinebis mier gamoZevebul tomadaa gamocxadebuli[103]. strabonis azriT,
dolionebi, bebrikebis msgavsad, ukve trios omis xanebSi yofilan frigielebTan
aRreulebi[104];
iqneb, swored am ukanaskneli garemoebiT aixsnas dolionebis pelasgebTan dapirispirebis
faqti, rac Zvel mwerlebTan SeiniSneba. Zv. w. II s. avtoris, apolodores
Txzulebis ~biblioTekis~ cnobiT, dolionebi SeCveulebi iyvnen pelasgTa xSir
Tavdasxmas[105].
apolonios rodoselis poemis `argonavtikis~ mixedviT, es pelasgebi
makri/19/selebi yofilan: `...da moeCvenaT, rom sanapiros umamacesi makrielebis
moadga razmi pelasgiuri~[106]. poemis sqoliastis
ganmartebiT, makriselebi igive makronebia, romelTa Sesaxebac Zv. w. IV s.
moRvawes dionisios qalkidels SeuniSnavs, rom isini uwin kunZul evbeaze, anu
makrisze saxlobdnen da saxelic aqedan SeerqvaTo; sqoliasti dasZens, rom sxvebis
azriT, makronebs ase imitom uwodeben, rom maT Soris bevria grZelTaviani _
makrokefali[107].
ax. w. IV s. poemis, orfikuli `argonavtikis~ cnobiT, makronebi Crdilo-dasavleT
anatoliaSi mcxovrebi mariandinebis mezoblebi arian; Tumca poemis erT-erT
nusxaSi Μάκρωνες
Senacvlebulia Μακριέες-iT[108].
apolonios rodoselis mixedviTac, makriebi Crdilo-dasavleT anatoliaSi
binadrobdnen, dolionebis mezoblad; dolionebis miwas gacdenili argonavtebi
makriadis mTebs gascqerodnen[109]. amave dros, yuradRebas
ipyrobs is garemoeba, rom apolonios rodoseli sxva adgilas, samxreT-aRmosavleT
SavizRvispireTSi mosaxle tomebTan erTad, asaxelebs makronebsac[110]. qsenofontis
`anabasisis~ monacemebic cxadyofen, rom Zv. w. V-IV ss. mijnaze makronTa
sacxovrisi trapezuntis samxreTiT ori dRis savalze iyo[111]. samxreT-aRmosavleT
SavizRvispireTSi mcxovreblebad Tvlian makronebs, agreTve straboni[112], ax. w. I s. istorikosi
plinius ufrosi[113], ax. w. II s. moRvawe
flavius ariane[114] da sxv.
rogorc vxedavT, makriseleb-makronebs, garda saxelwodebis ori formisa,
ori gansxvavebuli adgilmdebareobac moepovabaT da SeiZleboda gvefiqra, rom isini
or sxvadasxva toms warmoadgendnen. magram apolonios rodoselis `argonavtikis~
sqoliastis zemomoyvanili ganmartebebis garda, amas xels uSlis, masTanve daculi
erTi cnoba, romlis mixedviT zogierTebi makriselebs saxels uwodeben beqeirebis
tomsac, romlebic mudmivad kizikelebs (anu dolionebs) eomebodnen[115]. moyvanil konteqstSi
beqeirTa tomis moxsenieba sacaraudos xdis im garemoebas, rom dolionebTan
mebrZol tomebSi SemdgomSi aRmosavleT pontoSi mosaxle tomebi unda
igulisxmebodnen. hekateos mileteli beqeirebis qveyanas `beqeirikas~, xoჲebis mezoblad, Crdilo-aRmo/20/savleT
anatoliaSi aTavsebda[116]. Zv. w. IV s. avtoris
fsevdo skilaqs kariandelis mixedviT beqeirebi qalaq trapezuntisa da
makrokefalebis tomis aRmosavleTiT cxovrobdnen[117] samxreT-aRmosavleT
SavizRvispireTSi; erTmaneTis gverdiT moixseniebs maT pomponius melac[118], xolo apolonios rodoseli
da ax. w. II s. avtori dionisios periegeti beqeirebsa da makronebs asaxeleben
imave regionSi[119]. a. uruSaZis azriT,
apolonios rodoselis poemis sqolionebSi daculi cnoba makriselebisa da makronebis
igiveobaze, am ukanasknelTa adreuli gansaxlebis viTarebis amsaxvelia, rodesac
berZnebis mier egeosis zRvis auzidan gamoZevebuli pelasguri warmomavlobis
makriselebi-makronebi, sxva pelasgur tomebTan erTad jer propontidis
(Tanamedrove marmarilos zRva), xolo Semdeg Savi zRvis sanapiroebisaken
gaxiznulebi, ZvelTaganve iq damkvidrebuli tomebis gverdiT dasaxlebulan[120].
hekateosisa da
strabonis miTiTebiT makronebi maT xanaSi sanebad iwodebodnen[121]. XII s. moRvawe evstaTi Tesalonikeli, romelsac dionise periegetis
komentarebi ekuTvnis, aRniSnavs, rom beqeirebis samxreTiT mcxovreb makronebs
mis dros sannebi ewodebodaT, xolo mdabiourad _ tZanebi (Τζάνους)[122]; rogorc aRniSnaven, τζ kompleqsiT berZnulisaTvis ucxo afrikati W
aris gadmocemuli da sannebis `mdabiuri~ saxelwodeba unda yofiliyo _ Wani[123]. sakuTriv saxelwodeba `makronic~, mkvlevarTa azriT, ukavSirdeba erT-erT zanur
(megrul_Wanur) satomo saxels `megrel || margals~-s, romelSic gamoiyofa arg ||
ark Ziri, miRebuli saxelwodeba `makronSi~ Semavali agr || akr Ziris metaTezis
Sedegad; eTnonim `makronSi~ gamoiyofa agreTve sadaurobis aRmniSvneli qarTveluri
m- prefiqsi da WanurisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli –on sufiqsi[124]. a. uruSaZis azriT,
satomo saxelis Μάκρωνες uZvelesi varianti aris Μακριείς
< Μακριέες, romelic momdinareobs Μακρις-idan da qarTul-zanuri *magralis Sesatyvisia[125]. arg || agr fuZe farTod aris gavrcelebuli egeosis zRvis auzis toponimikaSi
da pelasguri warmomavlobis mqoned aris miCneuli[126]. toponim `argosSi~, `velis~ aRmniSvnel pelasgur sityvas xedaven[127]; Tumca igive sityva xSiria egeosur anTroponimika/21/Si; T. miqelaZis
azriT, kolxTa miTiuri mefis aietesis SviliSvili argosi SesaZloa `qarTlis
cxovrebis~ genealogiuri sqemis egriselTa eTnarq-eponims `egross~
Seesabamebodes; a. uruSaZe zemomoyvanili arg- Ziriani eTnonimebis arsebobis
safuZvelze, dasaZvebad miiCnevs, rom pelasgur-kolxur samyaros eTnarq-eponimi
argosi unda yofiliyo[128].
sayuradReboa, rom apolonios rodoselis
`argonavtikis~ sqoliastis mixedviT, makronebi skviTuri tomia, wamosuli
evbeelTagan, romelTa sacxovrissac mdebareobis gamo makrisi ewodeboda[129]. rogorc vxedavT, sqoliasti makronebs
erTidaimave dros miiCnevs rogorc skviTur, aseve egeosur (pelasgur) tomad. es ar
aris izolirebuli SemTxveva, rodesac antikuri epoqis wyaroebSi SavizRvispireTis
qarTveluri tomebi skviTur an pelasgur tomebad moixsenebian; pirveli
gansazRvreba, savaraudoa, rom, upiratesad kulturul-politikuri Sinaarsis
Semcvelia, xolo meore _ eTnikuri naTesaobis gamomxatveli.
gansakuTrebiT rTulia am mxriv,
samxreT-dasavleT SavizRvispireTSi mosaxle kavkonebis vinaobis garkveva,
romlebic qalaq herakleidan mdinare parTeniosamde (Tanamedrove q. ereglidan _
md. koja-irmakamde), mariandinebsa da enetebs (Zv. w. IV s. istorikosis
kalisTenes mixedviT _ levkosirebs) Soris saxlobdnen; maT zogierTi skviTebad
miiCnevda, zogi pelasgebad, zogic romeliRac makedonur tomad[130]. strabonis mixedviT, maTi Tavdapirveli
binadrobis mxared peloponess _ elides, xolo TviT maT, pelasgebis msgavsad,
arkadiul tomad miiCnednen[131]. strabonis dros md. parTeniosTan ukve
kavkoniatebisa Tu kavkonitebis paflagoniuri tomi cxovrobda, xolo sakuTriv
kavkonebis tomi ukve aRarsad iyo[132].
aseve gauCinarebula strabonis droisaTvis md.
parTeniosis aRmosavleTiT, e. i. paflagoniaSi, mosaxle enetebis tomi[133]. strabonis cnobiT, trios dacemis Semdeg maTi
nawili adriatikis zRvis Soreul napirze, enetikaSi, gadasaxlebula[134]. enetebis qveynisa da paflagoniis siaxlove Tu
identuroba, SeimCneva `iliadis~ `xomaldTa katalogis~ mixedviTac, sadac
vkiTxulobT: `paflagonielebs xelmZRvanelobda /22/ pilemene guladi, enetedan,
saidanac gareuli jorebis modgmaa (cnobili), kitorosSi rom cxovrobdnen da
sesamosis garSemo saxlobdnen, mdinare parTeniosis garSemo didebul saxlebSi
binadrobdnen, kromnasa, aigialossa da maRal eriTiniosSi (cxovrobdnen)~[135]. aSkaraa, rom dasaxelebulia teritoria md.
parTeniosidan karambisis (amJamad qeremfes) koncxamde, anu zRvispira
paflagoniis dasavleTo nawili. strabonis cnobiT, meandros mileteli iuwyeboda,
rom trois omSi mimavali da Semdeg adriatikis Soreul napirze dasaxlebuli enetebi
levkosirebis qveynidan iyvnen wamosuli, xolo adgilze darCenilebi droTa
ganmavlobaSi kapadokielebad iqcnen; strabonis azriT, am gancxadebis sasargeblod
unda mowmobdes, paflagoniis gaswvriv mdebare, md. halisis maxlobel kapadokiur
olqebSi gamoyenebul orive enaSi paflagoniuri saxelebis siuxve[136]. magram meandrosis cnobis mixedviT, ar aris
naTeli md. halisTan eguleboda Tu ara mas `levkosirebis qveyana~. md. halisis
aRmosavleTiT enetTa lokalizebis SesaZleblobas iZleva strabonTan Semonaxuli Zv.
w. II s. avtoris apolodores cnoba, hekateos miletelis mier qalaq amisosis
(Tanamedrove q. samsuni) enetad miCnevis Taobaze, Tumca, amis sawinaaRmdegod,
straboni xazs usvams md. halisis aRmosavleTiT, levkosirebis qveyanaSi, amisosis
mdebareobas[137].
gamoTqmulia mosazreba, romlis mixedviTac,
herodotes mier sirielTa (igive levkosirTa) binadrobis adgilTan moxseniebuli md.
parTeniosi[138], romelic agreTve gvxvdeba `iliadis~
zemomoyvanil fragmentSi, unda yofiliyo md. halisis (kizil-irmakis) maxloblad,
sadac dResac dasturdeba mdinare msgavsi saxelwodebiT da romelsac Turquli
nomenklaturiT barTan-su an ubralod barTine ewodeba[139]. Magram, vinaidan, `iliadis~ md. parTeniosi
dasavlurpaflagoniur qalaqebTan kromnasTan, aigialosTan, eriTiniosTan da
sesames-amasTriasTan mezoblobaSi moixsenieba[140] da agreTve, imis gamo, rom kalisTenes
mixedviT, kavkonebis tomi herakleadan da mariandinebis olqidan levkosirebamde
da md. parTeniosamde vrceldeboda[141], aSkara xdeba, rom `iliadasa~ da
herodotesTan naxseneb md. parTeniosSi Crdilo-dasavleT anatoliaSi mdebare
Tanamedrove mdinare koja irmaki /23/ igulisxmeba, romlis Zveli saxelwodeba
amave mdinareze mdebare qalaq barTinSi Cans Semonaxuli. miuxedavad amisa,
enetebis (henetebis) aRmosavleTisaken gansaxlebis sasargeblod SesaZloa
migvaniSnebdes maTi saxelwodebis savaraudo kavSiri fsevdo-skilaqsis
`periplusSi~ moxseniebul xalibTa daxurul navsadgur genetesTan (Γενήτης)[142], apolonios rodoselis `argonavtikis~ genetes
koncxTan (Γενηταίη ἄκρη)[143], strabonis `geografiis~ mdinare genetesTan[144].
p. ingoroyva saxelwodeba `genetes~ henioxTa
satomo saxels ukavSirebda[145]. a. uruSaZes msgavsi varaudi ar miaCnia
gamarTlebulad, radgan berZnul enas `h~-s gadmosacemad saukeTeso saSualeba
hqonda Zlieri aspiraciis saxiT, garda amisa, misi azriT, es sityva momdinareobs
berZnuli zmnisagan γεννάω, xolo forma Γενήταιος zevsis epiTetad ixmareboda (`mSobliuri
zevsi~)[146]. magram, saxelwodeba `genetesis~ samnairi
gamoyeneba navsadguris, koncxis da mdinaris saxelwodebisaTvis, savaraudos unda
xdides mis adgilobriv warmomavlobas. saxelwodeba `genetesis~ berZnulad
gaazreba, savsebiT dasaSvebia, momxdariyo adgilobrivi saxelis kontaminaciis
Sedegad. analogiuri SemTxvevebi xSiria antikuri epoqis SavizRvispireTis
sinamdvileSi[147]. T. miqelaZis dakvirvebiT, aRniSnuli
saxelwodeba Semonaxuli unda iyos amave midamoebSi arsebuli kunZulis Tanamedrove
saxelwodebaSi _ haneT kalesi[148].
henioxebi, rogorc Cans, farTod vrceldebodnen
SavizRvispireTis aRmosavleT raionebSi. maT fsevdo-skilaqsi Crdilo-aRmosavleT
SavizRvispireTSi aqaielebis samxreTiTa da koraqsebis CrdiloeTiT aTavsebs[149]. dionisios periegetis mixedviT, dasavleT
anatoliidan mosuli aqaielebis mezoblad cxovrobdnen pelasgidebis qveynis Svilebi
_ henioxebi da zigiebi (Ζύγιοί)[150]. strabonTan daculi, Zv. w. II-I ss.
geografosis artemidore efeselis cnobiT, henioxebi didi pitiuntis (Tanamedrove
biWvinTis) CrdiloeTiT cxovrobdnen[151]. TviT strabonisTvisac henioxebi
Crdilo-aRmosavleT SavizRvispireTSi mosaxle tomia, aqaielebis msgavsad, argonavt
iasonis laSqris nawilisagan warmomdgari[152]. /24/ ax. w. II s. aleqsandrieli moRvawis,
klavdius ptolemaiosis `geografiuli saxelmZRvanelos~ cnobiT, henioxebi
Crdilo-aRmosavleT SavizRvispireTSi binadrobdnen, aqaielebis, kerketebisa da suanokolxebis
mezoblad[153]. Zv. w. IV-III ss. avtors heraklide
pontoelis `politiebSi~, romelic, rogorc dadginda, Zv. w. IV s. didi filosofosis
aristoteles amave saTauris mqone Txzulebis eqscerptebs warmoadgenen[154], henioxebi kolxeTis dablobis uZveles mosaxleobadaa
miCneuli; aq aRiniSneba, rom fasisis gayolebaze Tavdapirvelad ucxovria
henioxebis velur toms, Semdeg ki miletelebs, qalaq fasisis berZen kolonistebs[155].
Zneli saTqmelia, Tu sad varaudobda henioxTa
gansaxlebas Zv. w. V s. logografosi helanike mitileneli, romlis mixedviT,
kerketebis zemoT cxovroben mosxebi da xarimatebi, xolo qvemoT henioxebi, zemoT
ki _ koraqsebi[156]; yvela es tomi Tu maTgan nawarmoebi
toponimi, garda Crdilo-aRmosavleT SavizRvispireTisa, samxreT-aRmosavleT
SavizRvispireTSic gvxvdeba, xolo Zv. w. IV s. avtori palefat abidoseli,
TxzulebaSi `troas omis Sesaxeb~ (misi fragmentic, helanikes fragmentTan erTad
stefane bizantionelis `eTnikur leqsikonSia~ Semonaxuli), xarimatebis Sesaxeb
wers, rom `kerketebs emijnebian mosxebi, da xarimatebi floben parTenioss
evqsinis pontomde~[157]; vinaidan xarimatebis parTeniosad samecniero
literaturaSi miCneulia fsevdo-skilaqsis md. pordanisi[158], flavius arianes md. pritanidi[159], istoriuli lazeTis mdinare fortuna[160], igive Tanamedrove md. fazari, savaraudo
xdeba, rom helanikesTan moxseniebuli henioxebi samxreT-aRmosavleT
SavizRvispireTis mosaxleni unda yofiliyvnen[161]. aRsaniSnavia, rom ax. w. IV s. avtoris
amianus marcelinusis cnobiT, md. fasisis maxloblad cxovrobda kamaritebis tomi[162], romlis saxelwodeba, SesaZloa eTnonim
`xarimatisagan~ metaTezisiTa da dioniseseul kamaritebTan kontaminaciiT iyos
miRebuli. helanikesTan CamoTvlili tomebis samxreTuli lokalizeba TiTqos miT ufro
dasaSvebia, rom pliniusis monacemebiT, sani-henioxebi (Sannorum Heniochorum) q. trapezuntis mxareSi da misgan
aR/25/mosavleTiT binadrobdnen, xolo md. mtkvars saTave henioxur, anu koraqsul
mTebSi hqonia[163]. Tumca, gasaTvaliswinebelia isic, rom TviT
pliniusis mixedviT, Crdilo-aRmosavleT SavizRvispireTSic, suanebis tomsa da Sav
zRvas Soris cxovrobda dioskurTa meetleebis STamomaval henioxTa mravalricxovani
tomebi[164].
pliniusis san-henioxebs, rogorc Cans,
Seesabameba flavius arianes `periplusSi~ sanebis aRmosavleTiT moxseniebuli
makronebisa da henioxebis gaerTianeba, romelsac saTaveSi edga erTi mefe _
anqiale, xolo misi sasaxle md. pritanidze yofila gaSenebuli[165]. ax. w. V s. anonimur `periplusSi~
makronebis nacvlad imave konteqstSi maxelonebia dasaxelebuli[166]. amdenad, TiTqos moipoveba safuZveli
helanikeseuli henioxebis samxreT SavizRvispireTSi lokalizebisaTvis, magram,
amave dros, angariSgasawevad migvaCnia helanikesa da palefatis zemomoyvanili
cnobebis adreulobis mimarT gamoTqmuli eWvi: fiqroben, rom stefane
bizantionelTan Semonaxuli es cnobebi pontos mefis miTridate VI evpatoris omebis
istorikosebis tradicias unda uaxlovdebodes[167].
berZnul-laTinur wyaroebSi moxseniebuli
henioxebis warmomavlobis sakiTxTan dakavSirebiT gamoiTqva varaudi imis Taobaze,
rom dasaSvebi unda iyos maTi daaxloeba urartuli warwerebis mier Zv. w. VIII s.
Cildiris tbis midamoebSi damowmebul iganiexielebTan, romelTa mogvianebiT
dasavleTisaken gadanacvlebuli STamomavlebi, q. trapezuntis aRmosavleTiT mdebare
sanapiro mxareSi `henioxTa~ saxelwodebiT unda gamoCeniliyvnen[168]. sapirispirod amisa, T. yauxCiSvili iziarebs
Sexedulebas, henioxebis, zogierT sxva tomTan erTad, aRmosavleT SavizRvispireTis
Crdilo sanapirodan samxreTisaken gadanacvlebis Sesaxeb[169]; Tumca igi amasTanave SesaZleblad Tvlis,
strabonTan moxseniebuli, iasonis laSqridan henioxebTan erTad Crdilo-aRmosavleT
SavizRvispireTSi dasaxlebuli, fTiuri anu Tesaliuri warmomavlobis aqaielebi[170] Zv. w. II aTaswleulis Sua xanebis
xmelTaSuazRvis auzSi mimdinare tomTa didi gadasaxlebebis Sedegad
moxvedriliyvnen kavkasiaSi[171].
gansxvavebuli Sexedulebebia gamoTqmuli
henioxTa eTnikuri kuTvnilebis Sesaxebac, maT, ZiriTadad, svanur[172], zanur[173], an afxazur-adiRuri[174] modgmis tomad miiCneven. i. orbeli /26/
eTnonim `henioxSi~ gamoyofda hen- fuZes[175]. aRsaniSnavia, rom lingvisturi monacemebis
safuZvelze, b. gigineiSvili Seecada daesabuTebina eTnonimebis `henioxisa~ da
`Wanis~ identuroba. misi azriT, heni-(o)-xi Wanebis (igive sanebis) svanuri
saxelwodebaa da saerTo qarTveluri *w1enisagan unda momdinareobdes; qarTulSi
misi kanonzomieri Sesatyvisi *weni unda yofiliyo, zanurSi ki _ Wani[176]. T. yauxCiSvilis SexedulebiT, aseTi varaudi
mraval dabrkolebas awydeba, magram Tavad Sexedulebas henioxebis dasavlurqarTuli
(svanuri an zanuri) kuTvnilebis Sesaxeb igi iziarebs[177].
henioxTa dasavlurqarTul kuTvnilebas,
SewsaZloa, swored winakoloniur periodSi md. rionis auzSi maTi binadrobis zemomoyvanili
cnoba mowmobdes, rac, amave dros, ufro gviandel xanebSi, CrdiloeTisaken maTi
gadanacvlebis sasargeblodac unda metyvelebdes da risTvisac, rogorc fiqroben,
kolxebis md. fasisze (rionze) gabatonebas unda Seewyo xeli[178]. msgavsi viTareba TiTqos asaxulia `argonavtikis~
ax. w. I s. epikosi poetis valerius flakusiseul versiaSi[179], romelSic kolxebis mefis asulis medeas ZiZad
henioxi qalia dasaxelebuli, es ki mkvlevarTa azriT, urTierTobis garkveul etapze
henioxebis kolxebisadmi daqvemdebarebuli mdgomareobis gamomxatvelia[180].
yuradRebas ipyrobs agreTve is garemoeba, rom
adreul cnobaTa umravlesoba, sadac henioxebi Crdilo-aRmosavleT SavizRvispireTSi
arian dasaxelebuli, maTi iq egeosuri samyarodan gadmosaxlebas iuwyeba. garda
dionisios periegetisa da sxva avtorebis mier henioxebis pelasgTa naSierebad
gamocxadebisa, pelasgur samyarosTan maT siaxloveze SesaZloa miuniSnebdes
antikuri epoqis avtorebis mier henioxebis tomis warmomavlobis dakavSirebis cda
iasonis TanamolaSqreebis, tyupi Zmebis _ dioskurebis meetlebTan, im faqtis
gaTvaliswinebiT, rom iasoni da sazogadod argonavtebi pelasgebad miiCneodnen
(ix. qvemoT). aRsaniSnavia, rom eTnonim `henioxs~ (Ήνίοχοι) Zveli avtorebi Cveulebriv ganmartaven
`meetlis~ aRmniSvneli berZnuli terminiT ἡνίοχος (mr. r. ἡνίοχοι). henioxebisa da dioskurebis urTierTkavSiri
Cans pomponius melas im cnobidanac, rom qalaqi dioskuria (Dioscurias) henioxTa miwaze dioskurebma daarses[181]; xolo pliniusis mixedviT, es qalaqi daarses
TviT `meetleebma~, romelTaganac warmoiSva /27/ henioxTa tomi[182].
ax. w. I s. avtoris, pompous trogusis
mixedviT, romlis Txzuleba ax. w. II-III ss. moRvawis, iustinusis redaqciiTaa
Semonaxuli, iasoni mravali wlis Semdeg ukan brundeba kolxeTSi da samefo taxts
ubrunebs Tavis simamrs aietess, romlisTvisac mtrebs samefo waurTmeviaT. Semdeg
iasons didi brZolebi gadauxdia mezoblebTan da dapyrobili miwa-wylis nawili
aietesis samefoebisaTvis SeuerTebia, xolo nawili Tavis TanamolaSqreebisaTvis
gauyvia; maT Soris, dioskurebis _ kastorisa da poluqsis meetleebisaTvis,
frigiasisa da amfistratosisaTvis[183]. dionisios periegetis `dedamiwis
aRwerilobis~ evstati Tesalonikiseuli komentariT, ax. w. II-III ss. miTografosi
qaraqs pergamoneli iuwyeboda, rom, rodesac argonavtebi kolxeTisaken mravali
xomaldiT gamgzavrebulan da ara mxolod `argoTi~, erT-erT xomalds gezi arevia da
masze myofi dioskurebis anu tindaridebis (maTi mamis, spartis mefis tindareosis
saxelidan) meetleebs napirze gadmosvlisas Zalaufleba xelSi CaugdiaT; maTgan
adgilobrivma tomebma henioxebisa da tindaridebis, xolo qalaqma _ dioskuriadis
saxeli miiiRo[184]. aRsaniSnavia, rom amianus marcelinusTan
dasaxelebuli dioskurebis erT-erTi meetle kerkiusi[185], T. yauxCiSvilis azriT, SesaZloa
warmoadgenda Crdilo-aRmosavleT SavizRvispireTSi mcxovrebi kerketebis tomis
eTnarq-eponims[186].
dionisios periegetis mier, henioxebTan erTad
pelasgTa naSierebad miCneuli zigiebi, romelTac Cveulebriv afxazur-adiRuri
modgmis tomebTan jiqebTan aigiveben[187], henioxebis msgavsad, garda
Crdilo-aRmosavleT SavizRvispireTisa, samxreT SavizRvispireTSic Canan; kerZod,
maT ukavSireben trapezuntis samxreTiT strabonis mier moxseniebuli qalaqis
zigopolisis saxelwodebas[188]. es toponimi dRemdea SemorCenili am mxareSi
ziganis qedisa da uReltexilis saxelwodebebSi. amave dros, ziganis uReltexilisa
da iqve mdebare daba ziganis saxelwodebas ukavSireben persepolisis maxloblad
qaaba-i-zardoStSi napovn, adresasaniduri xanis iranis Sahis Sapur I-is (ax. w.
242-272 ww.) samenovani warweris parTul-falaur teqstSi, sasanuri saxelmwifos
SemadgenlobaSi Semaval qveynaTa da xalxTa Soris dasaxelebul Syk(r?)n-s, romelsac berZnuli teqstis Μαχελονία /28/ Seesatyviseba da, romelsac zogierTi
mkvlevari SavizRvispireTis `maxelonebisa da henioxebis samefosTan~ aigivebs[189]. Tumca, gamoTqmulia varaudi, qaaba-i-zardoStis
warweraSi moxseniebuli qveynis aRmosavleT amierkavkasiaSi lokalizebis
SesaZleblobaze (ix. qvemoT).
K
kidev erTi tomi, romelic gvxvdeba, rogorc
aRmosavleT SavizRvispireTis CrdiloeT seqtorSi, aseve samxreTSic _ kerketebia.
antikuri epoqis mwerlebi maT Cveulebriv Crdilo-aRmosavleT SavizRvispireTSi,
aqaiebisa da henioxebis mezoblebad asaxeleben[190]. garda amisa, yuradReba eqceva im
garemoebas, rom samxreT da aRmosavleT SavizRvispireTSi dadasturebulia satomo
saxel `kerketTan~ sakmaod axlo mdgomi formebis arseboba, ekeqerielebis[191], ekrektikis[192], kegritikis[193] saxiT[194], xolo straboni pirdapir aRniSnavs, rom
trapezuntis, farnakiisa da mcire armeniis maxloblad cxovroben apaitebi,
uwindeli kerkitebi[195].
mkvlevarTa mier wamoyenebulia Sexeduleba,
samxreT SavizRvispireTSi mcxovrebi mosinikebis saxelwodebis Crdilo-aRmosavlel
SavizRvispireli sanigebis saxelisagan qarTuli m- prefiqsis darTviT
warmomavlobis Taobaze[196]. gansxvavebuli azri aqvs gamoTqmuli T.
miqelaZes; man mosinikebis satomo saxeli daukavSira svanebis TviTdasaxelebis
erT-erT variants _ `muSuns romelsac agreTve ax. w. pirveli saukuneebis
wyaroebSi damowmebul misimianTa tomis saxelTan aaxloeben[197] da SesaZleblad miiCnia misimielebis
gaigiveba samxreT-aRmosavleT SavizRvispireTidan mosul mosin-mosinikebis tomTan;
T. miqelaZis azriT, es garemoeba, samxreTuli eTnonimiis CrdiloeTSi ganmeorebis
gaTvaliswinebiT, unda naTelyofdes eTnikuri jgufebis moZraobis mimarTulebas
samxreTidan CrdiloeTisaken[198].
Cven, ar gamovricxavT ra eTnikuri jgufebis
moZraobis aRniSnuli mimarTulebis realurobas, amave dros vfiqrobT, rom
qsenofontis mier nauwyebi faqti mosinikebis xalibebze gabatonebisa[199], zogierT sxva niSanTan erTad, kerZod,
samxreTeT SavizRvispirel tomebTan SedarebiT maTi sazogadoebrivi ganviTarebis
dabali done da gansxvavebuli Cvevebi, agreTve, TvalSisacemad ufro Ria
pigmentacia[200], mosinikebSi TiTqos CrdiloeTidan
Se/29/moWril mosaxleobas unda gvavaraudinebdes. g. meliqiSvilis SeniSvniT,
Crdilokavkasiuri da Crdilokolxuri saxelwodebebis gaCena samxreT-aRmosavleT
SavizRvispireTSi SeeZlo gamoewvia Zv. w. VIII-VII ss. kimeriul-skviTuri tomebis
aq SemoWras da ufro mogvianebiT momxdar gadaadgilebebs[201]. Tumca, zogierTi `Crdilouri ieris~ mqone
saxelwodeba, albaT arc iyo CrdiloeTidan Semotanili; magaliTad, satomo saxel
`kerketTan~ miaxloebul zemoT moyvanil samxreTul saxelwodebebSi mkvlevrebi
dasavlurqarTul `egr~ Zirs gamoyofen da gamoricxulad ar miiCneven, saxelwodeba
`kerketis~ amave Ziridan warmoqmnas[202]. gasaTvaliswinebelia Crdilo-aRmosavleT
SavizRvispireTSi eTnonim `mosxis~ dadasturebis faqtic (ix. qvemoT), Tuki masSi
samxreTuli warmomavlobis tomi igulisxmeba. yuradRebas ipyrobs agreTve zemoT
moyvanili cnoba, henioxebis pelasgur Camomavlobaze, rac iqneb Crdilo-aRmosavleT
SavizRvispireTSi samxreTidan maTi gavrcelebis mauwyebeli iyos; rodesac antikur
wyaroebSi Savi zRvis tomTa pelasguri warmomavloba aRiniSneba, aseTi tomebi,
ZiriTadad, samxreT SavizRvispireTSi arian xolme lokalizebulni.
pelasguri migraciis erT-erT Semadgenel
nawilad, rogorc irkveva, xalibebic miiCneodnen. Zv. w. I s. poetis vergiliusis
`georgikebis~ sqolionis mixedviT, xalibebs, rkinis aRmomCen toms pontoSi,
saxeli ewoda evbeis sofel xalibiumidan, radgan isini aqedan gadasaxlebulan[203]. iuniliusisadmi miwerili es ganmarteba m.
Sancis azriT, ekuTvnis iunius filargiriuss, romelsac xelT bevri Zveli wyaro
hqonia[204]. amgvarad, sqoliastis monacemebis
gaTvaliswinebiT, gamodis, rom xalibebic imave kunZul evbeidan (makrisidan)
arian gadmosaxlebulni pontoSi, saidanac antikuri eroqis avtorebis cnobiT,
makronebic wamosulan.
Zneli saTqmelia, Tu ramdenad sandoa
xalibebisa da makronebis evbeidan gadmosaxlebis cnoba, magram xalibebisa da
makronebis erTidaimave kunZulidan gamoyvana, albaT unda miuTiTebdes im
garemoebaze, rom isini axlomonaTesave tomebad iyvnen miCneulni. es, orive am
tomis dasavlurqarTuli (zanuri) samyarosadmi kuTvnilebiTac dasturdeba. Rogorc
zemiT aRvniSnavdiT, makronebi ZvelTaganve Wanebad iyvnen miCneulni, /30/ xolo
xalibebi, strabonis mowmobiT, mis dros xaldebad (Χαλδαῖοι) iwodebodnen[205]; xaldebisa da Wanebis identuroba ki SemCneuli
hqondaT jer kidev adreuli Sua saukuneebis somex avtorebs. anonimuri `somxuri
geografiis~ mixedviT, romelsac VII s. filosofoss anania Sirakacs miaweren,
kolxida anu egeri iyofa oTx provinciad: manrili, egrevika, lazivi da WaneTi,
romelic aris xaltiqi (ճանեթ որք են խադտիք)[206], xolo movses xorenacis cnobiT, romis
imperatori `tacitusi Tavisianebma mokles pontoelTa WanivqSi, e. i. xaltiqSi~[207]. miCneulia, rom saxelwodebebSi `xalibi~,
`xaldi~ da `xaltiqi~ gamoiyofa al- Ziri, gaformebuli sxvadasxva warmoSobis
mravlobiTi ricxvis sufiqsebiT, amasTanave, `xaltiqSi~ (resp. xaRtiqi) -ti sufiqss, somxuri enisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli
mravlobiTobis sufiqsi –k aqvs damatebuli[208].
xalibebisa Tu maTgan dasavleTiT mcxovrebi
mosaxleobis zanurenovnebis erT-erT sabuTs, SesaZloa warmoadgendes toponimi
Temiskira (Θεμίσκῦρα), Tanamedrove samsunis yuris aRmosavleTiT
lokalizebuli, im faqtis gaTvaliswinebiT, rom `skirze~ daboloebuli toponimebi
damaxasiaTebelia zanuri toponimiisaTvis da maT megrul-Wanur sityvas skirs _
`Svili~ ukavSireben[209]. T. miqelaZis varaudiT, radgan toponim
`TemiskiraSi~ boloswina xmovani berZnuli ι-nacvlad, υ-Tia gadmocemuli, xolo megrul-Wanuri `skiris~
arqetipi *skჳri unda yofiliyo, amitom toponim Θεμίσκυρα-Si `vi~ kompleqsi iqneboda mocemuli[210]. amave varaudisaTvis damatebiT sabuTs unda
iZleodes, iqve, Termodontis velze, pomponius melas mier dasaxelebuli qalaqis _
Temiskuris (Themiscurum oppidum) saxelwodeba[211], romelic `Temiskiris~ variants unda
warmoadgendes. vfiqrobT, am toponimis mniSvnelobis dadgenisas, mxedvelobaSia
misaRebi megruli skur- elementis Semcveli im toponimebis arseboba, romlebic
upiratesad Releebis aRsaniSnavad gamoiyeneba da romelTac, rogorc Cans, unda
ukavSirdebodes megruli sityva squri (mSrali), noskiri (danaSrobi)[212]. im garemoebis gaTvaliswinebiT, rom sityva
`noskiridan~ nawarmoebi Cans Tanamedrove soflis nosiris saxelwodeba[213], romelic, s. yauxCiSvilis varaudiT, SesaZloa
jer kidev bizantiis imperatoris iustinianes mier kolxeTSi agebuli cixe-simagris
losorionis, igive lisirisis saxelwode/31/baSi iyo asaxuli[214], macdunebeli xdeba Temiskiris dablobze
mosaxle sirebis (levkosirebis) tomis[215] saxelwodebis zanur skir || skur ZirTan
dakavSirebis SesaZlebloba.
egeosuri mosaxleobis SavizRvispireTisaken
swrafvis erT-erT yvelaze adreul gamoxatulebas argonavtebis miTi warmoadgens.
marTalia, specialur literaturaSi gamoTqmulia azri, rom argonavtebis laSqrobis
obieqts Tqmulebis uZveles variantSi kolxeTi ki ar warmoadgenda, aramed
legendaruli qveyana aia, romelic TiTqos `qveynis kideze~, eTiopiaSi mdebareobda[216], magram ukanaskneli xanebis kvleva-Ziebis
Sedegebis mixedviT, naTeli xdeba am Tqmulebis dasabamiTganve mWidro kavSiri
pontospireTTan.
`argonavtebis Tqmulebis~ kolxeTis mefis
aietesis mier Tavisi samemkvidreos _ pelasguri efires (korinTo) mitoveba da
kolxeTis miwisaken gamgzavreba, rac nauwyebia Zv. w. VIII s. epikosis, evmelos
korinTelis `korinTiahaSi~, berZnul wyaroebSi kolxeTis xsenebis yvelaze adreul
faqtad iTvleba[217]. amave saukunis Sua xanebs ganekuTvneba
urartus mefis sarduri II-is warwera, sadac moxeniebulia `kulxas qveyana~,
romelsac kolxeTTan aigiveben; rogorc cnobilia, urartuli lursmuli damwerloba `o~
xmovans `u~-Ti gadascemda[218]. Zv. w. VIII s. TariRdeba, agreTve,
`argonavtebis miTis~ Cinebuli mcodnis, didi epikosis hesiodes poema `Teogonia~,
sadac sxva mdinareebTan erTad fasisi da resosia CamoTvlili[219]. SesaZloa, hidronim fasisTan iyos
dakavSirebuli Zv. w. XII s. asureTis mefis TiglaT-fileser I-is warwerebis mier
aRmosavleT anatoliaSi moxseniebuli abeSlas tomis saxelwodeba[220], im garemoebis gaTvaliswinebiT, rom Zv. w. V
s. bolos qsenofonti miaxloebiT imave regionSi iuwyeba fasianebis tomis
arsebobas, md. arezis zemo wells ki fasisis saxelwodebiT icnobs[221], Tumca, misTvis nacnobia SavizRvispireTis
fasisic, sadac fasianTa qveyana mdebareobda da aietesis SviliSvili mefobda[222]. savaraudoa, rom, qsenofontis msgavsad,
herodotec saxelwodeba `fasisiT~, md. rionis garda[223] md. arezsac aRniSnavda; es Cans, mis mier
moyvanili, skviTebis im sityvebidan, romlebic gvauwyeben, rom isini Seecdebian
midiaSi SeWras mdinare fasisis gaswvriv da mouwodebdnen /32/ spartelebs
efesodan daZruliyvnen da sadme qveynis SigniT maT Sexvedrodnen[224]. radgan, sxva SemTxvevaSi herodotes,
ZiriTadad, sworada aqvs am mdinaris saxelwodeba aRniSnuli, rogorc araqsi
(arezi), savaraudo xdeba, rom saxelwodeba `fasisiT~, md. arezis mxolod zemo
weli moixsenieboda. sayuradReboa md. Woroxis mimarT saxelwodeba `afsarosis~
gamoyenebis faqti[225], romelic bizantiuri xanis wyaroebSi da maT
Tanadroul qarTul TargmanebSi `fsarosis~ formiT aris cnobili[226]. md. fasisis samxreTuli lokalizaciis
sasargeblod, SesaZloa is garemoebac mowmobdes, rom masTan antikuri wyaroebis
mixedviT, ganuyoflad dakavSirebuli mxare _ kolxeTi, rogorc fiqroben,
Tavdapirvelad istoriuli kolxeTis samxreTiT mdebareobda[227]. herodote xazgasmiT imowmebs im faqts, rom
argonavtebi aia-kolxeTSi Cavidnen[228], amis safuZvelze T. miqelaZe varaudobs, rom
herodotes amiT SeiZleba surda ganesxvavebina aia-kolxeTi misi Tanamedrove
rion-fasisis kolxeTisagan; gasaTvaliswinebelia, qsenofontis mier qalaq
trapezuntis mxareSi kolxebis moxsenieba Zv. w. IV s. dasawyisSi[229].
samxreTSavizRvispireTul samyarosTan kolxebis
dakavSirebisas, mxedvelobaSi misaRebia agreTve Sexeduleba, maTi saxelwodebis
msgavsebis Sesaxeb spilenZis aRmniSvnel berZnul sityvasTan χαλκός, romlisganac, rogorc fiqroben, nawarmoebia eTnonimi xalibi
(Χάλῶβες), bosforis srutis aziur napirze mdebare
qalkedonisa
(Χαλκηδών) da Trakiuli mxaris qalkidikes (Χαλκιδική) saxelebi, kunZul evbeis saxelwodeba _ xalkisi (Χαλκίς)[230]. i. otkupSCikovis mier gamoTqmuli varaudiT, vinaidan toponimi
Χαλκηδών-i, Tavdapirvelad unda gvxvdebodes xolme Καλχηδών-formiT, romelSic iolad gamoiyofa sufiqsialuri –δών, SesaZlebloba iqmneba qveynis saxelwodeba _ Κολχίς etimologiuri TvalsazrisiT gauTanabrdes toponim Χαλκίς-s _ `spilenZiT mdidari qveyana~[231]. egeb, ZvelberZnuli warmodgena argonavtebis
laSqrobis mxareze _ liTonebiT mdidar qveyanaze, pontospireTis berZnebis mier
TandaTanobiT aTvisebasTan erTad, sul ufro Sors, aRmosavleTisaken inacvlebda,
amaZonelTa qveynis Sesaxeb Tqmulebis msgavsad[232]. amave dros, savaraudoa, rom samxreT
Savi/33/zRvispireTSi realurad mimdinare tomTa migraciebsac, romelTa kvali
antikuri epoqis samxreT da aRmosavleT SavizRvispireTis toponimiaSi mZlavrad
aris asaxuli, xeli unda Seewyo warmodgeneTa msgavsi monacvleobisaTvis.
tradiciuli SexedulebiT, `argonavtebis miTi~
trois omze ufro adreul xanas miekuTvneba, amdenad miTSi aRwerili ambis uZvelesi
plasti Zv. w. XIII s. ufro gviani xaniT ar unda TariRdebodes. Mis siZveles
mowmobs Tundac homerosis `odiseaSi~ naxsenebi, `yvelasaTvis sanukvari sazRvao
xomaldi `argo~~[233]. trois omis winamorbed xanaSi mcire aziaSi
Zlieri iyo xeTuri saxelmwifoebrioba da kulturuli tradiciebi; amasTanave,
centraluri anatoliis CrdiloeT nawilSi jer kidev SemorCenili iyo winaxeTuri,
xaTuri tradiciebi, romelTa Soris mniSvnelovan rols asrulebda, cxvris an Txis
tyavis (sawmisis) kulti, romlis mimarTebas `argonavtebis miTis~ sawmisTan
sagangebo naSromi miuZRvna germanelma mecnierma f. haasma[234]. argonavtebis mogzaurobis mTavari mizani _
sawmisi, xeTur religiur ritualebSi ganayofierebis, samefo keTildReobisa da
laSqrobis damcveli RvTaebis simbolos warmoadgenda da inaxeboda omis RvTaebis _
zababas taZrebSi[235]. xeTuri `Telefinus miTis~ mixedviT, sawmisi
an muxaze ekida, romlis qveS ganayofierebis urCxuli ijda, anda deda RvTaeba xanxanas
wminda mindorze, Tasze ido; sawmisian muxis xes gansakuTrebuli adgili xaTuri
qalaqis neriqis sakulto ritualebSi ekava[236]. antikuri warmodgenebiT, sawmisi md. fasisis
piras, omis RvTaeba aresis WalaSi muxaze iyo Camokiduli da mas gveleSapi
darajobda[237]. antikuri epoqis wyaroebis mixedviT, aresis
kulti damaxasiaTebelia pontoSi mosaxle tomebisaTvis; kolxebisa[238] da skviTebis[239] garda, mis Tayvanismcemlebad Canan xalibebi
da amaZonebi, romlebic aresis STamomavlebad iTvlebodnen[240]. sagulisxmoa, rom homerosis cnobiT, aresi
troelebs elinTa winaaRmdeg exmareboda[241].
xeTuri ritualebis sawmisi mWidro kavSirSia
xaTur vegetaciur qalRmerT inarasTan (argonavtebis Tqmulebis mede/34/as
prototipi)[242]. `iluianqas miTis~ mixedviT, inara, ubralo
mokvdavi mamakacis xufasias (iasonis prototipi) daxmarebiT, amarcxebs iluianqa
gveleSaps, mis mier gadaylapuli amindis (Weqa-quxilis) RvTaebis dasaxsnelad;
inarac, medeas msgavsad, amisaTvis, upirveles yovlisa, urCxuls aZinebs[243]. `argonavtebis Tqmulebis~ analogiurad,
qorwinebis saSualebiT gmiris mier miznis miRwevis Tema mocemulia `iluianqas
miTis~ meore versiaSic, sadac amindis RvTaebis vaJs colad mohyavs iluianqas
qaliSvili da mamamiss iluianqas mier misgan amoglejil sxeulis nawilebs
ubrunebs, ris Semdegac, gamrTelebuli amindis RvTaeba klavs iluianqas zRvis
napirTan[244]. `argonavtebis Tqmulebis~ erT-erTi variantis
mixedviT, romelic Zv. w. V s. dourisiosis moxatul kilikis fskerzea gamosaxuli,
sawmisiani vaSlis xis qveS gawolili gveleSapis xaxidan ukan amoityorcneba
gonebadakarguli iasoni, rogorc Cans, gveleSapis pirispir mdgomi qalRmerTis _
aTena paladas zemoqmedebis Sedegad[245], romelic gvelebis mfarvelad iTvleboda[246]. sayuradReboa, rom aTenas atributebad busa
da gvelis garda, miiCneoda meduzisTaviani egisi _ Txis tyavis safari[247]. oqros sawmisis motacebis amsaxvel, or sxva
scenaze, romlebic Zv. w. V s. atikur kraterebzea gamosaxuli, gvelis Tavis zeda
nawili, mkvlevarTa azriT, falosTanaa mimsgavsebuli[248]; safiqrebelia, rom es garemoeba unda
exmianebodes xeTuri miTologiis sawmisiani xis qveS mjdom ganayofierebis
urCxuls. f. haazis SexedulebiT, urCxulis mier gmiris gadaylapvis motivi,
uaxlovdeba qarTul miTs promeTes Sesaxeb, sadac gveleSapis mier Caylapuli
amirani mucels ufatravs mas da gareT gamodis[249].
argonavtebis laSqrobis centraluranatoliuri
lokalizaciis sasargeblod TiTqos unda metyvelebdes ax. w. V s. didi kapadokieli
RvTismetyvelis grigol nazianzelis sityvebi, Tqmuli mis TanamoRvaweze basil
didze, romelic warmoSobiT pontoeli iyo, md. likosis (Tanamedrove kelkiT-Cais)
xeobidan; grigol nazianzeli basil kabadukielis winaprebis Sesaxeb werda, rom
pontos qveyana maT Sesaxeb iseT ambebs mogviTxrobs, romlebic ar Camouvardeba
pontosave im Zvel sakvirvelebebs, romlebiTac savsea wignebi[250]. XI s. qarTveli moRvawis efrem mciris
komentariT, grigol nazianzels nagu/35/lisxmebi hqonia qsenofontisa da
polibioisis naSromebi, agreTve apolonios rodoselis `argonavtika~[251]. magram, vinaidan, apolonios rodoselis
`argonavtikis~ moqmedebis asparezi md. fasisis dablobia, safiqrebeli xdeba, rom
grigol nazianzels imave wyaroTi unda esargebla, romliTac Zv. w. III s. poet
likofron qalkidels, rodesac `kasandraSi~, iasons ligistikur kჳტაჲaSi misuls uwodebda[252], Tuki mas `ligistikurSi~ mdinare likosi _
kelkiT-Cai eqneboda nagulisxmevi. magram, amave dros, gasaTvaliswinebelia, rom
apolonios rodoselisaTvis `likosi~, mariandinebis qveynis mdinaresa da md.
fasisis Senakadsac hqvia[253]. rogorc klavdios ptolemaiosis `geografiul
saxelmZRvanelosTan~ SeTanapirebidan irkveva, sadac md. likosi md. afsarosis
erT-erT Senakadad aris dasaxelebuli[254], apolonios rodoselis is `fasisi~, romlis
Senakadic `likosia~, md. Woroxi unda yofiliyo (ix. qvemoT). am mxriv yuradRebas
ipyrobs agreTve vaxuSti batoniSvilis mier md. Woroxis qvemo welze moxseniebuli
liganis xeoba[255]. e. xinTibiZis varaudiT, grigol nazianzelis
cnoba, ZiriTadad, ganpirobebuli unda yofiliyo im garemoebiT, rom misi
droisaTvis kolxeTi ukve didi xnis ganmavlobaSi pontos SemadgenlobaSi Sedioda,
romlisganac arc Tavisi eTnikuri xasiaTiT iyo didad gansxvavebuli[256]. msgavsi Sexeduleba gansakuTrebiT mkafiod
SeiniSneba ax. w. IV s. filosofosisa da oratoris Temistiosis sityvaSi, rom man
`ritorikis nayofni mowyvita… pontos boloSi, fasisis maxloblad… sadac cnobilia
Termodoti, amaZonT saomari saqmeebi da Temiskviri~[257]. aSkaraa, rom TemistiosisaTvis ponto da
kolxeTi erT qveynad aRiqmeba sadac fasisic aris da Termodontic. ukanasknel
xanebSi, i. diakonovis mier gamoTqmuli mosazrebis Tanaxmad, qsenofontis cnobebi[258] cxadyofen, rom Zv. w. I aTaswleulis Sua
xanebSi unda arsebuliyo SavizRvispireTis mileTuri koloniebis federacia `pontos~
(Πόντος) saxelwodebiT, romlis SemadgenlobaSic
SesaZloa fasisic Sedioda[259]. /36/
`argonavtebis Tqmulebis~ oqrossawmisiani
qveynis adgilmdebareobis dadgenisaTvis garkveuli mniSvneloba eniWeba
Sexedulebas sawmisis aRmniSvneli berZnuli sityvis κῶας-is (uZvelesi forma κῶυ) tyavis aRmniSvnel qarTul tyav-, dasavlurqarTul (zanur)
tyou-tkov-, saerToqarTvelur tyav- sityvidan warmomavlobis Sesaxeb[260]. niSandoblivia agreTve isic, rom warmodgena
wminda xeze Camokiduli sawmisis Sesaxeb Semonaxulia dasavlurqarTul kulturul
samyaroSi, kerZod, svanur dResaswaulebSi[261]. egeb, erTi da igive Ziri SesaZloa gamoiyos
sawmisis aRmniSvnel xeTuri sityvidan kurša da analogiuri Sinaarsis mqone Wanuri
sityvidan _ kiribiSi, romelic miCneulia miRebulad zanuri kჳrbisagan (kravi)[262]; yuradRebas ipyrobs aRmosavlurqarTul
dialeqtebSi dadasturebuli samsxverplo mozveris an sazogadod Sewiruli cxovelis
saxelwodebac _ kurati[263], romelic kurvas (patara kuro) msgavsad
kurosagan (daukodavi xari) aris nawarmoebi[264].
miuxedavad im garemoebebisa, rom TiTqos
moipoveba safuZveli `oqros sawmisis qveynis~ qarTveulur samyarosTan da kerZod
SavizRvispireTTan dakavSirebisaTvis, Znelia konkretulad imis Tqma, rom
Tavdapirvelad igi Tanamedrove kolxeTis dablobze igulisxmeboda, vinaidan
samxrteT SavizRvispireTSi qarTveluri wrmomavlobis mqone tomebis farTo
gansaxlebas unda hqonoda adgili.
xeTuri xanis centraluri anatoliis CrdiloeT
raionebSi sawmisis kultis arsebobis faqts TiTqos ramdenadme exmianeba strabonis
cnoba, m. halisis qvemo welis marjvena napirze mdebare gazelonitidis mxareSi.
mTels kapadokiasa da pontospireTSi gamorCeuli wvrilsawmisiani da rbilmatyliani
cxvris jiSis arsebobis Sesaxeb[265]. aRsaniSnavia isic, rom halisi oqroTi mdidar
mdinared iTvleboda[266], xolo oqros sawmisi oqros simbolur
gamoxatulebad aris miCneuli. SemTxveviTi ar unda iyos oqros sawmisis kavSiri
kolxeTTan, sadac, antikur xanaSi arsebuli warmodgeniT, oqromravali kolxebi
cxovrobdnen[267]. strabonis azriT, miTi oqros sawmisis
Sesaxeb Seqmnilia im faqtis gaTvaliswinebiT, rom kavkasionTan mcxovrebi svanebi
mTis niaRvrebSi Cafenili banjgvliani tyavebis meSveobiT agrovebdnen o qros[268]. Zv. w. IV s. avtoris palefatis Txzulebis
`daujerebelTa Sesaxeb~ cnobiT, zogierTebis azriT, /37/ friqses verZis tyavi
oqrosi iyo[269]. Zv. w. I _ ax. w. I ss. romaeli poetis
ovidius nazonis sityvebiT, iasonma mas Semdeg, rac kolxeTSi oqros xis mcveli
gveleSapi daaZina da oqros sawmiss daeufla, medeasTan erTad Tavis samemkvidreo
iolkosSi (Tesalia) gaitaca igi[270]. aRsaniSnavia, rom xeTuri ritualuri sawmisi
oqrosagan damzadebuli `mzis diskoTi~ yofila xolme morTuli[271]. am garemoebas xom ar exmianeba ioane
ceceseuli likofronis `kasandras~ komentari, romlis mixedviT, diomedi sawmisis
saZebrad kolxeTidan ioniis ZRvaSi, feakebTan Casul urCxuls klavs mas Semdeg,
rac es ukanaskneli mzeze molaplape fars SecdomiT oqros sawmisad miiCnevs da
misken gaeSureba[272].
samefos mfarveli wminda cxvris tyavis xaTuri
warmomavlobis centraluranatoliuri idea, f. haasis azriT, mikenur-berZnul
samyaroSi oqros sawmisis saxiT aris warmodgenili da misi axsna mocemulia
peloponesur pelopidTa samefo dinastiis Sesaxeb arsebul legendaSi, romlis
mixediT, oqros sawmisi TviT samefos ganasaxierebda[273]. sagulisxmoa, rom arqeologiuri masala adasturebs
mikenur saberZneTsa da centraluri anatoliis CrdiloeT nawils Soris kontaqtebis
arsebobas, rac Tavis mxriv sakmaod myar safuZvels uqmnis Sexedulebas
argonavtebis miTis arqaulobaze da cxadyofs Zv. w. II aTaswleulis Suaxanebidan
samxreT pontospireTisadmi egeosuri samyaros mzard interess. am interesis
umTavres obieqts, iseve, rogorc ufro adre, asureli kolonistebis dros,
warmoadgenda centraluri anatoliis unikaluri simdidre liTonis wiaRiseuliT da aq
arsebuli spilenZis, vercxlis, oqros, brinjaos da rkinis metalurgiis maRali done[274]. ukanasknel xanebSi Turqma arqeologma T.
iozgiuCma md. ieSil-irmakis xeobaSi mdebare Zegl maSaTSi gamoavlina
gvianheladuri IIIB periodis mikenuri keramika[275], riTac, nawilobriv mainc misaRebi gaxada
Zvel samsunSi (amisosSi) adreve mopovebuli is Tanadrouli masala, romelic
gaTxrebis viTarebis arcodnis gamo, sandod ar miiCneoda[276]. Zvel samsunSi napovn nivTebs Soris,
yuradRebas ipyrobs cxvris terakotuli gamosaxuleba, tanze grafito warweriT,
romelsac a. evansi a-xazovani minosuri damwerlobis nimuSad miiCnevda[277]. /38/
amrigad, arqeologiuri monacemebis
gaTvaliswinebiTac SeiZleba iTqvas, rom berZnuli legenda, trois omis winamorbed
xanaSi avtolikesa da misi megobrebis samxreT pontospireTSi laSqrobis Sesaxeb[278] da amasTan erTad `argonavtebis miTic~,
egeosiszRvispireTsa da pontospireTs Soris realurad arsebuli urTierTobis
safuZvelzea aRmocenebuli. xolo Sexedulebas imis Taobaze, rom am or regions
Soris ormocxofiani xomaldis Seqmnamde, anu Zv. w. VII s., egeosis zRvis Sav
zRvasTan damakavSirebel sruteebSi (gansakuTrebiT bosforis sruteSi) Zlieri
sawinaaRmdego dinebis arsebobis gamo SeuZlebeli iyo naosnoba[279], aqarwyleben, rogorc sakuTriv fizikuri
geografiis monacemebi[280], aseve britaneli mecnierisa da mogzauris T.
severinis mier 1984 w. zafxulSi Catarebuli eqspediciis Sedegebi, rodesac Zv. w.
II aTaswleulis egeosuri samyarosaTvis tipiuri ocxofiani xomaldiT ganvlili iyo
argonavtebisaTvis navaraudevi gza, saberZneTis qalaq volosidan md. rionis
SesarTavamde.
im mosazrebas, rom `argonavtebis miTi~ trois
omis winamorbed xanas ganekuTvneba, erTgvarad unda gamoxatavdes Zvel avtorebTan
damowmebuli cnobebi argonavtTa pelasgurobis Taobaze. SeniSnulia, rom homerosi
iliadis II simReraSi, e. w. xomaldTa katalogSi, berZenTa banakidan calke
gamoyofs pelasgTa samkvidreblidan _ Tesaliidan mosul gmirebs da maT im siaSi
aTavsebs, romelsac `pelasgur argoss~ uwodebs, aq moxseniebul gmirTa Soris ki
arian xomald `argoTi~ kolxeTSi molaSqreTa Svilebi[281]. apolonios rodoselisaTvis Tesalielebi
pelasgebia, xolo Tesalia _ pelasgTa miwaa[282]. ovidius nazoni iasonis samSoblos qalaqebs _
pelasgur qalaqebs, xolo argonavtebs _ pelasgebs an miniebs uwodebs[283]. ax. w. V s. saeklesio moRvawe da poeti
sidoniusic, argos _ pelasgur xomalds, iasons _ pelasg gmirs, xolo argonavtebs _
miniebs uwodebs[284]. SeiZleba iTqvas, rom `argonavtebis
Tqmuleba~ mWidro kavSirSia antikur xanaSi gavrcelebul SexedulebasTan samxreT da
aRmosavleT pontospireTSi mosaxle tomebis pelasguri warmomavlobis Sesaxeb da
savaraudoa, rom masTan erTad, erTsadaima/39/ve movlenis, egeosuri mosaxleobis
pontospireTSi gansaxlebis amsaxveli unda iyos.
antikur mwerlobaSi gansakuTrebiT popularuli
iyo argonavtebisagan kavkasiis xalxTa warmoSobis Tema. `argonavtebis Tqmulebis~
TiTqmis yvela personaJi gaazrebuli iyo pontospireTisa da kavkasiis romelime qalaqis
an saxelmwifos damaarseblad, anda romelime xalxis eTnarq-eponimad[285]. ase, magaliTad, pomponius melas cnobiT,
mariandinebis qveyanaSi qalaqi heraklea argoseli herkulesis mier iyo agebuli[286]. enetebis qveynis qalaqis amastrisis
Semadgenel nawils _ qalaq kitorums saxeli friqses Zis, aietesis SviliSvilis
kitorosisagan miuRia; am cnobas straboni efoross dasesxebia[287]. avtolikosi qalaq sinopes damaarseblad
iTvleboda[288]. plutarqes mixedviT, avtolikoss herkulesTan
erTad amaZonebze ulaSqria da ukan dabrunebisas sinopi waurTmevia sirebisaTvis,
romlebic apolonis Zis sirisa da asopes asulis sinopes STamomavlebi yofilan[289]. iasonis TanamebrZoli fTieli-aqaielebi
dasaxlebulan pontos Crdilo-aRmosavleT napirze, maT mezoblad henioxeTSi ki _
lakonelebi[290]. pliniusi iuwyeba, rom arsebobda cnoba
kavkasiis albanelebis iasonisagan warmoSobis Sesaxeb[291], xolo pompous trogusis cnobiT, isini
italiidan gamohyolian herkuless[292]. herodotes SexedulebiT, Zveli saxeli `aria~
midias kolxi medeas iq Casvlis Semdeg Sescvlia[293]. strabonis azriT, midiaSi medea da iasoni
mefobdnen, xolo TviT qveyanas saxeli medeas Zis medosisagan Serqmevia[294]. analogiuri cnoba midiis saxelwodebis
Sesaxeb moepoveba hekateos miletels[295]. armenia strabonis cnobiT, saxeldebuli
yofila argonavt armenosidan, romelic Tesaliis qalaq armenionidan wamosula[296], xolo mis Tanamgzavrebs dausaxlebiaT
akilisena da sispiritida, asurul kalaxenemde da adiabenemde[297]. strabonisave cnobiT, iasons armenosTan
erTad kaspiis zRvamde miuRwevia da mounaxulebia iberia, albaneTi da armeniisa
da midiis didi nawili, risi niSanic iq arsebuli iasonis salocavebi da zogierTi
sxva Zegli yofila[298]. /40/
s. janaSias SexedulebiT, iasonis, rogorc
eTnarqis, moRvaweobis erT-erT mTavar sarbiels TiTqos mermindeli armeniis
teritoria warmoadgenda; am mxriv, mis yuradRebas ipyrobs strabonis sityvebi,
rom iasonma, da ara armenosma, gauWra kalapoti barSi tbad mdgar mdinare araqss
(arezi), Tesaliis tempes xeobis msgavsad[299]. im garemoebis gaTvaliswinebiT, rom md.
arezis zemo weli adre saspeჲr-iberebs ekavaT, xolo tacitusis cnobiT, iberebi
Tesalielebisagan warmoSobilan im dros, rodesac iasoni ukan dabrunda aietesis
dacarielebul sasaxleSi umefod darCenil kolxebTan[300], s. janaSia daaskvnis, rom iasoni iberTa
eTnarqi unda yofiliyo da igi unda igulisxmebodes strabonis mier moxseniebul
armenosis im TanamgzavrSi, vinc sispiritida daasaxla[301]; s. janaSias azriT, antikuri epoqis
wyaroebis mier iasonis kavkasiel xalxTa eTnarqad miCneva adgilobrivi,
kavkasiuri warmomavlobis mqone gadmocema unda yofiliyo da mas paralelebi
eZebneba qarTul saistorio mwerlobaSi Semonaxul TqmulebaSi arian-qarTvelTa mefis
Zis azos Sesaxeb[302].
`moqcevaჲ qarTlisaჲs~ da `qarTlis cxovrebaSi~ Semavali XI s. avtoris leonti
mrovelis `cxovreba qarTvelTa mefeTas~ cnobiT, qarTlSi gamolaSqrebulma aleqsandre
makedonelma mcxeTaSi mefed (`qarTlis cxovrebis~ mixedviT _ patrikad) masTan
xlebuli azo (`qarTlis cxovrebis~ _ azoni) daadgina (moqcevaჲ qarTlisaჲ, 320; leonti mroveli, I, 18). `moqcevaჲ qarTlisaჲs~ X s. Satberduli xelnaweriT: `...ese azoჲ warvida ar[i]an-qarTlad, mamisa Tჳsisa da warmoiyvana rvaჲ saxli da aTni saxlni mamamZuZeTani[303], da dajda Zuel mcxeTas da Tana-hyvandes
kerpni RmrTad _ gaci da ga, da ese iyo pirveli mefჱ mcxeTas Sina azoჲ, Zჱ arian-qarTvelTa mefisaჲ...~[304]. daviT aRmaSeneblis sulieri moZRvris
arsen beris (mas arsen iyalToelad miiCneven), `ninos cxovrebis~ metafrasuli
redaqciis avtoris, ganmartebiT: `Cven qarTvelni Svilni varT maT arian-qarTliT
gamosrulTani da enai maTi uwyiT, da yovelni mefeni qarTlisani amaT mefeTa
Svilis-Svilni arian~[305]. sawinaaRmdego
tendenciaa asaxuli leonti mrovelis TxzulebaSi; misTvis azoni, araqarTvelia,
makedonelia[306].
Tumca `qarTlis cxovrebis~ cnobaSic yura/41/dRebas ipyrobs erTi garemoeba;
miuxedavad imisa, rom aleqsandre makedoneli qarTlis dampyrobelia, matianeSi
xagasmulia, rom qarTlSi yofnisas man `mosrna da daatyuevna~ ucxotomelebi, xolo
`dautevna naTesavi qarTlosianni, da dauteva maT zeda patrikad azon, Ze
iaredosisi...~[307]. g. meliqiSvilis
varaudiT, saxeli `iaredosi~, `moqcevaჲ qarTlisaჲs~ teqstis `arian-qarTlis~ msgavsad
kavSirSia iseTi sityvebis ZirTan, rogoricaa: irani, ariana da a.S.[308].
mkvlevarTa saerTo azriT, `arian-qarTli~
Tanamedrove saqarTvelos samxreT-dasavleTiT aris saZebari. erT-erTi Sexedulebis
Tanaxmad `arian-qarTlSi~, SavSeT-klarjeTisa da kola-artaanis gamyofi arsianis
qedi unda igulisxmebodes[309]. magram am gaigivebas,
xels unda uSlides `qarTlis cxovrebis~ cnoba, rom azonis mokvlis da misi `spis~
damarcxebis Semdeg `warvida farnavaz da motyuena sazRvari saberZneTisa
anZianZora, da ekleciT Semoiqca. movida klarjeTs da daipyra klarjeTi, warmovida
mcxeTad sixaruliTa didiTa~[310]. farnavazis ase Sors,
samxreT-dasavleTSi SeWris varaudi saeWvos unda xdides arsianis qedis mxareSi an
klarjeTSi, azonis samSoblos danaxvis SesaZleblobas[311]. fonetikuri TvalsazrisiT
ufro misaRebi Cans, k. Tumanovis mier `arian-qarTlis~ klavdios ptolemaiosisa
`aranesa~[312]
da xeTuri wyaroebis haranasTan dakavSireba, romelic mcire somxeTSi mdebareobda,
Tabalis qveynis qalaqis Togorma/Tegarama/Til-garimus maxloblad[313]; vinaidan, q. Togormas
saxelwodeba ukavSirdeba haosisa da qarTlosis mamis Targamosis saxels, da
radganac es qalaqi ax. w. III s. sasuliero moRvawis ipolite romaelisadmi
miwerili `warmomavlobis wignis~ (Liber Generations) Tu `qronikebis~ mixedviT (rasac Zvel somex
mweralTa umravlesoba eyrdnoba) somexTa pirvelsacxovrisia, xolo tibaren-iberebi
Tabalis qveynidan arian gamosuli, k. Tumanovis azriT, dasaSvebi unda iyos, rom
yvela am gadmocemaSi, `arian-qarTlis~ Sesaxeb cnobis CaTvliT uZvelesi
adgilobrivi tradicia yofiliyo Semonaxuli[314]. rac Seexeba
Sexedulebas, rom `arian-qarTlSi~ ariuli qarTli anu aqemeniduri sparseTis
mflobelobaSi moqceuli samxreTqarTuli raionebi unda igulisxmebodnen, mas xels
unda uSlides is garemoeba, rom ZvelqarTulSi TiTqos ar /42/ dasturdeba sityva
`ariulis~ gamoyeneba `sparsulis~ mniSvnelobiT[315]. safiqrebelia, rom g.
meliqiSvilis varaudi, `arian-qarTlidan~ qarTvelTa gadmosaxlebis cnobaSi
samxreTidan, mcireaziuli, mesxuri elementis Sida qarTlSi gadmosaxlebis faqtis
arekvlis Taobaze, mesxebis (mosxebis) winasacxovrisad, Zv. w. I aTaswleulis Sua
xanebSi, albaT, centralur anatolias ufro unda saxavdes, vidre aRmosavleT
anatoliis mTianeTs, sadac isini qsenofontis `anabasisis~ monacemebis mixedviT
ar Canan[316].
Am mxriv, yuradRebas ipyrobs TviT g. meliqiSvilis mier adre gamoTqmuli
mosazreba, `arian-qarTlis~ md. halisis zemo dinebasTan mdebare olqTan,
xarsianTan gaigivebis Sesaxeb; saidanac, misi TqmiT, unda yofiliyvnen
muSqi-mosxebi qarTlSi gadmosulni[317].
gasuli saukunis samocdaaTiani wlebis
dasawyisSi axali xeTuri teqstis aRmoCenam, romelic SesaZleblobas iZleva xeTuri
xanis qalaqis calfuvas md. kizil-irmakis SesarTavTan lokalizebisa[318], dasaSvebi gaxada
agreTve centraluri anatoliis CrdiloeT nawilSi, calfuvasTan erTad xSirad
moxseniebuli qalaqis, arinas lokalizebac, romelic iyo xeTuri xanis erT-erTi
mniSvnelovani religiuri centri, saxelganTqmuli, mzis qalRmerT arinas (xaTuri
vurusemus) taZriT. iqneb am punqtis saxelwodeba daedo safuZvlad termin
`arian-qarTlis~, pirvel Semadgenel nawils `arians~. aRsaniSnavia, rom xeTur
xanaSi amave mxareSi dasturdeba toponimi Kartapaa (Katapa-s maxloblad), romelic grafikulad gadmoicema auKarta-au saxiT da sadac -au Crdiloanatoliuri toponimebisaTvis Cveuli sufiqsia[319]. xeTuri warwerebis
arinasa da qarTapaxas, `moqcevaჲ qarTlisaჲs~ `arian-qarTlTan~ dakavSirebis ZiriTad damabrkolebel
garemoebad, albaT is unda CaiTvalos, rom antikur xanaSi es toponimebi amave
mxareSi aRar gvxvdeba, mxolod strabons, ramdenadme ufro samxreTiT, qalaqi
karana aqvs dasaxelebuli[320]. Tumca, yuradRebas ipyrobs
is garemoeba, rom diodores cnobis, miTridatidebis pontos samefos fuZemdeblis
miTridate kioselis gamgeblobaSi myofi qalaqi arrina specialur literaturaSi
miCneulia dasavleTanatoliur, misiis qalaq karinad[321]. G. meliqiSvils
dasaSvebad miaCnia, rom swored miTridate kioselisadmi daqvemdebarebuli qalaqis
_ `arrinas~ saxelwodebidan unda iyos warmomdgari qarTuli `ariani~[322]; xolo, TviT /43/
miTridate kioseli, pontos samefos damaarsebeli da aqemeniduri sparseTis mefis
darios III satrapi, igive _ movses xorenaciseuli dariosis satrapi miTridate,
aleqsandre makedonelis mier iberTa mmarTvelad dadgenili, misi azriT, SesaZloa,
Seesabamebodes qarTuli wyaroebis azos[323].
movses xorenacisaTvis `arian-qarTli~
ucnobia. misi gadmocemiT, darehis naxarari mihrdati wamoiyvana aleqsandre didma
da mTavrad dausva nabuqodonosoris mier libielTa da iverTa qveynebidan tyved
moyvanil da pontos zRvis marjvena mxares dasaxlebul iverielTa modgmas, xolo mis
naSiers, aseve mihrdats somexTa mefem artaSesma CrdiloeTis mTebisa da pontos
gamgebloba miando[324]. vinaidan, movses
xorenaci SeniSnavs, rom iveria (veria) qveynierebis dasavleT sazRvarze
mdebareobs[325],
aSkara xdeba, rom iveriaSi igi pirenes naxevarkunZuls gulisxmobda. g.
meliqiSvilis mier gamoTqmuli varaudiT, `arian-qarTlis~ `ariani~ SesaZloa pireneis
(pirenes) damaxinjebis Sedegad iyos miRebuli[326]. marTlac, rogorc
cnobilia, antikur xanaSi gadmocema pontosTan mcxovrebi iberielebis dasavleTis
iberiidan gadmosaxlebis Taobaze farTod iyo gavrcelebuli da savsebiT
mosalodnelia mas Taviseburi asaxva qarTul matianeSic epovna.
antikuri epoqis mweralTa miTiTebis
Tanaxmad, cnoba babilonis mefis nabuqodonosor II-is (Zv. w. 605-562 ww.) mier
libiisa da iberiis dalaSqvris Sesaxeb, ekuTvnis Zv. w. IV-III ss. istorikossa
da politikur moRvazes, `indoeTis istoriis~ avtors megasTenes; ax. w. IV s.
avtoris evsebi kesarielis TxzulebaSi `saxarebisadmi winamomzadebaSi~ naTqvamia:
`vpove me agreTve abidenosis TxzulebaSi `asurelTa Sesaxeb~ nabuqodonosorze
Semdegi: megasTene ambobs, rom nabukodrosori herakleze ufro Zlevamosili iyo,
libiasa da iberiaze gailaSqra, daeufla da maTi nawili pontos marjvniv daasaxla~[327]. es cnoba nabuqodonosor
II-is mier afrikisa (libia) da pirenes naxevarkunZulis (iberia) dalaSqvris
Sesaxeb, ra Tqma unda legendarulia, magram cnobilia, rom man Zv. w. 597-586 ww.
iudeidan babilonSi gadaasaxla adgilobrivi mosaxleobis 20% da SesaZloa SeaRwia
egvipteSic. amis kvals, rogorc fiqroben, warmoadgens qalaq heliopolisis
maxloblad qalaq ba/44/bilonis daarsebis faqti[328]. g. meliqiSvili
SeniSnavs, rom Tqmulebebma qarTvelTa warmomavlobisa da saxelmwifos
Camoyalibebis sesaxeb, maTi fiqsirebis xanamde, gansxvavebuli istoriuli da
epikuri tradiciebis mqone axal momentebTan dakavSirebis Sedegad bevri cvlileba
da aRreva-gaerTianeba ganicades; kerZod, misi azriT, tyve-iberebis ambiT
gadmocemulia cnoba nabuqodonosoris mier ebraelTa samSoblodan ayris Sesaxeb[329].
aRniSnul sakiTxTan mimarTebaSi
gasaTvaliswinebeli Cans is garemoeba, rom nabuqodonosoris mier libia-iberiidan
wamoyvanili tyveebis Sesaxeb cnobas, TiTqos, ramdenadme exmianeba `qarTlis
cxovrebis~ Semdegi striqonebi: `nabuqodonosor mefeman warmostyuena ierusalimi,
da muniT otebulni uriani movides qarTls, da moiTxoves mcxeTeli mamasaxlisisagan
queyana xarkiTa. misca da dasxna aragusa zeda, wyarosa, romelsa hqჳan zanavi da romeli
queyana aqunda maT xarkiTa, aw hqჳan xerk xarkisa misTჳs~[330]. sayuradReboa agreTve
movses xorenacis SeniSvna, rom somexTa mefen _ `hraCiam sTxova nabuqodonosors
datyvevebul ebraelTa erTi meTaurTagani, saxelad SambaTi; man moiyvana, daasaxla
igi Cvens qveyanaSi da didi pativi miago. mematiane samarTlianad Tvlis, rom
misgan momdinareobs bagratunTa gvari~[331]. X s. bizantiis
imperatoris konstantine porfirogenetis cnobiT, iberielebi mogviTxroben, rom
maTi tomi ierusalimidan aris warmoSobili da, rom isini wamovidnen ierusalimidan
RvTis brZanebis momaswavebeli sizmrebis CvenebiT da daesaxlnen sparseTis
mxareebTan, e. i. qveyanaSi, sadac amJamad mkvidroben[332]. aRsaniSnavia, rom
saxelwodeba `iberias~, zogierTi mecnieri im ebrauli sityvidan warmomdgarad
miiCnevs, romelic unda aRniSnavdes cnebas _ `iqiTa mxare~ (mTis iqiTa mxare _
kavkasiis iberia, zRvis iqiTa _ pireneebisa)[333]. ebrauli zogadi saxeli ֞֞֞eber _ `iqiTa mxare~, k. wereTlis
mixedviT, amosavalia TviT terminisaTvis ʿibrī _ `ebraeli~, iseve, rogorc saxelisaTvis `everi~, romelic ebraulSi termin `ebraelis~
amosaval _ `iqiTa mxares~ aRniSnavs (msgavsad qarTuli `imeri~ > `imerelisa~)[334].
magram `iberiis~ ebraul `eberTan~
dakavSirebas sakmaod mniSvnelovani dabrkolebebi eRobeba. upirveles yovlisa, ar
unda gamoiricxos imis SesaZlebloba, rom saxelwodeba `ibe/45/ria~ sakuTriv
qarTul `imer~ sityvidan iyos nawarmoebi[335]. garda amisa, es
saxelwodeba ukve Zv. w. IV-III ss. avtors megasTenes hqonda naxsenebi, maSin, rodesac
ebrauli koloniis daarseba mcxeTaSi, TviT adgilobrivi ebrauli tradiciis mixedviT
momxdara Zv. w. 169 w.[336] gasaTvaliswinebelia
isic, rom Zv. w. I s. ebraeli istorikosi ioseb flaviusi arafers ambobs ebraelTa
gadmosaxlebis Sesaxeb, rodesac mohyavs megasTenes cnoba nabuqodonosoris mier
libiisa da iberiis dalaSqvraze, xolo iberebs ara ebraelTa, aramed TabalelTa
STamomavlebad miiCnevs[337].
p. ingoroyvas azriT, konstantine
porfirogenetis TxzulebaSi `moqcevaჲ qarTlisaჲs~ teqstis `arian-qarTlis~ ierusalimiT SenacvlebaSi,
asaxulia tendencia qarTvelTa samefos politikuri damoukideblobis dasabuTebisa
daviT mefesTan iberTa dakavSirebis saSualebiT, rac pirdapir kavSirSi iyo
bagrationTa genealogiis daviT mefemde da winaswarmetyvelamde ayvanis
aRiarebasTan[338].
konstantine porfirogenetis sityvebiT, iberielebi `uwodebdnen Tavis-Tavs daviT
mefisa da winaswarmetyvelis naTesavs da aqedan yovladwminda RvTismSoblis
naTesavsac, radgan isic daviTisagan aris warmoSobili~; damaxasiaTebelia agreTve
misi Semdegi sityvebic: `vinaidan iberielebi, rogorc TviTve amboben,
STamomavlobiT ierusalimidan arian, amis gamo maT aqvT didi siyvaruli misi da
uflisa ieso qristes saflavisa da gansazRvrul droebSi uxvad ugzavnian fuls
wminda qalaqis patriarqsa da iqaur qristianebs~[339].
rogorc Cans, `qarTlis cxovrebis~ zemoT
moyvanili cnoba, nabuqodonosoris mier ierusalimis aRebis Semdeg `otebuli~
ebraelebis qarTlSi damkvidrebis Sesaxeb, SedarebiT gvian xanebSia SeTxzuli da
`moqcevaჲ
qarTlisaჲs~ teqsts unda iyos
dasesxebuli, oRond am ukanasknelSi moxseniebuli, da ukve gaugebari, `honnebi~,
`uriebiT~ aris Secvlili. `moqcevaჲ qarTlisaჲs~ Satberdiseuli teqstis mixedviT: `...movides
naTesavni mbrZolni, qaldevelTagan gamosxmulni, honni, da iTxoves bun-TurqTa
uflisagan qveyanaჲ
xarkiTa da dasxdes igini zanavs da epyra igi, romel xarkiTa aqunda, hrqჳan mas xerki~[340]. /46/
yuradRebas ipyrobs TiTqmis sruli Tanxvedra
`moqcevaჲ
qarTlisaჲs~ `qaldeveli
honnebis~ mier dakavebuli miwebis adgilmdebareobis da maTi aq damkvidrebis
xasiaTisa da pirobebisa, `qarTlis cxovrebis~ `uriaTa~ mcxeTaSi dasaxlebis
ambavTan[341];
sityvebic ki erTnairia gamoyenebuli. aSkaraa rom orive ZeglSi erTidaigive
ambavia aRwerili, Tumca `moqcevaჲ qarTlisaჲs~ `bun-TurqTa ufali~, `qarTlis cxovrebaSi~
`mamasaxlisiT~ aria Secvlili, rac albaT unda aixsnas leonti mrovelisaTvis
damaxasiaTebeli qarTvelTa avtoqtonobis koncefciis zemoqmedebiT. Miuxedavad im
garemoebisa, rom `moqcevaჲ qarTlisaჲs~ `qaldevelTagan gamosxmuli honnebis~ nacvlad
`qarTlis cxovrebaSi~ `uriebia~ dasaxelebuli, aRsaniSnavia, rom, amave dros, `qarTlis
cxovrebac~ icnobs qaldevelebis qarTlSi gadmosaxlebis ambavs, oRond `honnTa~
mouxsenieblad: `...gamovides sxuani naTesavni qaldevelni da daaSennes iginica
qarTls...~[342].
es ambavi `qarTlis cxovrebaSi~, iseve rogorc `moqcevaჲ qarTlisaჲs~ teqstis `qaldeveli honnebis~ mosvla,
aleqsandre makedonelis xaniT, kerZod, qarTlSi misi ori legendaruli laSqrobis
Sualeduri xaniT TariRdeba[343], e. i. `uriaTa~
CamosaxlebasTan SedarebiT, rasac nabuqodonosoris xanaSi unda hqonoda adgili,
mniSvnelovnad ufro gviani xaniT[344]. Tumca, `moqcevaჲ qarTlisaჲs~ cnobiT,
ebraelebi qarTlSi, mxolod meTormete da mecamete qarTlis mefeebis xanaSi arian
mosulni: `...da mefobda qarZam armazs da mcxeTas _ bratman da amaTTa JamTa
huriani movides mcxeTas da dasxdes~[345]. `moqcevaჲ qarTlisaჲs~ teqstis es cnoba
miT ufro angariSgasawevi Cans, rom mas Tanxvdeba romis imperatoris titus
flavius vespasianes (ax. w. 69-79 ww.) mier ierusalimis aRebis TariRi _ ax. w.
70 w.[346].
safiqrebelia, rom `moqcevaჲ qarTlisaჲs~ `qaldevelTagan gamosxmul honnebSi~ ebraelebi ar
unda igulisxmebodnen. aRniSnul sakiTxTan dakavSirebiT, ramdenadme yuradsaRebia
V s. somexi istorikosis agaTangelosis `somxeTis istoriis~ berZnuli teqstis
masaxa honnebi (Μασαχοῦ τῶν Οἳννων)[347]. somxuri teqstis maTi
Sesatyvisi masquTebiTurT (Մասքթաց)[348], masquTebSi /47/
zogierTi mecnieri mesxebs xedavs[349]; Tumca ki ufro xSirad
samecniero literaturaSi masquT/masaxebs kaspiispira masagetebad, xolo `honnebs~
hunebad miiCneven[350]. magram Tu `moqcevaჲ qarTlisaჲs~ `honnebs~
hunebTan gavaigivebT, gaurkvevelia ra kavSiri unda hqonodaT maT
samxreTmesopotamiur qaldeasTan?
`honnebis~ vinaobis dadgenisaTvis,
vfiqrobT, yuradRebas imsaxurebs i. orbelis SeniSvna, rom Zvel somex
istorikosebTan dadasturebuli eTnonimi honqi (չոնք), romelSic ք _ mravlobiTobis
somxuri sufiqsia, svanuri tomis _ hon/henioxebis, anu igive sani-sanigebis
aRmniSvneli da ar SeiZleba misi aRreva hunebis saxelwodebasTan[351]. rac Seexeba qaldevelTa
saxelwodebas, cnobilia, rom babiloneTis garda, qaldea aRniSnavda pontos
aRmosavleT nawils _ WaneTs[352]. XVIII s. qarTul
literaturaSi igi jer kidev ixmareba trapizonis mxarisa da kerZod iqve mdebare
qalaqis giumiuShanes aRsaniSnavad[353]. movses xorenacisaTvisac
WaneTi igive xalseTia[354]. Tu gaviTvaliswinebT
`honnebisa~ da `qaldevelebis~ qarTvelur samyarosTan dakavSirebis SesaZleblobas,
maSin dasaSvebad SeiZleba miviCnioT isic, rom `moqcevaჲ qarTlisaჲs~ `qaldevelTagan gamosxmul honnebSi~,
pliniusis `sani henioxebis~ (Sannorum Heniochorum)[355] analogiuri movlena
yofiliyo asaxuli. aRniSnul sakiTxTan dakavSirebiT, yuradRebas ipyrobs ax. w. II
s. avtoris klavdius ptolemaiosis mier, kavkasiis albaneTis gadaRma sanarelTa
tomis (Σαναραῖοι) dasaxeleba[356], rac cxadyofs, rom XIII
s. somexi istorikosis vardan didis `msoflio istoriis~ cnoba, wanarelTa tomis
kavkasiaSi mosvlis viTarebisa da TariRis Sesaxeb (bizantiis imperatoris iraklis
Semdgom xanebSi) sinamdviles ar Seefereba da safiqrebelia, rom mas kavSiri unda
hqondes `moqcevaჲ qarTlisaჲs~
`qaldevelTagan gamosxmul honnTa~ ambavTan. vardan didis cnobiT: `zogierTi vinme
kacni xaldebisa, gamosulni TavianTi samSoblodan, movidnen gardmanSi da mimarTes
gardmanis iSxans _ `dagviTme Cven nawili
im jvrisa, romelic iraklisagan gaqvs miRebuli, xolo Cven miviRebT qristes rjuls
da gavxvdebiT Seni msaxurni~. es kidevac aRsrulebul iqna. baRdadis amiram
Seityo ra es ambavi, daemuqra maT da isini SeSinebulni gaemarTnen kavkasiis
mTis Ziras. qristes SemweobiT, romelic /48/ maT irwmunes, isini daepatronen
mTels iqaur mezobel mxareebs... am (xaldebma) TavianT mxares uwodes wanarqi (Ծանարք) im safuZvelze,
rom masSi maT Seicnes TavianTi pirvandeli adgilsacxovrisi, da radganac isini
(e. i. xaldebi) laparakobdnen qarTuli eniT, amitom gardmanis iSxanma moiwvia
maTTvis qorepiskoposi~[357]. n. mari da s. kakabaZe satomo
saxel wanars, `wan~ formiT aRadgendnen, gamoyofdnen ra masSi svanuri enisaTvis
damaxasiaTebel, mravlobiTi ricxvis -ar daboloebas, xolo TviT wanarebs svanuri
warmomavlobis tomad miiCnevdnen[358]. svanebTan wanarebs
akavSirebs agreTve j. gvasalia[359]. vardan didis
zemomoyvanil teqstze dayrdnobiT, T. papuaSvili Tvlis, rom wanarebis winaprebi
xaldebis (igive Wanebis, sanebis) dasavlurqarTuli tomi iyo, ufro zustad ki, rom
`wani~ megrul-Wanuri (zanuri) ganStoebis erT-erTi tomTagania[360]. yuradRebas ipyrobs
samegreloSi dadasturebuli samxreTis qaris saxelwodeba wani-boria, e. i. wanis,
anu Wanis qari, risi gaTvaliswinebiTac s. janaSia afxazuri gadmocemebis
`wanebis~ toms, megrul-Wanuri warmomavlobis tomad miiCnevda[361].
aRsaniSnavia, rom eTno- toponimi `wona~
(`sona-sena-soena~), ZiriTadad, istoriuli xevis teritoriazea SemorCenili[362]. ukanasknel xanebSi
yuradReba eqceva aragvis xeobis toponimikaSi zanuri xasiaTis mqone saxelTa
jgufis arsebobas da gamoiTqva varaudi adre aq zanuri tomebis saxlobis Sesaxeb[363]. r. ramiSvilis dakvirvebiT,
zanuri ieris matarebeli toponimebi aRmosavleT saqarTveloSi, zenasoflidan
mokidebuli qvemo qarTlamde da kaxeT-hereT-sojeTSi, araerTganaa SemCneuli[364].
wanarebis zanuri warmomavlobis an ufro
swored, centraluri kavkasionis mxareSi zanuri mosaxleobis arsebobis erT-erT
mniSvnelovan damamtkicebel sabuTs, vfiqrobT, unda warmoadgendes indoevropuli
ojaxis iranuli jgufis osuri enisaTvis zanurenovani (megrul-Wanuri) substratis
gamovlenis faqti[365].
angariSgasawev garemoebad gveCveneba
agreTve pliniusis mier meotiis tbidan karavnul mTebamde (anu azovis zRvidan
kavkasionis qedis aRmosavleT nawilamde) mcxovreb tomTa Soris mazakebis (Mazacae) moxsenieba, am
saxelis garegnuli msgavsebis gamo mesxebis saxelTan da xunZur /49/ (avarul)
enaSi adre gamoyenebul TuSebis aRmniSvnel satomo saxel _ `mosox/mosoqTan~[366]. aRsaniSnavia, rom
Crdilo-oseTis teritoriaze dasturdeba toponimi _ maska/moske[367], piriqiTa TuSeTSi ki _
samcixi, T. papuaSvilis mier saxelwodeba `samcxesTan~ dakavSirebuli[368]. T. papuaSvilis
varaudiT, msgavsi toponimebis gaCenis gamomwvevi mizezi unda yofiliyo
samxreT-dasavleTidan qarTlSi Semosuli muSq-mesxebis, rac, mkvlevarTa azriT,
toponim mcxeTaSia (mesxTa alagi) asaxuli, erT-erTi talRis kidev ufro CrdiloeTiT
SeRweva da kaxeTis mTianeTSi dasaxleba[369]. Tu gavixsenebT Sexedulebas,
romlis mixedviTac mosx-mesxebs zanur samyaros miakuTvneben[370], SesaZlebloba
mogvecemoda paraleli gavataroT TuSebis memkvidreobiT kavSirsa mosoq-mesxebTan
da wanarTa zanur warmomavlobas Soris.
yuradRebas imsaxurebs agreTve
agaTangelosis Txzulebis berZnuli versiis zemoT naxsenebi masaxoi (Μασαχοῦ), romelsac s. eremiani vaxuSti
bagrationis `saqarTvelos geografiaSi~ moxseniebul md. mawis-wyals
(belaqniswylis Senakadi) da mis saTavesTan mdebare `maWs~, am mxaris
erisTavebis _ `maWelebis~ sarezidencio adgilis saxels ukavSirebs[371]. Es saxelwodeba s.
eremianis azriT, safuZvlad daedo sasaniani mefis Sapur I-is qaaba-i-zardoStis
berZnul teqstSi moxseniebuli qveynis `maxeloniis~ saxels, romlis amosaval
berZnul formas, agaTangelosis berZnul versiaSi dadasturebuli `masaxois~
gaTvaliswinebiT, igi *masaxelonis saxiT aRadgens, rac misi SexedulebiT,
Tavdapirvelad, samxreT-aRmosavleT SavizRvispireTSi mdebare megrul-Wanuri
`maWaxelis~ berZnuli transkripcia unda yofiliyo[372]. s. eremianis azriT,
kaspiispireTSi sxva kavkasiur tomebTan erTad megrul-Wanur tomebsac unda
ecxovraT, iseve rogorc SavizRvispireTSi arsebobda `maxelonTa da henioxTa
samefo~, aqac garda maxelonebisa, Cans henioxTa binadrobis kvalic; anonimuri
periplusiT henioxebi kaspiis zRvis maxlobladac cxovrobdnen[373], xolo tacituss isini
albanelebTan erTad hyavs dasaxelebuli[374]. rogorc zemoT
aRvniSnavdiT, miTiuri amaZonebic SavizRvispireTis garda antikuri wyaroebis mier
aRmosavleT kavkasiaSic moixseniebian. qaaba-i-zardoStis warweris
maxelonia/sik(?)n-is qveynis aRmosavleT amierkavkasiuri adgilmdebareobis
sasargeblod SesaZloa warweraSi CamoTvlili qvey/50/nebis Semdeg kapis mTebisa
(romelsac Cveulebriv kavkasionTan aigiveben) da alanTa (zogierTi mecnieris
mixedviT _ albanTa) karis moxseniebac metyvelebdes. yuradRebas ipyrobs agreTve
kamaritebis tomis lokalizeba, erTi mxriv amianus marcelinusTan,
SavizRvispireTSi, mdinareebis fasisis da kalixoris maxloblad[375], xolo meore mxriv,
dionisios periegetis `dedamiwis aRwerilobaSi~, hirkanelebTan Tavdauzogavad
mebrZol, pirenes naxevarkunZulidan kavkasiaSi mosul iberebsa da kaspiis zRvas
Soris[376].
rogorc Cans, samxreT da aRmosavleT
SavizRvispireTsa da centralur da aRmosavleT amierkavkasiaSi dadasturebul eTno-
toponimebis Tanxvedra am or regions Soris arsebuli mWidro urTierTobis
gamoxatuleba unda iyos. es garemoeba, rogorc ukve iyo aRniSnuli, antikuri
epoqis avtorebsac aqvT SeniSnuli. pliniusi iuwyeboda, rom gadmocemis Tanaxmad,
albanelebi argonavt iasonis STamomavlebi arian[377]. s. janaSia aq pliniusis
mier tacitusis zereled wakiTxvas an kalmis Secdomas varaudobda da pliniusis
teqstSi `albanelebs~ `iberielebiT~ asworebda[378]; tacitusis `analebis~
mixedviT, xom iberebi, Tesalielebisagan im dros warmoiSvnen, rodesac iasoni
umefod darCenil kolxebTan dabrunda[379]. magram,
gasaTvaliswinebelia, rom sakuTriv albanelTa Sesaxeb sxva avtorebsac moepovebaT
cnobebi, pompous trogusis mixedviT, albanelebi italiuri warmomavlobisani arian[380], xolo bizantieli mwerali
qalis evdokias gancxadebiT, `albanelebi axlandeli minkrelebia (μίνκρελλοι)~[381]. Tumca, vfiqrobT, am
ukanaskneli cnobis sxvagvari interpretaciac unda iyos dasaSvebi (ix. qvemoT).
aRsaniSnavia, rom iv. javaxiSvilis
SexedulebiT, megasTenes cnobaSic, nabuqodonosoris libiasa da iberiaze
galaSqrebisa da maTi mosaxleobis pontos marjvniv dasaxlebis Taobaze, SesaZlebelia
iberTa winandeli binadrobis adgilis monacvleobis mizezis gamosarkvevad SeTxzul
ambavTan gvqondes saqme da am cnobas igi sayuradRebod miiCnevs, rogorc
qarTvelTa samxreTuli warmomavlobis Sesaxeb Zveli gadmocemis arsebobis erT-erT
damadasturebel mowmobas[382]. iv. javaxiSvili
SeniSnavs, rom libiisa da iberiis erT konteqstSi dasaxeleba SemTxveviTi ambavi
ar unda iyos da xazs usvams kav/51/kasieli iberebis aRmosavleTiT, albaneTSi,
lubenebisa Tu liponebis (romelTac agreTve leponebs uwodeben) binadrobis faqts[383]. pliniusis cnobiT,
lupenebi (Lupeniorum) albaneTis sazRvrebTan, kavkasionis
ferdobebze cxovrobdnen[384]. e. w. pevtingeris
rukaze aRniSnulia saxelwodeba `luponesi~ (Lupones)[385], xolo ravenis anonimTan
moixsenieba leponTa qveyana (Patria Lepon)[386]. klavdios ptolemaiosis
rukaze iberiisa da albaneTis sazRvarze sofeli lubionia (Λούβιον
κῶμη) aRniSnuli[387]. agaTangelosis berZnul
versiaSi dasaxelebuli lifenebis (Λιφἑννιοι) tomi[388]. lbinebis toms icnoben
somexi istorikosebi eRiSe (V s.) da movses kaRankatvaci (X s.)[389]. VII s. anonimur `somxur
geografiaSi~ dasaxelebulia lbinebis tomi, romelTa saxelwodeba, Tumca ki aq
defeqturi wakkiTxviTaa Semonaxuli _ fliqebi (Փւիք), nacvlad
lfniqebisa (լփնիք)[390]. T. papuaSvilis azriT,
leonti mrovelis mier moxseniebuli `daba elarbinis~ saxeli[391] unda iyos qarTuli formiT
gadmocemuli somxuri wyaroebis `lrbniki~ anu `lfniqi~;amave dros, missive
SeniSvniT, ax. w. III s. avtoris ipolite romaelisadmi miwerili `qronikebis~
berZnul teqstSi moxseniebul herebs _ Έρρατοι, VII s. somxur
enaze gadamuSavebul variantSi Seesabamebian lfniqebi (igive lbinebi)[392]. zogierTi mecnieris mier
gamoTqmulia azri, eTnonim `lbinis~, tomisa da qveynis saxelwodeba _
`albaneTTan~ dakavSirebis SesaZleblobis Sesaxeb[393]. aRsaniSnavia, rom
evsebi kesarielTan dacul megasTenes zemomoyvanil cnobaSi ara konkretulad
iberebis gadmosaxlebaa nauwyebi, aramed zogadad aRiniSneba, rom nabuqodonosorma
libiasa da iberiaze galaSqrebis Sedegad adgilobrivi mcxovreblebi pontos
marjvena mxares gadaasaxla[394]. TavisTavad cxadia, rom
am cnobis megasTeneseul, e. i. am sakiTxTan dakavSirebiT uZveles variantSi,
nagulisxmebi iyo libielTa gadmosaxlebac.
samecniero literaturaSi gamoiTqva azri,
aRniSnuli cnobis kolxebis egvipturi warmomavlobis herodotiseuli Sexedulebis[395] safuZvelze Camoyalibebis
Sesaxeb[396].
magram, megasTenesTan moxseniebuli libiis adgilmdebareobis garkvevisaTvis,
vfiqrobT, yuradsaRebia antikuri /52/ wyaroebis miniSnebebi
samxreTSavizRvispireTuli libiis arsebobis Taobaze[397]. Zv. w. IV-III ss.
avtoris palefat abidoselis Txzulebis `trios omis Sesaxeb~ mixedviT,
makrokefalebi libiaSi kolxebs zemoT cxovrobdnen[398]. poluqsis (Zv. w. II s.)
cnobiTac, makrokefalebi libiaSi mcxovrebi xalxia[399]. fsevdo-skilaqs
kariandelis `periplusi~ azustebs, rom makrokefalebi trapezuntis maxloblad
saxlobdnen[400].
Zv. w. IV s. moRvawe diofanti `pontikaSi~ (stefane bizantioneli am Txzulebas
SecdomiT `politikas~ uwodebs) libistinebs kolxebis momijnave xalxad miiCnevs[401]. vfiqrobT, TviT
diofantis Txzulebis saTauri _ `pontika~, cxadyofs, rom libistinebisa da
kolxebis sacxovrisad pontospireTia nagulisxmevi. stefane bizantionelic
SavizRvispireTSi mosaxle tomebs gulisxmobs, rodesac mohyavs likofrones
sityvebi, ligistikuri kჳტაჲას arsebobis Sesaxeb
da dasZens, rom libistinebi, kolxebis mezobeli xalxia[402].
a. uruSaZis azriT, libia (libistike) unda
daukavSirdes homerosTan damowmebul alibes (Άλύβη), haliZonebis
sacxovriss[403]
da ara afrikis `libias~; mas dasaSvebad miaCnia, rom pontos Λιβύη xelnaweris
cdomilebis Sedegad iyos Άλύβη-sagan miRebuli[404].
pontoSi `libiis~ arsebobis erT-erT gamoxatulebad
albaT SeiZleba CaiTvalos pliniusis cnoba, trapezuntis dasavleTiT cixe-simagre
liviopolisis arsebobis Taobaze[405]. aRsaniSnavia, rom
`warmomavlobis wignis~ teqstSi, im tomebs Soris, romelTac sakuTari ena aqvT,
dasaxelebuli arian: armenielebi, hiberebi, libranebi, skviTebi, sanebi da
bosforanebi[406];
rogorc Cans, libranebSi nagulisxmevia SavizRvispireTSi an mis maxloblad
mcxovrebi tomi. aRniSnul sakiTxTan dakavSirebiT, ramdenadme yuradRebas ipyrobs,
pirvelad apolonios rodoselTan moxseniebuli filirebis tomis saxelwodeba[407], egeb f da l bgerebis
metaTezisis Sedegad miRebuli. rogorc, zemoT aRiniSna, samxreT SavizRvispireTis
centralur nawilSi, sadac avlionis gamoqvabuli da mdinare kalixori mdebareobda,
gadmoce/53/mis Tanaxmad, indoeTidan mobrunebul miTiur libers (igive
dionisios/baqxuss) orgiebi ganuaxlebia[408]; vfiqrobT, arc am
konteqstSi unda iyos SemTxveviTi aRniSnul regionTan liberis dakavSireba[409].
samxreT SavizRvispireTis centraluri
nawilisaTvis saxelwodeba `libiisa~ Tu msgavsi Ziridan nawarmoebi sxva saxelebis
dakavSirebisas mniSvnelovan garemoebad gvesaxeba strabonis Sexeduleba imis
Sesaxeb, rom xalibebis Zveli saxelwodeba homerosis mier moxseniebuli `alibe~[410] yofila; strabonis
sityvebiT: `amJamindeli xaldebi (Χαλδαϊοι) Zvelad xalibebad
iwodebodnen... vfiqrob, swored maT uwodebs haliZonebs poeti `katalogSi~
paflagonielebis Semdeg: `xolo haliZonebs
odiosi da epistrofosi mouZRodnen Soreuli alibedan, sadac vercxlis samSoblo
aris~ an teqsti Secvlila `Soreuli xalibedan~, an arada am xalxs adreul
xanebSi `xalibebis~ nacvlad `alibebi~ ewodebodaT, xom arc axla iqneboda
SesaZlebeli maTTvis `xaldebis~ Serqmeva, am saxelis `xalibebisagan~ warmoebiT,
uwin rom ar ewodaT maTTvis `alibebis~ nacvlad `xalibebi~; miTumetes, rom
saxelwodebebi mraval cvlilebas ganicdian, gansakuTrebiT ki barbarosTa Soris~[411]. sayuradReboa, rom
Sexeduleba, saxelwodeba `xalibis~ homerosiseuli `alibesagan~ warmomavlobis
Sesaxeb, strabonisave gadmocemiT, cnobili yofila jer kidev Zv. w. III s.
gramatikosisa da geografosis dimitrios skepsiselisTvisac, romelsac ar
gauziarebia es azri[412]. iqneb swored
alibeelebis Sesaxeb arsebuli raime cnoba daedo safuZvlad evdokia
makrembolitises warmodgenas albanelebisagan megrelebis warmomavlobis Sesaxeb;
misi sityvebiT xom: `albanelebi axlandeli minkrelebia~; aRsaniSnavia, rom
evdokias Tavisi miTologiuri krebulisaTvis mravali Zveli wyaro daudvia safuZvlad[413].
gansxvaveba `alibesa~ da `xalibebs~ Soris,
vfiqrobT, SeiZleba aixsnas saxelwodeba `xalibSi~, xaTuri da qaSquri enebisaTvis
damaxasiaTebeli toponimebis mawarmoebeli ḫa- prefiqsis arsebobis gaTvaliswinebiT[414]. saxelwodebebis
`alibesa~ da `libiis~ Semcveli Ziri iqneb warmodgenilia xeTuri xanis qalaqis Zalpa
|| Zalpuwa-s
saxelwodebaSic, vinaidan, rogorc cnobilia, xaTurSi arsebobda toponimTa
ma/54/warmoebeli ta- prefiqsi, xolo ta da za marcvlebis
monacvleoba damaxasiaTebeli movlenaa am enisaTvis[415]. msgavs varauds
gansakuTrebuli mniSvneloba eniWeba im garemoebis gaTvaliswinebiT, rom, rogorc
bolo xanebSi dadginda, qalaqi calfa mdebareobda Savi zRvis sanapiroze, md.
marasanTias, Semdegdroindeli halisis (Tanamedrove kizil irmakis) SesarTavTan[416]. aRsaniSnavia, rom md.
halisis saxelwodebas zogierTi mkvlevari ukavSirebs alibis qveynisa da
haliZonebis tomis, agreTve am ukanasknelTa STamomavlebad miCneul xalibTa
saxelebs[417].
Tanamedrove injeburunis naxevarkunZulis Zveli saxelwodebac _ lepte[418], romelic berZnul sityvas
λεπτός-s (wvrili, viwro,
Txeli) ukavSirdeba, ar aris gamoricxuli, rom Tavdapirvelad adgilobriv, iqneb
`lib~ Ziris Semcvel sityvasTan mimsgavsebis Sedegad iyos aRmocenebuli. amave
sakiTxTan dakavSirebiT, yuradRebas ipyrobs bibliis teqstSi araerTxel
moxseniebuli qveynis saxelwodebis Pwṭ-is `libiad~ wakiTxvis ioseb flaviusiseuli tradiciis
arseboba da romelic, rogorc es i. diakonovma daasabuTa Pôṭ-ad unda ikiTxebodes da afrikis `libiis~
nacvlad `pontos~ unda aRniSnavdes[419]. albaT,
SemTxveviTobasTan gvaqvs saqme, magram, sakvlev sakiTxTan mimarTebaSi, mainc
unda aRiniSnos, rom `orientiosisa da ZmaTa misTa martvilobis~ samidan erT-erT,
mokle svinaqsarul variantSi, romelic berZnul enazea SemorCenili, `lazTa
qveynis~ _ Λαζικήν-is nacvlad weria Λιβυκήν; sayuradReboa
isic, rom giorgi mTawmindelis qarTul TargmnSi, am adgilas ikiTxeba `qveyana
ovseTisaჲ~, rac k. kekeliZis
SeniSvniT, qarTveli mTargmnelis geografiuli orientaciis Sedegia[420].
ukanasknel xanebSi T. yauxCiSvilma
gamoTqva mosazreba, Zv. w. III s. avtoris likofronis poema `kasandraSi~
naxsenebi `ligistikuri kჳტაჲას~[421] `libistikurad~
Sesworebis saWiroebis Sesaxeb[422]. ioane cece likofronis
poemis Sesabamisi adgilis komentarSi, rogorc `ligistikes~, aseve `libistikes~
ganmartebas iZleva[423], xolo stefane
bizantioneli pirdapir miuniSnebs, rom `ligistikuri~ mas `libistikurad~ esmis[424]; evstaTi Tesalonikeli
likofronis citirebisas mxolod `ligistikur qalaqs~ ixseniebs; misi azriT, kolxi
ligielebi warmoSobili arian evropeli ligie/55/lebisagan, romelTac igi
ligurebTan aigivebs[425]; Zveli sqoliastis
mixedviTac: `kჳტაჲა kolxebis qalaqia,
xolo ligistinelebi kolxebis mezoblad mcxovrebi xalxia~, Tumca, Semdeg dasZens,
rom `ligistinelebi pelasgebs eomebodnen~[426].
rogorc Cans, `ligistikes~ Secvla
`libistikeTi~ unda momxdariyo garkveul enobriv garemoSi, guturaluri fonemis
dakargvisa da xmovanTa Soris glaidis gaCeniT; kerZod, gamoiTqva varaudi
analogiuri transformaciis Sedegad luviuri saxelwodeba Luwija-s xeTuri Lukka-sagan miRebis
Taobaze[427].
qarTvelur samyaroSi msgavsi SemTxveva dasturdeba klarjeTSi, md. Woroxis qvemo
dinebasTan mdebare olqis nigalis saxelwodebis transformaciiT: nigali >
ligani > livana. aRsaniSnavia, rom l da n bgeraTmonacvleoba
damaxasiaTebelia xeTuri xanis CrdiloeTi anatoliis toponimebisaTvis[428]. Sexeduleba
dasavluranatoliuri toponimebis `alopesa~ da `likiis~ identurobis Sesaxeb, oRond
`alopes~ adreulobis TvalsazrisiT, warmodgenili yofila ax. w. II s. avtoris
Temistagores `oqros wignSi~, romlis Sesaxeb cnoba elianus herodians Semounaxavs[429]. interess moklebuli ar
unda iyos is, rom stefane bizantionelisuli sqemiT, xamxreTanatoliel pisidielTa
eponimi pisidasi (Πισίδαι), Ze iyo solimosisa (solimebis eponimi),
romelic Tavis mxriv zevsisa da xaldenes (Χαλδήνη _ xaldebis
eponimis?) Svilia; es garemoeba p. kreCmers saSualebas aZlevda daeskvna, rom
likiisa da pisidiis Tavdapirveli mosaxleoba xaldenes STamomavlebad aris
gamoyvanili[430].
angariSgasawevad migvaCnia Sexeduleba
`ligistikur kჳტაჲაSi~
Crdilokapadokiuri qalaqis danaxvis SesaZleblobis Taobaze ligiebisa da
levkosirebis saxelwodebaTa fonetikuri msgavsebis gamo[431]. amave sakiTxTan
dakavSirebiT, yuradRebas ipyrobs ioane ceces komentari, rom `md. fasisTan
mcxovrebi kolxebi, igive lazebi, iwodebian agreTve aziel skviTebad da
levkosirebad (Λευκὁσυροι)~[432]. rogorc cnobilia,
antikur samyaroSi `skviTebi~, xSirad krebiT saxels warmoadgenda pontospireTSi
mcxovrebi tomebisaTvis, xolo levkosirebTan (romelTa saxelwodebac aseTive farTo
krebiT mniSvnelobas ar atarebda) kolxebis dakavSireba, safiqrebelia maT
eTnokulturul er/56/Tobaze miuniSnebdes. rogorc Cans, ioane cece icnobda wyaros,
sadac nauwyebi iyo kolxebisa da levkosirebis axloblobis Sesaxeb. damafiqrebelia
agreTve sofokles mier `timpanistebSi~ kolxebis, xaldebis da sirielebis erTad
moxseniebac: `kolxic, xaldic da sirielTa tomic~[433], Tu `xaldSi~
SavizRvispireTeli xaldi aris navaraudevi, maSin `sirielSi~ _ levkosiri unda
igulisxmebodes.
ligiebisa Tu ligistinebis saxelwodebis
genezisis dadgenisaTvis gasaTvaliswinebelia, herodotes mier, matienebTan,
mariandinebTan da sirielebTan erTad, dasaxelebuli ligielTa tomi[434], apolonios rodoselis
`argonavtikaSi~ moyvanili `likastieli amaZonebi~[435], md. halissa da
Temiskiras Soris mdebare qalaqi likastosi[436]. amave saxelwodebis
qalaqi, homerosis cnobiT, yofila kunZul kretazec[437]. aRniSnul sakiTxTan
dakavSirebiT, yuradRebas ipyrobs agreTve mariandinebis qveynis mefis likosis
saxeli[438],
amave qveynis mdinaris saxelwodeba likosi[439] da analogiuri
saxelwodebis mdinare pontoSi[440]; rogorc zemoT ukve
iTqva, likosi md. Woroxis erT-erT Senakadsac erqva. ligielTa vinaobis
garkvevisaTvis mxedvelobaSi misaRebia ax. w. I s. avtoris, isigone nikeelis
cnoba, rom `ligielebi kldeebidan gadaisvrian xolme Tavis mSoblebs, rodesac
isini siberis gamo usargebloni xdebian~[441]. es cnoba srul
TanxmobaSia antikuri xanis mwerlebis gadmocemasTan tibarenebis Sesaxeb.
magaliTad ax. w. III s. avtoris porfiriosis cnobiT, tibarenebi uaxloes moxuc
naTesavebs cocxlebs gadaisrodnen xolme kldeebidan[442]; igives imeoreben evsebi
kesarieli[443]
da ax. w. V s. moRvawe Teodorite kჳirelic[444]. rogorc vxedavT,
ligielTa Sesaxeb cnoba ufro Zvelia da safiqrebelia, rom msgavsi warmodgena
SedarebiT gvian xanebSi gavrcelda tibarenebze, ligielTa Tu levkosirTa SesaZlo
memkvidreebze.
eTnonim `tibarenze~ msjelobisas
gasaTvaliswinebelia, rom garda satomo saxelis funqciisa, mas, `tibareniisa~ da
`tibarenuli xalxebis~ formiT xSirad krebiTi mniSvnelo/57/bac hqonda[445] erTmaneTis monaTesave,
da rogorc mravali monacemiT irkveva qarTveluri warmomavlobis mqone[446], tomebisaTvis, romlebic
md. halisis SesarTavsa da kolxebs Soris saxlobdnen. rogorc zemoT aRvniSneT,
ukanasknel xanebSi i. diakonovma yuradReba miaqcia im garemoebas, rom
qsenofontis `anabasisSi~ gvxvdeba cnoba SavizRvispireTis berZnuli koloniebis:
sinopis, kotioris, kerasuntis, trapezuntis da, SesaZloa, fasisis, erT
federaciaSi gaerTianebis Sesaxeb[447], romlis saxelwodebac jer
kidev maSin (Zv. w. 399 w.) iyo _ `ponto~ (Πόντος)[448] da romelic bibliur
teqstebSi grafikulad Pwṭ-iT gadmoicemoda[449]; i. diakonovis azriT, am
saxelwodebis semituri eTnikoni unda yofiliyo *ponṭî > *poṭṭî,
xolo TviT federaciis saxeli ikiTxeboda Pôṭ, rac `pontod~ unda iTargmnebodes[450]. aRsaniSnavia, rom
qsenofontis teqstis mixedviT `ponto~ ewodeba ara sakuTriv CamoTvlili berZnuli axalSenebis
teritorias, aramed, rogorc Cans, moicavs ufro farTo cnebas, samxreT-aRmosavleT
SavizRvispireTs, mxares sadac qsenofontis TanamolaSqreebi imyofebian; yovel
SemTxvevaSi es dadasturebulia trapezuntsa da kotioris Soris mdebare miwa-wylis
misamarTiT[451].
yvelaze adre satomo saxeli `tibareni~
gvxvdeba Zv. w. VI s. moRvawis hekateos miletelis `dedamiwis aRwerilobaSi~,
sadac igi tibaris (Τιβαροί) formiT aris warmodgenili[452]. amave formiT gvxvdeba
es eTnonimi evsebi kesarielis zemoT moyvanili teqstis erT-erT nusxaSic[453]. S. janaSias varaudiT,
-en, -an sufiqsi saxelwodeba `tibaren || tibaran~-Si unda gaCeniliyo arauadres
Zv. w. V s.[454]
iv. javaxiSvili Tvlida, rom T || t > h || ჲ > 0 Sesatyvisobis dadgena saSualebas
iZleva `Tubal-Tabal-tibarenis~ `iberTan~ dakavSirebisa[455]. ukanasknel xanebSi
gamoiTqva eWvi, rom aRniSnuli Sesatyvisobis daSveba ar unda iyos marTebuli,
vinaidan Tanamedrove fonetikis miRwevebis mixedviT ar dasturdeba bgeraTgadasvla
nulovani formidan T/t-mde da Sesabamisad uaryofili iqna `tibarenis~ `iberTan~
dakavSirebis SesaZleblobac[456].
saxelwodeba `tibarenSi~ Tavkidura t-s
nulovan formaSi gadasvlis, anu gaqrobis SesaZleblobis daSvebisas, vfi/58/qrobT,
gasaTvaliswinebelia antikuri xanis SavizRvispireTisa da kavkasiuri
samyarosaTvis damaxasiaTebeli is eTno- toponimebi, romlebSic agreTve dasturdeba
Tavkidura t || T-s dakargvis faqti. aseT terminTa ricxvs ganekuTvneba klavdios
ptolemaiosis mier mtkvris gayolebaze moxseniebuli totene[457], dadasturebuli II-III
ss. avtoris asinius kvadratosis `parTikaSi~ otenes formiT[458]. ptolemaiosTan mocemuli,
md. mtkvrTan mdebare meore meore provinciis tosarenes saxelwodeba[459], rogorc Cans, asinius
kvadratosTan, aseve md. mtkvarze mdebare da otenesTan erTad naxseneb, obarenes
saxiT aris warmodgenili[460]. obarenebs, zogierTi
mkvlevari, evdoqs rodoselis (Zv. w. III s.) mier moxseniebul, xalibebis irgvliv
mcvovreb xabarenebTan (Χαβαρηνοί) aigivebs[461]. TiTqos eTnonimebSi
`obareni~ da `xabareni~, igive Ziria warmodgenili, rac `ibersa~ da `tibarenSi~;
sayuradReboa, rom ipolite romaelis cnobiT: `kapadokielTa gadaRma, marjvena
mxareebSi, cxovroben armenielebi, iberebi da beranebi~[462]. Tavkidura t || T-s
dakargvis sakiTxTan mimarTebaSi gasaTvaliswinebelia evstaTi Tesalonikelis
SeniSvna, rom kaspiis zRvsTan mcxovrebi hunebis saxelwodeba Tunebi, unda daiweros
θ-s
gareSe, rogorc unebi[463]; misive cnobiT,
kaspiispireTSi mcxovrebi tomis, apirebis saxelwodebas, straboni Tavkidura τ-Ti, tapirebad
moixseniebs[464].
Crdilo-aRmosavleT SavizRvispireTSi mcxovrebi toretebis saxelwodeba[465] dadasturebulia
`oretebis~ formiTac[466].
savaraudoa, rom t || T TavsarTi eTnonimTa
mawarmoebel prefiqss warmoadgendes[467]. am mxriv, yuradRebas
ipyrobs evstaTi antioqelis (ax. w. IV s.) `eqჳsTa dReTa ganmartebaSi~ nauwyebi,
TabalelTa bibliuri pirvelwinapris saxeli _ obeli, im garemoebis gaTvaliswinebiT,
rom iqve mesxenebis pirvelwinapars osoxi ewodeba[468], xolo m qarTvelur enebSi eTnonimTa
mawarmoebeli cnobili prefiqsia[469]. aRniSnul sakiTxTan
dakavSirebiT SesaZloa nawilobriv gasaTvaliswinebeli iyos is garemoeba, rom
Tavkidura t-s dakargvis faqti dasturdeba
Wanur enaSi SemorCenil samSabaTi dRis aRmniSvnel saxelebSi. samSabaTis
aRmniSvneli saxeli WanurSi oTxia: erkinaCxa, ekinaCxa, tikinaCxa da ikinaCxa;
maT fuZe/59/ulad iv. javaxiSvili `erkina~-s da `tikina~-s gamoyofs, xolo
uZveles formas `terkin~-is saxiT aRadgens, romelsac mcireaziuli RvTebis saxels
`tarkuns~ (igive _ Tarxons) ukavSirebs[470].
Sexeduleba tibarenTa da iberTa
dakavSirebis SesaZleblobis Sesaxeb, saTaves albaT ioseb flaviusis im cnobidan
iRebs, romlis mixedviTac Tubalebi iberTa winaprebi arian; ioane petriwiseuli
TargmaniT: `daamkvidrebs ukuiჱ Tovilosca, TovilTasa, romelni aw iverad iwodebian~[471]; amave dros samecniero
literaturaSi miCneulia, rom msoflios xalxTa bibliur CamoTvlisas, iafetis
Svilebs Soris moxseniebul gomerSi, iavanSi, TubalSi da meSexSi[472] _ kimerielebi,
ionielebi, tibarenebi da muSqebia nagulisxmevi[473]. Tubal-Tabalis saxelTan
tibarenebis saxelwodebis gaigivebisaTvis garkveuli mniSvneloba eniWeba
hekateosiseuli `tibar~ formis[474] arsebobas da agreTve
pomponius melasTan dadasturebul `taberenebs~[475], Tumca masTanve gvxvdeba
`tibarani~ formac[476]. aRsaniSnavia agreTve
evsebi kesarielTan moyvanili forma `tibarini~[477] da kilikiaSi (e. i.
TabalelTa teritoriis siaxloves) Zv. w. I s. romael moRvawesTan ciceronTan
damowmebuli tibaranebis tomis saxelwodeba[478]. g. meliqiSvilisa da T.
miqelaZis azriT, is garemoeba, rom Tabalebisa da tibarenebis saxelwodebebis
etimologiis dadgena qarTveluri enebis monacemebis safuZvelze xerxdeba,
TavisTavad unda metyvelebdes am saxelebis matarebel tomTa eTnikur vinaobaze[479]. n. xazaraZis azriT,
qarTveluri tomis tibarenebis saxelwodebis fuZis _ `tibaris~ siaxlove
`TabalTan~, `Tubal-kainis~ ormagi saxelwodebis meore nawilis (`kaenis~)
fonetikurad identuri variantis gamovlena WanebiT dasaxlebul teritoriaze ax. w.
VI s. avtoris prokopi kesarielis mier moxseniebuli `okenitis Wanebisa~, `sofel
kenis~[480]
da sxv. saxiT, qarTul eTnografiaSi `magari rkinis~ aRmniSvneli terminis
`tobarinis~ arseboba da bibliuri Tubalis iberebis pirvel winaprad dasaxva,
pirvel rigSi Tabalisa da qarTveluri tomebis adgilsacxovrisis teritoriuli
siaxloviT unda aixsnas[481]; xolo TviT saxelwodeba
`Tabali~ n. xazaraZes xeTur-luviuri warmomavlobis mqoned miaCnia, rasac, misi
TqmiT, unda /60/ mowmobdes, Tabalis qveynis arseboba uZvelesi droidanve
xeTur-luviuri tomebis gavrcelebis arealSi, Tabalis onomastikonisa da RvTaebaTa
panTeonis xeTur-luviuri warmomavloba, agreTve am qveynis teritoriaze napovni
luviur-ieroglifur enaze Sedgenili warwerebi[482]. aRsaniSnavia, rom amave
mizezebs xeli ar SeuSlia i. diakonovisaTvis gamoeTqva ukanasknel xanebSi
mosazreba, jer kidev Zv. w. XII s. zemo evfratis auzSi winasomxuri mosaxleobis
binadrobis Sesaxeb; rac Seexeba im garemoebas, rom Zv. w. XI-VII ss.
adgilobrivi onomastikoni da kerZod, dinastiuri saxelwodebebi ar avlenen somxuri
enis kvals, man axsna imiT, rom, SesaZloa, somxurenovani olqebis dinastebis
saxelebma Cvenebma ver moaRwies, xolo zemo evfratis marjvena napiris mxareSi
luviuri dinastiebi batonobdnen (Tumca, misi mosaxleoba savsebiT SesaZlebelia,
rom ukve somxurenovani yofiliyo) da amave dros ieroglifuri luviuri iyo iq
oficialuri ena[483].
aRniSnul sakiTxTan dakavSirebiT,
sayuradReboa g. meliqiSvilis mier adregamoTqmuli varaudi, rom vinaidan
aRmosavleT mcire aziaSi `xeTur-ieroglifuri~ luviuri damwerlobis enisa da
kulturis gavrcelebis are mniSvnelovnad aRemateboda sakuTriv `xeTur-ieroglifuri~
luviuri eTnikuri elementis gavrcelebis ares da ZiriTadad urTierTobis, mwerlobis
enis rols asrulebda, amitom amave teritoriaze sxvebTan erTad qarTveluri tomebis
arsebobacaa sagulvebeli[484]. winasomxuri tomebis
zemo evfratis auzSi saxlobas, i. diakonovis azriT, somxur enaSi xuritul-urartul
substratTan erTad luviuri substratis arsebobac unda adasturebdes[485]. ufro zustad _ zemo
evfratis marjvena napirze somexTa winasacxovrisis lokalizebas, misive SexedulebiT,
mowmobs melid-kamanus samefos urartuli saxelwodeba āte, romelsac somxuri enisaTvis
damaxasiaTebeli refleqsiis Sedegad unda moeca _ hay-k‘
somexTa TviTdasaxelebisaTvis, da agreTve sakuTriv somxuri tradiciis mier
somexTa warmoavlobis bibliur Torgom || TogarmasTan dakavSireba[486]; rogorc cnobilia,
bibliuri Bêt-Tôḡarmā- `Togarmas saxli~[487] igivea, rac asuruli
wyaroebis Til-Garimme da xeTuri Tegarama ||
Tagarama[488].
somexTa winasacxovrisis dadgenisas, Cveni azriT,
aucilebelia somxur enaSi gamovlenili im mZlavri megrul-Wanuri /61/
warmomavlobis mqone fenis gaTvaliswinebac, romelic somxuri enisaTvis
substratulad aris miCneuli[489] da winasomxuri
mosaxleobis axal samSobloSi gansaxlebisas, iq zanurenovani mosaxleobis
arsebobaze unda miuniSnebdes. somexTa TviTdasaxlebac _ չայք (haჲq) ar aris
gamoricxuli, rom zanurenovani xaldi-xalibebis _ al Ziris Semcveli saxelwodebidan iyos miRebuli, anatoliuri samyarosaTvis
damaxasiaTebeli l da i bgerebis monacvleobis Sedegad. gansxvaveba Tavkidura fonemaSi, zemoT
moyvanil saxelwodebaTa daaxloebisaTvis mniSvnelovan damabrkolebel mizezs ar
unda warmoadgendes, rogorc cnobilia, samecniero literaturaSi termin `haჲq~, Cveulebriv, qveynis saxelwodebebisagan `xaiasasagan~ da `xaTesagan~
warmomdgarad miiCneven[490]. amave dros,
sayuradReboa, rom g. meliqiSvilis azriT, savsebiT dasaSvebia, TviT eTnonim
`xalibSic~, t da l bgeraTamonacvleobis Sedegas miRebul, `xaTis~ variaciasTan gvqondes
saqme, xolo masSi mocemuli bolokiduri -ib, romelime mcireaziuli sufiqsis nakvalevi iyos (ati-ib > ali-ib > alib)[491].
igive bgeraTmonacvleoba asaxulia analogiuri Ziris Semcvel xaTuri (protoxeTuri)
RvTaebis alipinu || atepinu-s saxelwodebaSic, romelic Sedgenil saxeladaa miCneuli da masSi xaTur binu-s (`bavSvi~) gamoyofen[492]. saxelwodeba `xalibSi~
bolokiduri -ib-is gamoyofis
SesaZleblobas TiTqos iZleva agreTve eTnonimi `xaliri~, CamoTvlili evsebi
kesarielis mier tabarinebsa da mosinikebs Soris[493], rac xalibebTan maT
identurobas unda mowmobdes. ar aris gamoricxuli, rom alib-Si Semavali
bolokiduri –ib, romeliRac enobriv
garemoSi sufiqsad iqna aRqmuli, es ki ganapirobebda mis Secvlas am enobrivi
wrisaTvis ufro damaxasiaTebeli, `Sesatyvisi~ sufiqsiT[494]. Tumca, rogorc ukve
zemoT iTqva, eTnonim `xalibSi~ mosalodneli Cans a- prefiqsis gamoyofis
SesaZleblobis arsebobac.
saxelwodeba `xalibis~ etimologiis sakiTxTan dakavSirebiT yuradRebas
ipyrobs is garemoeba, rom Tu mas adre aaxloebdnen spilenZis, liTonis da foladis
aRmniSvnel berZnul sityvebTan χαλκός-Tan da χάλυψ-Tan, ukanasknel xanbSi gamoiTqva azri am berZnuli sityvebis rkinis
aRmniSvnel xaTur termin apalki-dan miRebis Taobaze[495]. unda iTqvas, rom n.
adonci da k. kekeliZe, arsebiTad, sworad miiCnevdnen ra mosazrebas /62/ foladis
aRmniSvneli berZnuli sityvis χάλυψ
(naT. br. χαλύβ-ος)
satomo saxel `xalibTan~ kavSiris Sesaxeb,
amave dros ucnaurad Tvlidnen, rom berZnebma folads uwodes im tomis saxeli,
romelic mas amuSavebda, da ara is saxeli, romliTac es tomi am sagans aRniSnavda[496]. erT-erT ZiriTad
arguments, romelsac v. ivanovi iyenebs xalibebTan xaTebis dasaaxloeblad, am
ukanasknelTa rkinis metalurgiaSi daxelovneba unda warmoadgendes, rasac, missive
azriT, xaTuri warmomavlobis terminis _ apalki-s Zvel samyaroSi farTod gavrceleba da xTuri werilobiTi
wyaroebis miniSnebebi unda mowmobdnen, xaTuri xanis (Zv. w. III aTaswleulis)
centraluri anatoliis arqeologiur masalaSi gamovlenil rkinis metalurgiis
arsebobis kvalTan erTad[497]. v. ivanovis varaudiT,
xaTuri sityva apalki, garda xalibebis (χάλῦβες) mier warmoebuli foladis berZnuli
saxelwodebisa (χάλυψ) da sazogadod
liTonis aRmniSvneli mikenuri ka-ko, berZnuli χαλκός-isa, aisaxa
mWedlobis gamomgonebeli telxinebis (romelTa saxelsac igi mWedlebisa da rkinis
mfarveli adiRuri RvTaebis tlefs/tlefSis saxels uaxlovebs) da agreTve kolxebisa
da kolxeTis saxelwodebebSi[498].
xalibebisa da xaTebis (Tu xeTebis)
urTierTdakavSirebis SesaZleblobas TiTqos iZlevais garemoeba, rom qsenofontis
`anabasisis~ daskvniT nawilSi, sadac mokled aris Sejamebuli ukanmobrunebuli
moqirave berZeni jariskacebis mier ganvlili gza, ZiriTad teqstSi moxseniebuli
mosinikebisadmi daqvemdebarebuli SavizRvispireli xalibebis[499] nacvlad dasaxelebuli
arian koჲtebi (Κοῖται)[500]. qsenofontis
`anabasisis~ daskvniTi paragrafi, mecnierTa Soris gavrcelebuli azriT, ekuTvnis
ara qsenofonts, aramed romeliRac kargad gaTviTcnobierebul pirs da amitom aris,
rom masSi mocemuli calkeuli cnobebi nawilobriv ar Seesabameba Txzulebis ZiriTad
teqsts[501]. safiqrebelia, rom
zRvispira xalibebis koჲtebiT Senacvleba, ZiriTadad ganpirobebuli unda yofiliyo,
qsenofontis mierve mdinareebis fasisisa (arezi) da harpasosis (Woroxi) Soris
moxseniebul, mTian mxareSi mosaxle xalibebisgan gansxvavebis surviliT[502]. satomo saxel `koჲtebTan~
mimarTebaSi, egeb mxedvelobaSi iyos misaRebi xalib-koჲtebisagan dasavleTiT ori dRis savalze
mde/63/bare qalaqi kotiora[503], pliniusis kotiorumi[504], `iliadis~ kitorosi[505] da likofroniseuli
`ligistikuri kჳტაჲა~[506]; T. yauxCiSvilis azriT,
eTnonim Κοῖται-s Tavdapirveli
daweriloba unda yofiliyo Κύται da masSi igive Ziria sagulvebeli, rac aris
`quTaisis~ aRmniSvnel Κύταια-Si[507]. safiqrebelia, rom
homerosi xeTebs keteჲebis
(Κήτειοι) saxelwodebiT
icnobda[508];
homerosiseul `keteჲebs~
straboni Crdilo-dasavleT anatoliaSi, misiaSi, troel kilikielebsa da pelasgebs
Soris aTavsebda[509]. `warmomavlobis wignis~
cnobiT, kitielTa ganayofs (tribu Citiensium) ganekuTvnebodnen kviproselebi dad
agreTve isini, vinc ufro CrdiloeTiT cxovrobda, Tuki, es uknasknelni, avtoris
TqmiT, misi droisaTvis jer kidev iyvnen SemorCenilni[510].
rogorc ar unda gadawydes xalibebisa da
xaTi-xeTebis urTierTsiaxlovis sakiTxi, cntralur anatoliaSi rkinis metalurgiis
uZvelesi da Zlieri keris arseboba da rkinisa da sazogadod liTonis metalurgiis
tradiciebis qarTvelur samyaroSi gansakuTrebuli reliefurobiT asaxva, rac
TvalsaCinodaa warmoCenili specialur literaturaSi, Cveni azriT, dasaSvebs xdis
qarTveluri warmomavlobis tomebis garkveul kavSirs centraluranatoliur
metalurgiul kerasTan.
zemoT ukve iTqva, rom zogierT werilobiT
wyaroSi centraluri samxreT SavizRvispireTis aRsaniSnavad gamoyenebuli termini `libia~
SesaZloa eTnonim `xalibs~ ukavSirdebodes; vfiqrobT, moipoveba saxelwodeba
`libiis~ warmoqmnis axsnis sxva alternatiuli variantic. rogorc cnobilia,
CrdiloeT anatoliaSi dadasturebulia xeTuri xanis qasquri qveyana Tibia[511], romelic antikur xanaSi tibarenebis tomis
mier dasaxlebulad aris miCneuli[512]; pliniusis cnobiT Zv. w.
III s. Meore naxevris berZeni istorikosi filarqosi iuwyeboda pontoSi Tibiebis (Thibiorum) tomis arsebobas[513]. qveynis saxelwodebas _ Tibia, anatoliuri
samyarosaTis damaxasiaTebeli t/l bgeraTmonacvleobis Sedegad, SeeZlo moeca
_ Libia[514].
xaTuri t- bgeris
xeTur-nesiturSi l-d gadmocemis SemTxvevebi da gvianxeTurisaTvis
damaxasiaTebeli l > t bgeraTmonacvleoba TvalsaCinod aris asaxuli `didi
mefis~ aRmniSvnel xaTuri warmomavlobis mqone xeTur terminSi _ T/Labarna[515]. /64/ aRsaniSnavia, rom d/l bgeraTmonacvleoba
SeimCneva egeosuri samyaros winaberZnuli substratisa da qarTul enebSi[516].
T/l bgeraTmonacvleobis
gaTvaliswinebiT, vfiqrobT, SesaZlebeli xdeba md. marasanTiis (halisi) qvemo
dinebis dasavleT napirze mdebare xeTuri provinciis Taggasta-s[517] daaxloeba apolonios
rodoselis `argonavtikaSi~ moxseniebul `likastiel amaZonebTan~[518], pomponius melasa da
pliniusis mier md. halisis aRmosavleTiT lokalizebul qalaq likastosTan[519] da albaT `ligistinebisa~
Tu `libistinebis~ qveyanasTanac.
Tu dadasturdeba garkveul periodSi samxreT
SavizRvispireTis centraluri nawilis aRmniSvnelad saxelwodeba `libiis~ arseboba,
axali Suqi moefineboda berZen-romaeli istorikosebisa da qarTveli da somexi
mematianeebis zogierT bundovan cnobas; kerZod, maTi monacemebis
urTierTSepirispirebis Sedegad, albaT SesaZlebeli gaxdeboda kolxebisa da
iberebis warmomavlobis sakiTxTan dakavSirebiT antikuri wyaroebis mier samxreT
da dasavleT xmelTaSuazRvispireTisadmi miwerili didi mniSvneloba samxreT SavizRvispireTze
yofiliyo gadatanili, miTumetes, rom samxreT-aRmosavleT SavizRvispireTi, rogorc
cnobilia, Zv. w. I aTaswleulSi upiratesad qarTveluri tomebiT iyo dasaxlebuli.
Tavi meore
centraluri da aRmosavleTi anatolia da qarTveluri tomebi
/65/ samxreT-aRmosavleT SavizRvispireTis sanapiro zoli da mis mTel
gayolebaze gadaWimuli janikis, giresunis, giumiuShanes, ziganis, trabzonis,
lazistanis mTebis ferdobebi da agreTve aRmosavleT anatoliis Crdilo-aRmosavleT
nawilSi, mdinareebis Woroxis, mtkvris, karasus (CrdiloeT evfrati) da arezs
Soris moqceuli e. w. `mosxuri mTebis~ Semadgeneli Woroxis, arsianis, SavSeTis,
soRanluRis, kopis, akdaRis, kargapazaris, Caxirbabis, alahiuekberis qedebi _
istoriuli tao-klarjeTisa da `didi mesxeTis~ umetesi nawilis momcveli, ZvelTaganave
qarTveluri warmomavlobis tomTa gavrceleebis mxareebad aris miCneuli.
samxreT-aRmosavleT SavizRvispireTsa da aRmosavleT anatoliaSi mosaxle da
berZeni istorikosisa da moRvawis qsenofontis mier Zv. w. IV s. dasawyisSi
nanaxi da aRwerili makronebi, drilebi, kolxebi, mosinikebi, tibarenebi,
xalibebi, xaldebi, fasianebi, taoxebi qarTvelurenovan tomebad iTvlebian[520]. drilebi da makronebi
qalaq trapezuntis samxreTiT cxovrobdnen[521], Zveli avtorebi maTi
sanebTan anu WanebTan gaigivebis SesaZleblobas iZlevian; ariane _ drilebisas[522], xolo straboni _
makronebisas[523].
qsenofontis cnobiT, trapezunti da kerasunti kolxeTis miwaze mdebareobda[524], xolo rionispira kolxeTs
fasianTa qveyanas uwodebs[525]. mosinikebis teritoria
q. kerasuntis dasavleTiT iwyeboda[526] da q. kotioras, aRmosavleTidan,
maTdami daqvemdebarebuli mcirericxovani xalibebis samkvidrebeli da tibarenTa
miwis ori dRis savali manZili aSorebda[527]. sakuTriv q. kotiora
`anabasisSi~ aRwerili ukanaskneli saxmeleTo punqti, tibarenebis qveyana/66/Si
yofila daarsebuli sinopelTa mier[528]. savaraudoa, rom
qsenofontis xanaSi tibarenebis teritoria q. kotioris dasavleTiTac vrceldeboda.
V s. anonimuri periplusis mixedviT, mosinikebi uwin cxovrobdnen q. farnakiidan
q. kotioris sanaxebamde, xolo teritoria kotioridan q. polemonis (Tanamedrove
md. balamanis SesarTavTan) sanaxebamde, tibarenebs ekavaT[529]. qsenofontis cnoba,
mosinikebsa da tibarenebs Soris xalibebis lokalizebis Sesaxeb, upirispirdeba
sxva Zvel avtorTa monacemebs, romelTa mixedviT tibarenebs (tibarebs)
aRmosavleTidan mosinikebi (mosinebi) esazRvrebodnen[530], xalibTa sacxovrisi ki
Cveulebriv tibarenebis dasavleTiT moixsenieba xolme[531]. amave dros, qsenofontis
mixedviT, xalibebis tomi cxovrobda aRmosavleT anatoliaSic, md. fasisis (arezis)
zemo welis CrdiloeTiT[532]; etyoba, iqve unda yofiliyo
urartus mefis _ rusa II-is (daaxl. Zv. w. 685-645 ww.) adiljevazis warweris aliu-s tomTa gaerTianeba[533], romelsac g. meliqiSvili
homerosis `haliZonebis~ qveyanasTan aigivebs[534]. aRsaniSnavia, rom
straboni xalib-xaldebs, garda mcire somxeTamde gadaWimul farnakiisa da
trapezunis mopirdapire mxareebisa, didi somxeTis dasavleTi nawilis karenitidis
olqis (Tanamedrove q. erzurumis maxloblad) Zvel mflobelebadac miiCnevs[535] da amiT igi TiTqos
exmianeba qsenofontis cnobas xalibTa gansaxlebis Taobaze; Tumca farnakia-trapezuntis
gadaRma mcire somxeTamde xalibebis gavrceleba, SesaZloa, faqtiurad maT uwyvet
ganfenaze miuTiTebdes pariadris qedis gayolebiT da ufro aRmosavleTiT mdebare
mTianeTSi. strabonis mixedviT, `xalibebi~ _ xaldebis Zveli saxelia[536], magram `xaldebis~ saxelis
sakmao siZveles, garda urartul wyaroebSi asaxuli `xalitus qveynis~
saxelwodebisa, mowmobs isic, rom qsenofonti, miuxedavad `anabasisSi~ ZiriTadad
saxelwodeba `xalibis~ gamoyenebisa, q. kotioraSi Casul sinopel elCebTan
saubrisas aRmosavleTiT mcxovreb xalibebs `xaldebis~ saxelwodebiT moixseniebs[537], xolo amave Txzulebis
daskvniT paragrafSi, romelsac qsenofontis kalams ar miaweren, xalibebi da /67/
xaldebi erTmaneTis gverdiT arian dasaxelebuli, karduxebsa da makronebs Soris,
maSin rodesac, zRvispira xalibebis adgilas mosinikebsa da tibarenebs Soris, koჲtebis tomia moTavsebuli.[538] rogorc Cans, ukve
hekateos mileteli ganasxvavebda xalibTa or did dajgufebas, Tu erT SemTxvevaSi,
misi azriT, xalibebs (χλυβοι) samxreTidan
armenielebi esazRvrebodnen[539], meore mxriv, mas
dasaxelebuli hyavs xalibebi (χλιβες), romelTac qalaqi
stamena ekuTvniT[540]. fsevdo-skilaqsis
mixedviTac, elinuri qalaqi _ stameneia, daxuruli navsadguri _ genetesi da
elinuri akropolisi _ iazonia xalibebis miwaze iyo[541]. gamoTqmulia azri, rom hekateosis
pirvel fragmentSi aRmosavleT anatoliaSi mcxovrebi xalibebi igulisxmebian, xolo
meoreSi _ pontospireTSi, Tanamedrove iasunis koncxis dasavleTiT mosaxleni[542]. xalibebis farTod
gavrcelebis sakiTxTan dakavsirebiT yuradRebas ipyrobs pomponius melas sityvebi,
rom `paflagoniasTan yvelaze axlos myof xalibebs aqvT saxelganTqmuli qalaqebi
amisosi da sinope _ cinikosi diogenes samSoblo, mdinareebi halisi da
Termodonti...~[543].
amave dros safiqrebelia, rom Zv. w. I
aTaswleulSi adgili unda hqonoda samxreT SavizRvispireTSi mosaxle tomebis
TandaTanobiT gadanacvlebas dasavleTidan aRmosavleTisaken. es procesi TiTqos
SeimCneva levkosirebis (sirebis, sirielebis) gansaxlebis sakiTxTan dakavSirebiT[544]. magaliTad herodotem,
miuxedavad imisa, rom icis, md. halisiT paflagonielebisa da sirielebis
erTmaneTisagan gamoyofis faqti[545], aRniSnavs, rom
sirielebi md. Termodontis garda md. parTeniosTanac cxovrobdnen[546], anu paflagoniis
teritoriaze (ix. zemoT). md. halisis dasavleTiT levkosirebis gavrcelebaze
SesaZloa migvaniSnebdes maTi gaerTianeba paflagonielebTan da mariandinebTan
dariosis mesame satrapiaSi[547], romelic lidiis yofili
samefos miwebs moicavda da helespontodan md. halisis SesarTavamde vrceldeboda[548]. amave sakiTxTan
dakavSirebiT yuradRebas ipyrobs injeburunis koncxis (romelzedac q. sinope
mdebareobs) Zveli saxelwodeba _ siriada[549], xolo fsevdo-skimnosis
cnobiT, sinopeSi odesRac cxovrobda mkvidri mosaxleoba _ sirebi, TviT qalaqs ki
saxeli amaZoneli sinopesagan Seerqva (Ps.-/68/Skymn., 941-943). antikuri xanis miTologiuri warmodgenebiT, asopes asuls sinopes
apolonisagan eyola vaJi _ siri, adgilobrivi sirebis eponimi, romelTac
ekuTvnodaT qalaqi sinope avtolikosis (anu berZnebis) iq gamoCenamde
(Plut., Luc., XXIII; Dion. Per., 774-778; Apoll. Rhod., II, 946-947).
md. halisis aRmosavleTiT mdebare qalaqi amisosi (Tanamedrove q.
samsunTan) Zv. w. VI s. berZnuli koloniaa. strabonTan Semonaxuli cnobiT, Zv. w.
IV s. istorikosi Teopompe iuwyeboda, rom igi Tavdapirvelad miletelebs
dauarsebiaT, Semdeg kapadokielebs CaugdiaT xelSi da bolos aTenel berZnebs
dausaxlebiaT[550];
levkosirebis mier amisosis dapyrobas evstaTi Tesalonikelic iuwyeba `iliadis~
komentarebSi[551];
rogorc fsevdo-skimnosis cnobidan irkveva, amisosi levkosirebis teritoriaze
yofila daarsebuli, oRond fokeelebis da ara miletelebis mier (Ps.-Scymn.,
917). am gadmocemebSi asaxuli Cans brZolis
kvali berZen moaxalSeneebsa da adgilobriv, kapadokiur Tu levkosirul mosaxleobas
Soris. terminebi `kapadokieli~ da `levkosiri~ erTidaimave xalxis aRmniSvnelad
gamoiyeneboda; herodotes ganmartebiT, pirvels sparselebi xmarobdnen, xolo
meores - berZnebi[552]. amave dros,
aRsaniSnavia, rom antikur da bizantiur literaturaSi gavrcelebuli iyo Sexeduleba
kapadokielebisa da mosxebis igiveobis Taobaze. ioseb flaviusis mixedviTac xom
`mesxosma daafuZna mesxenebi, romelTac axla kapadokielebi ewodebaT...~[553].
ioseb flaviusis cnoba gansakuTrebul yuradRebas imsaxurebs bolo xanebSi,
vinaidan `aRmosavleli muSqebis~ (anu aRmosavleT anatoliis _ md. evfratis zemo
dinebis marjvena napirisa da misi mimdebare mxareebis e. w. `Zvelfrigiuli
kulturis~ matarebeli mosaxleobis) kuTvnileba frigiuli samyarosadmi sul ufro
saeWvo xdeba. i. diakonovis azriT, termini Muški (da misgan warmoebuli saxelwodebebi) urartelebis, asurelebisa da
ebraelebis mier gadatanili iyo `aRmosavleli muSqebidan (ufro zustad
musqebidan)~ frigielebze, romelTa saxelwodebac, Tavis mxriv, SesaZloa Musa yofiliyo.[554] rogorc irkveva, q.
koniis maxloblad aRmoCenil ieroglifur-luviur enaze Sesrulebuli warwera, sadac
savaraudod ikiTxeba eTnonimi Muska, xeTebis dacemis wi/69/namorbed xanas ganekuTvneba. es ki imas miSnavs,
rom warwera frigielebis gamoCenamde bevrad ufro adreul xanebSia Sesrulebuli da
maT ar unda aRniSnavdes[555]. i. diakonovi agreTve
SeniSnavs, rom q. karxemiSis A7 warwera, erTmaneTisagan ganasxvavebs Musa-sa da Muska-s; pirvelebi, misi
azriT, frigielebi arian, xolo meoreni _ protoarmenielebi[556]. erT-erT ZiriTad
arguments i. diakonovisaTvis, protoarmenielebad muSqebis miCnevisas,
warmoadgens maT saxelwodebaSi mocemuli sufiqsi -ki, romelsac igi somxuri enisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli mravlobiTi ricxvis -k’(ք) morfemis kanonzomier Zvel Sesatyvisad Tvlis[557]. i. diakonovi aRiarebs
ra, rom qarTvelurenovan mesx-tomis aRsaniSnavad gamoyenebuli berZnuli wyaroebis
eTnonimi Μόσχοι, fonetikuri TvalsazrisiT zustad Seesatyviseba asurul-urartul Muški-s, amave dros, Tvlis, rom berZnuli termini miRebulia kontaminaciis
Sedegad da mis matarebel qarTvelurenovan mesxebis toms araferi ara aqvs saerTo
`aRmosavlel muSqebTan~ (protoarmenielebTan) da frigielebTan[558]. rogorc Cans, i.
diakonovi saTanadod ar iTvaliswinebs im faqts, rom forma mosx-
> musx- qarTuli eTnonimis Mesx-is zanuri Sesatyvisia da am ukanasknelTan erTad *masx-formidan unda iyos warmomdgari[559]; ar Cans
gaTvaliswinebuli toponim `musxis~ arseboba mesxeTSi, agreTve xunZur enaSi
fSav-xevsurTa aRmniSvnelad gamoyenebuli termini `mosoq/maseq/mosox~-i[560]; mxedvelobaSia misaRebi
TviT i. diakonovis mier moyvanili magaliTic, `mesxuri mTebis~ saxelwodebis
somxur enaSi Մոսքեկան (mosqekan) formiT gamovlenisa[561]. rac Seexeba i.
diakonovis mier `protoarmenielebTan~ muSqebis gaigivebis cdas, tradiciuli
Sexedulebis Tanaxmad _ somexi xalxis warmoqmnis adgilad miCneul zemo evfratis
orive mxareSi, Zv. w. XII-IX ss., `aRmosavleli muSqebis~ gavrcelebis gamo[562], unda iTqvas, rom somxur
enaSi zanuri substrates arsebobis zemoT aRniSnuli faqti, `muSqebSi~ zanebis
danaxvis SesaZleblobas TiTqos ufro unda iZleodes. yuradRebas ipyrobs isic, rom
centraluri anatoliis CrdiloeT nawilSi mosaxle mosxebs hekateos mileteli kolxur
tomad miiCnevda[563], xolo amerkavkasieli
mesxebisaTvis, samecniero literaturaSi, megrul-Wanuri warmomavloba aris
navaraudevi[564].
muSqebSi qarTulenovani tomis danaxvas, i. diakonovis azriT, mniSvnelov/70/nad
abrkolebs is garemoeba, rom qarTuli tomebi, garda egris-iberia-kaxeTisa da a.
S. mxolod lazeTsa da kolxeTSi cxovrobdnen[565]; magram, Zveli berZnuli
wyaroebis Sejerebis Sedegad mosxebis kolxuri tomis centralur anatoliaSi
lokalizebis zemoaRniSnulma SesaZleblobam, da aRmosavleT anatoliaSi qarTveluri
tomebis gansaxlebis Sesaxeb arsebulma cnobebma, kerZod, zemo evfratis auzSi
qarTvelur tomebad miCneuli xalibebiT da mosinikebiT dasaxlebuli karenitidisa da
qserqsenes mdebareobam[566] da aRmosavleT anatoliis
mTianeTSi somxebis mezoblad xaldi-xalibebis binadrobam[567], vfiqrobT,
gansxvavebulad unda warmogvidginos anatoliaSi qarTveluri warmomavlobis mqone
tomebis gansaxlebis suraTi.
i. diakonovs ekuTvnis sayuradRebo mosazreba SavizRvispireTeli xalibebisa
da mosxebis identurobis Sesaxeb; man yuradReba miaqcia im garemoebas, rom
herodotes `istoriaSi~ xalxTa CamoTvlisas, Cveulebriv dasaxelebuli arian
mosxebi, xolo xalibebi moixsenebian mxolod erT fragmentSi[568] da isic interpolaciad
aris miCneuli[569].
Sexedulebas mosxebisa da xalibebis igiveobis Taobaze, vfiqrobT, mxars unda
uWerdes aRmosavleT anatoliis mTianeTis xaldi-xalibebis gansaxlebis
zemomoyvanili cnobebi[570] asurul-urartuli
wyaroebis `aRmosavleli muSqebis~ sacxovriss _ alzsa (md. murad-sus marcxena
napirze) _ da mosxur mTebs Soris mdebare mxareSi. niSandoblivia isic, rom Tu
ZvelaRmosavluri wyaroebis abeSlaelebi muSqebTan erTad arian gaerTianebulni, maT
memkvidreebad miCneul fasianebs (ix. qvemoT) xalibebTan aqvT samxedro kavSiri[571]. gasaTvaliswinebelia
agreTve SesaZlo kavSiri pliniusTan dasaxelebul `armeno-xalibebis tomsa~[572] da mosxebis qveynis erTi
nawilis armenielTa qveynis SemadgenlobaSi moqcevis straboniseul cnobas Soris[573], miTumetes, rom
pliniusis teqstSi uSualod armeno-xalibebis Semdeg naxsenebia `mosxebis miwebi~
gavrcelebuli md. mtkvris Senakad md. iberamde[574], romelic md. iors unda
aRniSnavdes[575],
xolo strabonis mixedviT, mosxebis qveynis darCenili ori nawili _ kolxebsa da
iberebs ekuTvnodaT[576]. magram, pliniusiseuli
md. iberis md. iorTan gaigivebiT (rasac xels unda uwyobdes Tundac is, rom
pliniusis teqstis aRniSnuli paragrafi iberiasa da albaneTs exeba), gamodis, rom
mosxebis qveyana faqtiurad mTeli iberiis momcvelia, mis farglebSi TiTqos md.
fasisis (am SemTxvevaSi md. rioni) saTavec eqceva[577]; amave dros,
sayuradReboa, rom armeno-xalibebi da `mosxebis miwebi~ parihedros mTebis im
mxares arian ganlagebuli, romelic kavkasionis mTavari qedis aRmosavluri nawilis
Semadgenel keravnul mTebs Sehyurebs, xolo mis sawinaaRmdego mxares kolxuri (Colchicae) udabnoa[578]. parihedros mTebTan
mdebare Tasisa da Triaris, anu taSirisa da TrialeTis olqebis, aseve keravnuli
mTebis sapirispiro mxares ganlageba, parihedros mTebSi TiTqos TiTqos bambakis
qedis danaxvis SesaZleblobas iZleva[579] da amasTanave,
armeno-xalibebisa da `mosxebis miwebis~ iqneb istoriuli gardabnisa da hereTis
midamoebSi adgilmdebareobaze unda miuTiTebdes, miT ufro, rom armeno-xalibebis
Semdeg pliniusis teqstSi sakasenebia (SakaSene, ganjis mxare) dasaxelebuli[580]; es garemoeba pliniusis
cnobas, Tuki Secdoma ar aris masSi daSvebuli (aRsaniSnavia, rom
SavizRvispireTis amsaxvel amave Tavis meTormete paragrafSi, armeno-xalibebi
trapezuntis gadaRma mxareSi arian dasaxelebulni), strabonis cnobisagan[581] unda aSorebdes; meore
mxriv, pliniusis cnoba[582] TiTqos exmianeba
zemomoyvanil cnobebs, `qaldevelTagan gamosuli honnebis~, `masaxa-honnebis~ da
`gardmanSi (gardabanSi) dasaxlebuli xaldebis Sesaxeb.
mosxebisa da xalibebis gaigivebis sawinaaRmdego sabuTs, Cveni azriT,
unda warmoadgendes hekateos miletelis `dedamiwis aRwerilobis~ Semonaxul
fragmentebSi, rogorc SavizRvispireli xalibebisa[583], aseve centraluri
anatoliis CrdiloeT raionebSi mosaxle mosxebis[584] moxsenieba; agreTve,
urartus mefis rusa II-is adiljevazis warweraSi erTmaneTis gverdiT muSkinis,
xaTesa da xalitus qveynebis dasaxeleba[585]. Rac Seexeba i.
diakonovis SeniSvnas, rom strabonis mier, rogorc mosxebis, aseve xalibebisa da xaldebis
erTad moxsenieba albaT gamowveulia avtoris mier sxvadasxva wyaroebis
ekleqtikuri gamoyenebiT[586], unda iT/72/qvas, rom
strabonTan mosxebi, xalibebi da xaldebi erTmaneTisagan gansxvavebul geografiul
garemoSi gvxvdebian; kerZod, straboniseuli mosxebi _ Crdilo-aRmosavleT
SavizRvispireTSi[587], xolo xaldebi[588] da xalibebi[589] _ samxreT-aRmosavleT
SavizRvispireTsa da aRmosavleT anatoliis mTianeTSi; Tumca, xalibebTan, rogorc
zemoT ukve aRvniSneT, SesaZloa, dakavSirebuli iyo strabonis mier naxsenebi
`mosxebis qveyana~[590] _ istoriuli mesxeTis
Sesatyvisi. rogorc Cans, terminebi `mosxi~ da `xaldi~ || `xalibi~, miuxedavad
calkeul periodebSi maTi mniSvnelobebis nawilobrivi damTxvevisa da erTidaimave
eTnikuri samyarosadmi kuTvnilebisa, mTlianobaSi erTmaneTs ver faraven da garkveuli
Sinaarsobrivi Taviseburebis matarebelni arian, asaxaven ra lokalur Tu
qronologiur gansxvavebebs (msgavsad dasavleT saqarTveloSi gavrcelebuli
saxelwodebebisa: `kolxi~, `lazi~, `egriseli~, `megreli~, `odiSari~).
rogorc vxedavT, iZebneba garkveuli Sexebis wertilebi erTi mxriv,
mosxebsa da meore mxriv, `siriel kapadokielebsa~ (levkosirebsa) da xalibebs
Soris; es ki, TavisTavad cxadia, rom unda ayenebdes levkosirebisa da xalibebis
urTierTmimarTebis sakiTxsac. herodotes mier sirielTa sacxovrisis mdinareebiT
parTeniosiTa da TermondontiT gansazRvra[591], im garemoebis
gaTvaliswinebiT, rom samxreT SavizRvispireTSi sabadoebis garkveulil
metalurgiuli simZlavriT aRniSnul mdinareTa Soris mdebare mxarec xasiaTdeba,
sirielebSic TiTqos `xalibebis~ danaxvis SesaZleblobas unda iZleodes[592]. urTierTkavSiri
SeiniSneba agreTve sirielTa md. halisis dasavleTiT gansaxlebis Taobaze arsebul
zemoT moyvanil cnobebsa da im cnobebs Soris, romlebic Seicaven miTiTebebs md.
halisis dasavleTiT xalibebis SesaZlo lokalizebis Sesaxeb[593].
md. halisis dasavleTiT xalibebi dasaxelebuli hyavs herodotes, rodesac
Tavis `istoriaSi~ CamoTvlis lidiis mefis kroisosis mier md. halisis dasavleTiT
damorCilebul xalxebs, lidielebs, frigielebs, misielebs, mariandinebs, xalibebs,
paflagonielebs, Trakielebs, Tinebs, biTvinebs, karielebs, ionielebs, dorielebs,
pamfilielebs[594].
gamoTqmulia, agreTve azri, rom xalibebi unda hyavdes dasaxelebuli herodotes
meSvide TavSic, sadac sparselTa jarSi Semavali calke/73/uli tomebis SeiaraRebaa
daxasiaTebuli da maTi sardlebia CamoTvlili da sadac erT adgilas satomo saxelia
gamotovebuli[595],
es miT ufro dasaSvebi Cans, rom aq dasaxelebul xalxs hqonia aresis samisno[596], aresi ki xalibebis eponimis _ xalibis mamad iyo
miCneuli[597].
Tumca, herodotes teqstis gamomcemelTa didi nawili am adgilas pisidielebis
saxelis aRdgenas aniWebs upiratesobas. rac Seexeba xalibebis md. halisis
dasavleTiT mcxovreb tomTa Soris moxseniebis faqts[598], herodotes teqstis jer
kidev gasuli saukunis germaneli gamomcemeli h. Staini gamoTqvamda azrs, rom
aRniSnuli paragrafis is nawili, sadac tomebis saxelwodebebia CamoTvlili,
gviandeli CanarTi unda iyos, radgan iq naxsenebi zogierTi tomi herodotes
teqstis sxva adgilebi ar gvxvdeba, mag., Tinebis (Θυνοί) an xalibebisa, maSin, rodesac sxva adgilebSi dasaxelebuli tomebi am fragmentSi
ar arian CamoTvlilni[599]. n. lomouris
SexedulebiT, im garemoebas, rom herodote saerTod ar icnobs xalibebs, mowmobs,
mis mier, sxva avtorebTan xalibebis mezoblad dasaxelebuli tomebis (mosxebis,
tibarenebis, makronebis, mosinikebis da sxv.) araerTgzis moxseniebac,
xalibebisagan gansxvavebiT[600]. magram Zalze Zneli
warmosadgenia, rom herodotes araferi scodnoda xalibebis Sesaxeb. xalibTa
siZveleze miuniSnebs Tundac strabonis sityvebi, rom maT jer kidev homerosi
moixseniebda alibes mkvidr haliZonebad Tu alibeelebad[601]. xalibebi dasaxelebuli
hyavs herodotes winamorbeds hekateos miletels, romlis naSromsac herodote kargad
icnobs, Tavis TxzulebaSi sakmaod xSirad ixseniebs[602] da zogjer miTiTebis
gareSec ki ekamaTeba mas[603]. xalibebi naxsenebi
hyavs herodotes ufros Tanamedroves, dramaturg esqilesac (Zv. w. 525-456 ww.),
rodesac isini `mijaWvul promeTeosSi~ rkinis dammuSavebel, mkacr da saxifaTo
xalxad hyavs daxasiaTebuli[604].
herodote xalibebs, maT mezobel tomebTan, mosxebTan, tibarenebTan,
mosinikebTan da makronebTan erTad SesaZloa imitom ar ixseniebs, rom is
fragmentebi, sadac es tomebia dasaxelebuli[605], momdinareoben
gansakuTrebuli xasiaTis mqone ori nawilidan, `satrapiebis anu dario/74/sis
moxarkeTa siidan~ da `qserqses armiisa (da flotis) siidan~[606], romelTa Tavdapirvel wyaros
oficialuri sparsuli sabuTebi unda warmoadgendnen. am sabuTebSi xalibebi,
safiqrebelia, rom sxva tomebTan erTad iyvnen gaerTianebulni da amdenad, maT
saxels amofarebulni, anda, sulac sxva saxelwodebiT moixseniebodnen, Tundac
`mosxebisa~ (ix. zemoT). sayuradReboa, rom urartelebis aRmniSvneli saxelwodeba
`alarodielebi~ herodotesTan mxolod aRniSnul siebSia moyvanili[607] da es garemoeba
samecniero literaturaSi axsnilia herodotes mier dionisios miletelis naSromebis
gamoyenebiT, romlebic dawerili iyo oficialuri sparsuli dokumentebis safuZvelze[608]. xolo sxva konteqstSi,
rodesac Txroba uSualod herodotesagan momdinareobda, mas, ra Tqma unda, SeeZlo
daesaxelebina xalibebic. Amave dros, Cven verc xalibebis saxelwodebis Semcveli
fragmentis interpolacias gamovricxavT herodotes teqstSi, magram, aRniSnuli
fragmenti CanarTsac rom warmoadgendes, vfiqrobT, mas mainc unda gaewios
angariSi, rogorc garkveuli, albaT, arc Tu SemTxveviTi, informaciis
gamomxatvels, miTumetes, rom es fragmenti herodotes teqstSi (romlis yvelaze
adreuli nusxa ax. w. X s. ganekuTvneba) sakmaod adreul xanaSi Camatebulad aris
miCneuli[609].
marTalia, iseTi SedarebiT gviandeli avtori, rogoric likofrenes `aleqsandras~
sqoliastia, romelsac XII s. moRvawed miiCneven[610], xalibebs paflagoniaSi
mcxovreb tomad moixseniebs[611], magram bevrad ufro
adreuli xanis, ax. w. I s. pirveli naxevris romaeli moRvawis pomponius melas
mixedviTac, romelic mcire aziis karg codnas avlens, aRmosavleTisaken
paflagoniis ukanasknel qalaqs _ armenes (Tanamedrove injeburunis koncxze),
xalibTa miwa-wyali mosdevda, misi sityvebiT, `...paflagoniis ukanaskneli
qalaqia armene. paflagoniasTan yvelaze axlos myof xalibebs aqvT saxelganTqmuli
qalaqebi amisosi da sinope, cinikosi diogenes samSoblo, mdinareeebi halisi da
Termodonti...~[612]. xalibebis mosazRvreebi aRmosavleTis
mxridan taberenebia, igive tibaranebi[613]. yuradRebas ipyrobs
pomponius melas ganmarteba imis Taobaze, rom qalaqebi amisosi da sinope aqvT
paflagoniasTan yvelaze axlos myof xalibebs, rac unda migvaniSnebdes sxva,
paflagonielebisagan ufro Sors mosaxle xalibe/75/bis arsebobazec, amave dros,
xalibebi mas im teritoriaze hyavs moxseniebulni, sadac sxva avtorebi
levkosirebs (sirebs, asirielebs) aTavseben xolme[614] da Tu imasac
gaviTvaliswinebT, rom mela Tavis TxzulebaSi levkosirebs arsad moixseniebs,
safiqrebeli xdeba, rom `xalibebSi~ mas levkosirebic unda hyoloda nagulisxmevi.
rogorc Cans, pomponius melas, romelic kompilatori mweralia, xalibTa gansaxleba
mis dros arsebuli realuri viTarebis mixedviT ki ara aqvs warmodgenili, aramed,
romeliRac Zveli wyaros mixedviT. niSandoblivia, rom moZvelebuli wyaroebis
sruliad ukritiko gamoyeneba da sxvaTa naSromebidan xSiri dasesxeba melas did
naklad aris miCneuli[615]. Amave dros, misi
naSromis mTavar Rirsebas swored es Tavisebureba, SemdgomSi dakarguli an
fragmentulad SemorCenili wyaroebis monacemTa Semonaxva warmoadgens. masTan
araerTi iseTi cnoba aris Semonaxuli, romelic ufro adre arsebuli mdgomareobis
amsaxvelia[616].
Cveni azriT, xalibTa adreuli gansaxlebis sakiTxTan dakavSirebiT
pomponius melas zemomoyvanil cnobas garkveuli mniSvneloba unda mieniWos. rac
Seexeba im braldebas, rom pomponius mela ver erkveva mis mier dasaxelebul tomTa
adgilmdebareobaSi[617], Cven mas ver
gaviziarebT. mogvyavs is citata pomponius melas Txzulebidan, romlis gamoc aris
ZiriTadad gamoTqmuli aseTi uaryofiTi Sefaseba melas sandoobis mimarT: `Sida
qveynebSi bevri da nair-nairi xalxebi cxovroben... skviTebsa da skviTebis
tramalebs zemoT dahebi cxovroben; xolo kaspiis ubes zemoT _ komareebi,
masagetebi, kadusebi, hirkanebi, hiberebi; amaZonebsa da hiperboreebs axlos _
kimerielebi, kisiantebi, aqeebi, georgilebi, mosxebi, korsitebi, foristebi,
rimfakebi; xolo sadac Cvens zRvebs emxroba _ matianebi, tibaranebi da ukve ufro
cnobili saxelis mqoneni _ midielebi, armenielebi, komagenebi, muranebi,
vegetebi, kapadokielebi, galogrekebi, likaonelebi, frigielebi, pisidielebi,
isavrielebi, lidielebi, sirokilikielebi~[618]. teqstis mixedviT aqeebi
da mosxebi uSualod kaspiis zRvis zeviT ki ar cxovroben, aramed amaZonebisa da
hiperboreebis axlos (ufro zustad, maT zeviT Tu maTs iqiT _ super), Tumca sxva adgilas mela mosxebs albanelebTan da hirkanebTan erTad
hirkaniis ubesTan aTavsebs[619]. rogorc cnobilia,
eTnonim `mosxTan~ mi/76/msgavsebuli saxelebi damaxasiaTebeli Cans kavkasionis
centraluri da aRmosavleT nawilebisaTvis; mxedvelobaSi gvaqvs agaTangelosis _
masaxa honnebi[620], pliniusis _ mazakebi[621], am mxareebis
toponimiaSi da eTnonimiaSi dadasturebuli msgavsi JReradobis saxelwodebebi (ix.
zemoT), alazneli CeCnebis saxelwodeba maxis-to-bi (maTi TviTdasaxelebaa maistwey)[622],
`qveynis~ aRmniSvneli CeCnuri termini `moxq~[623]. al. gamyreliZis
varaudiT, mosxTa gansaxlebis Taobaze pomponius melas cnoba, SesaZlebelia
warmoadgendes romelime iseTi wyaros anarekls, romelic mosxebis erTi nawilis
Crdilo-aRmosavleTisaken gadmonacvlebaze miuTiTebda[624]. rac Seexeba aqeebis
(`aqaelebis~) tomis saxelwodebas, rogorc SeniSnaven, igi erT-erTi mkvlevris
mier yofila amokiTxuli damaxinjebuli adgilidan da sakmaod saeWvocaa; xelnawerSi
kisiantebisa da aqeebis nacvlad yofila mxolod _ cissi anthiacae[625]. ar aris gamoricxuli, rom am tomebSi veinaxuri tomebi igulisxmebodes.
kisiantebis (anu kisiebis) saxels TiTqos uaxlovdeba inguSebis aRmniSvneli
bacburi eTnonimi _ kis-ti-y (qisti)[626], xolo aqeebis saxeli, Tu
ki miviRebT aRniSnul konieqturas, emsgavseba CeCnebis yvelaze Crdilouri jgufis
saxelwodebas _ akki[627]. Moyvanil citataSi arc midielebi, armenielebi, komagenelebi... unda
hyavdes pirenes naxevarkunZulze dabadebul romael moRvawes _ pomponius melas
mcdar konteqstSi moxseniebulni, vinaidan mis frazaSi _ `xolo sadac Cvens zRvebs
emxroba~, unda igulisxmebodes mTlianad xmelTaSua zRvis auzi da ara martooden
Savi zRvisa.
garda zemoT moyvanili monacemebisa, xalibTa lokalizaciisaTvis garkveuli
mniSvneloba eniWeba Zv. w. IV s. pirveli naxevris istorikosis _ eforosis
cnobas, romelic strabons aqvs Semonaxuli: `eforosi ambobda, rom es
naxevarkunZuli dasaxlebulia Teqvsmeti tomiT, romelTagan sami aris elinuri, xolo
danarCeni barbarosuli, Tu ar CavTvliT Sereul tomebs; zRvasTan arian
kilikielebi, likielebi, biTvinielebi, paflagonielebi, mariandinebi, troelebi da
karielebi; Sua qveyanaSi mosaxleoben pisidielebi, misielebi, xalibebi,
frigielebi da milielebi~[628]. straboni ar eTanxmeba
efoross da SeniSnavs: `...jer unda SevekiTxoT efoross, ratom aTavsebs naxevarkunZulis
SigniT xalibebs, romlebic mosaxleoben esoden Sors aRmosavleTiT, sinopesa da
amisosi/77/sagan~[629]. strabonisgan vgebulobT,
rom eforosi xalibebs aTavsebda mcire aziis naxevarkunZulis SigniT, anu sinopesa
da isosis (Tanamedrove iskanderunis yuris Crdilo-aRmosavleT napirze)
`SemaerTebeli xazis~ dasavleTiT; igulisxmeba sinopis yuris ukiduresi samxreT
wertili da isosis yuris Crdilo wertili[630]. arsebobda
naxevarkunZulis gansazRvris sxva xerxic, romelic strabons ufro marTebulad
miaCnia _ amisosisa da isosis Soris mdebare viwrobis mixedviT[631]. straboni SeniSnavs, rom
aravin Tvlis naxevarkunZulis yelis xazs xalibebze gadamavalad, vinaidan maSin
xazi mrude gamovidoda, mcire armeniasa da evfratze gadaivlida, xolo
naxevarkunZuli mTel kapadokias, komagenes, amanoss da isikosis yures moicavda[632].
rogorc vxedavT, straboni imitom ar miiCnevs xalibebs naxevarkunZulis
mcxovreblebad, rom maT naxevarkunZulis farglebs gareT, aRmosavleTiT aTavsebs.
ZiriTadi mizezi, ris gamoc straboni efoross ekamaTeba, xalibebis sanapiro
zolisagan daSoreba da qveynis SigniT moTavseba ki ar aris, aramed swored maTi
naxevarkunZulze, isosidan evqsinamde gamavali xazis dasavleTiT lokalizebaa;
straboni ar gamoricxavda xalibebis qveynis SigniTa mxareSi binadrobas; es
mkafiod Cans missive sityvebSi, rom efoross umjobesi iyo xalibebis erTi nawili
zRvis piras moeTavsebina, xolo meore nawili qveynis SigniT[633]. T. yauxCiSvilis
ganmartebiT, straboni eTanxmeboda efoross (da masTan erTad Zv. w. II s.
moRvawes apolodores) xalibebis nawilis maT mier miTiTebul adgilze cxovrebis
Sesaxeb, meore nawils ki zRvis piras aTavsebda[634]. amave dros, vfiqrobT,
naTelia, rom eforosisaTvis xalibebi isos-sinopesa Tu isos-amisosis SemaerTebeli
xazis dasavleTiT cxovrobdnen, winaaRmdeg SemTxvevaSi, strabonis sityvebisa ar
iyos, `Tu xalibebis qveyanas naxevarkunZulis nawilad miviCnevT, miT ufro unda
CavTvaloT aseTebad kataonia, orive kapadokia da likaonia...~[635]. aSkaraa, rom eforosi
imitom Tvlida xalibebs naxevarkunZulis mosaxleebad da ar Tvlida aseTebad
zemoCamoTvlil xalxebs, rom xalibebs, maTgan gansxvavebiT, ufro dasavleTiT
aTavsebda.
sayuradReboa, rom fsevdo-skimnosis `periegesis~ mixedviTac, xalibebi
aseve naxevarkunZulis, amisossa da isikosis yures Soris mdebare aziis
uviwroe/78/si yelis dasavleTiT, qveynis SigniT da kapadokielebis maxloblad
moixseniebian[636].
fsevdo-skimnosis cnobas gansakuTrebuli mniSvneloba aqvs eforosTan dasaxelebuli
xalibebis adgilmdebareobis garkvevisaTvis, vinaidan `periegesis~ erT-erT
ZiriTad wyaros swored eforosi warmoadgenda, amas fsevdo-skimnosi TviTonve
aRniSnavs, rodesac CamoTvlis im avtorebs, visganac aris igi dasesxebuli[637]. Tumca, T. yauxCiSvilis
SeniSvniT, `periegesis~ is fragmenti, sadac xalibebia naxsenebi, unda
momdinareobdes wyarodan, romelic Zv. w. III-II ss. TariRdeba[638]. am mxriv niSandoblivia,
rom fsevdo-skimnosi eforosisagan gansxvavebiT kapadokielebs naxevarkunZulze
aTavsebs; isini, misi TqmiT, pisidiis qveyanaSi da xalibebis maxloblad
cxovroben[639].
fsevdo-skimnosis es cnoba, amave dros, xalibTa qveynis Semdeg mdebare
sacxovrisis gansazRvris saSualebasac iZleva pisidiis qveyanaSi mcxovrebi
kapadokielebis mezoblad. kapadokielebis pisidiis qveyanaSi (samxreT anatolia)
moTavseba xalibebis ufro CrdiloeTiT mdebareobaze unda migvaniSnebdes, SesaZloa,
Semdegdroindeli galaTiis midamoebSi, Tumca Tu gaviTvaliswinebT eforosTan
qveynis SigniT mcxovrebi xalxebis _ pisidielebis, misielebis da miliebis,
zRvidan daSorebis manZils, ar aris gamoricxuli xalibTa sacxovrisic napiridan
sul 20-30 km-iT yofiliyo daSorebuli. garkveul eWvs aRZravs naxevarkunZulze da
qveynis SigniT mosaxle xalxebs Soris eforosis mier kapadokielTa mouxseniebloba,
vinaidan isosis, rogorc sinopTan, aseve amisosTan damakavSirebeli
naxevarkunZulis yelis xazi kapadokielebis miwaze gadioda; xom ar unda vifiqroT,
rom eforosis `xalibebSi~ _ kapadokielebi an maTi romeliRac Semadgeneli nawili
igulisxmeba; iqneb amave garemoebas ukavSirdeba pomponius melas mier xalibebis
lokalizacia levkosirebis teritoriaze (ix. zemoT), romlebic herodotes mixedviT,
igive kapadokielebi arian[640].
kidev erTi Zveli avtori, romelic iuwyeboda xalibebis naxevarkunZulze
binadrobas, rogorc amas strabonisagan vgebulobT, yofila apolodore, romelic
Tavis TxzulebebSi `troelTa sabrZolo wyoba~ da `xomaldTa katalogis Sesaxeb~,
SeniSnavda, rom homerosTan CamoTvlili troelTa yvela azieli mokavSire, e. i. maT
Soris haliZonebic, naxevarkunZul/79/ze, sinop-amisosis viwrobebis dasavleTiT
cxovrobdnen[641].
rogorc straboni gvamcnobs, apolodores erTmaneTTan Sepirispirebuli hqonia
homerosisa da eforosis cnobebi: `cxadia, rom apolodorem saTanadod ver gaarCia
eforosis gancxadeba da auria da daamaxinja poetis (homerosis _ g. q.) sityvebi~[642]. miuxedavad strabonis
mier im garemoebis aRniSvnisa, rom apolodoresaTvis ucnobi iyo haliZonTa vinaoba[643], raSic straboni albaT
xalibebisa da haliZonebis mis mier navaraudev igiveobas unda gulisxmobdes[644], apolodores mier
homerosis `xomaldTa katalogSi~ dasaxelebuli troelTa mokavSireebis, maT Soris
haliZonebis, naxevarkunZulis mcxovreblebad miCneva, da agreTve is faqti, rom
igi, rogorc es strabonis sityvebidan irkveva, iziarebda eforosis cnobas,
naxevarkunZulze xalibebis binadrobis Taobaze[645], savaraudos xdis, rom
apolodoresaTvisac cnobili unda yofiliyo Sexeduleba xalibebisa da haliZonebisa
Tu alibeelebis identurobis Sesaxeb; es miT ufro dasaSvebia, rom msgavsi azri
sakmaod gavrcelebuli Cans mis epoqaSi; straboni iuwyeba, rom apolodores
winamorbed demetrios skepsiselisaTvis (Zv. w. II s.) cnobili iyo zogierTebis
mier herodotes `xomaldTa katalogSi~ moxseniebulni `Soreuli alibes~[646] `Soreul xalibed~
Sesworebis faqti[647].
aRsaniSnavia, rom straboni, rogorc Cans, swored imis gamo, rom
haliZonebsa Tu alibeelebs xalibebTan aigivebda[648], ar iziarebda
Sexedulebas amaZonebisa da haliZonebis identurobaze, rac zogierT avtors
dasaSvebad miaCnda[649]; magaliTad, eforosi
`xomaldTa katalogis~ `alibel haliZonebs~ `alopeli amaZonebiT~ cvlida da maT
sacxovriss misias, kariasa da lidias Soris aTavsebda[650]. strabonis
gancxadebiTac, es mxare, SemdgomSi eolielebiTa da ionielebiT dasaxlebuli,
Tavdapirvelad amaZonelebs ekuTvnodaT, magram misTvis gaugebaria, Tu rogor
SeiZleboda aq `alibes~, anu `alopes~ Tu `alobes~ danaxva, anda, riTi
gamarTldeboda am SemTxvevaSi homerosis sityvebi aRniSnuli mxaris siSorisa da
vercxliT misi simdidris Sesaxeb[651]. dasavleT anatoliis
egeosiszRvispireTSi `alopes~ /80/ mdebareobis Sesaxeb cnoba hqonia Temistagoresac
`oqros wignSi~, romlis fragmenti elianus herodians Semounaxavs; am fragmentis
mixedviT, amaZonelebi cxovrobdnen alopeSi, romelsac imJamad ukve likia erqva da
q. efesosTan mdebareobda[652]; homerosis zemoT
moyvanili sityvebis gaTvaliswinebis gamo straboni kidev ufro miuReblad miiCnevs
Sexedulebas haliZonebis Crdilo-dasavleT anatoliaSi lokalizebis Sesaxeb, romelic
gamoTqmuli hqoniaT hekateos miletels, palefats, menekrate elaitels da demetrios
skepsisels[653].
aRsaniSnavia, rom TviT straboni, uaryofda ra amaZonebisa da haliZonebis
igiveobas, amave dros amaZonTa sacxovrissac pontoSi aTavsebda; misi cnobiT:
`yvelani uwodebdnen Temiskiras, Termodontis midamoebSi mdebare dablobebs da maT
zemoT mdebare mTebs amaZonebis qveyanas da amboben, rom isini aqedan iyvnen
gaZevebulni~[654].
Tqmuleba Termodontze mosaxle amaZonebis samSoblodan gaZevebis Sesaxeb farTod
iyo gavrcelebuli antikur samyaroSi[655]. rogorc zemoT
aRvniSnavdiT, Termodontis mxare iTvleboda agreTve levkosirebisa da xalibebis
miwad, xolo mTebis (janikis qedi) gadaRma unda yofiliyo mosxebis sacxovrisi.
eTnonim `amaZonSi~, savaraudoa, rom gamoiyofa maZ- fuZe, xolo on-
sufiqsis arseboba damaxasiaTebelia Wanuri da berZnuli enebisaTvis[656]. eTnonim `haliZonSi~
Semavali on- sufiqsis eTnonimTa mawarmoebel sufiqsad miCnevis SesaZleblobas
iZleva Tundac homerosis mier satomo saxelis _ `haliZonis~ dapirispireba qveynis
saxelwodeba `alibesTan~: `haliZonebs odiosi da apostroposi mouZRodnen Soreul
alibedan...~[657].
sayuradReboa, rom haliZonebis (=haliZebis?) qveyanas, igive `alibes~, md.
halisis auzSi aTavseben, rogorc Cans, am hidronimTan maTi saxelwodebis
msgavsebis gamo[658]. amave sakiTxTan
dakavSirebiT, vfiqrobT, mxedvelobaSia misaRebi xeTebis mefis mursilis II-is
(Zv. w. 1345-1315 ww.) analebSi moxseniebulni azi-xaiasas qveynis, zRvis piras
mdebare qalaqi _ Aripsa (aigiveben q.
kerasuntTan, Tanamedrove giresuni)[659], romlis saxelwodebaSic sa- sufiqsi gamoiyofa[660]; gasaTvaliswinebeli Cans
xeTuri wyaroebis alisas qveyanac, romelic sakulto qalaq arinnas maxloblad da
durmiTis qveynisa da qalaq haqfiss || hakmiss (q. amasia) Soris mdebareobda
/81/ centraluri anatoliis CrdiloeT nawilSi[661]; ar aris gamoricxuli,
rom toponimebi Alisa da Hakmis
|| Hakpis (Hagmis, Haggamis,
Ha-ag-miš) qalaqebis amisosisa da amasiis saxelwodebebisa[662] da eTnonim `amaZonis~
winamorbedebs warmoadgendnen; albaT mxedvelobaSi misaRebia is garemoebac, rom
q. amasiis maxloblad Zv. w. I aTaswleulis Sua xanebSi unda ecxovraT mosxebs,
romelTa saxelwodebis arqetips, rogorc iTqva, mas-i warmoadgenda, sakmaod axlo
mdgomi amaZonTa saxelwodebis savaraudo fuZesTan maZ, rac Tavis mxriv,
Zalauneburad wamoWris sakiTxs, xom ar unda igulisxmebodnen miTiur amaZonebSi
realurad arsebuli mosxebi? iqneb maTi da agreTve mosinikebis saxelwodebaTa
garegnulma msgavsebam amaZonebis saxelTan gamoiwvia am legendaruli tomis
samxreT SavizRvispireTSi lokalizeba?[663]
rac Seexeba eTnonim `amaZonSi~ a- prefiqsis gamoyofis SesaZleblobas, gasaTvaliswinebelia analogiuri
movlenebi, damaxasiaTebeli aRmosavleTanatoliuri da kavkasiuri geografiuli
saxelwodebebisaTvis. Sdr., mag., hidronimebi, md. kintriSis Zveli saxelwodebebi
`akinase~ (Άκινάσηϛ)[664] da `kinasi~ (Κίνασοϛ)[665],
md. Woroxisa _ `afsarosi~ (Άψαροϛ)[666]
da `fsarosi~ (ψάροϛ)[667];
agreTve qarTul wyaroebSi dadasturebuli md. araqsis (arezi) saxelwodeba _ `raჴsi~[668].
yuradRebas imsaxurebs asurul warwerebSi muSqebTan erTad Zv. w. XII s.
aRmosavleT anatoliaSi SeWrili qasqas (qaSqebis) tomis saxelwodebis sinonimad
gamoyenebuli eTnonimi `abeSla~[669] (iqneb Tavad
dakavSirebuli eTnonim `amaZonTan~), romelic, i. diakonovis azriT, qsenofontis
`anabasisSi~ fasianebis (Φασιανοί)[670]
saxelwodebiT aris moxseniebulni. Tumca ki fasianebSi upirveles yovlisa md.
fasisis piras (aq md. arezis zemo weli) mcxovrebi mosaxleoba unda
igulisxmebodes; Sdr. amave terminiT (Φασιανοί) aRniSnuli md. rion-fasisis mosaxleobac[671]. eTnonimebSi `abeSla~ da
`fasiani~ erTmaneTTan axlomdgomi beS da fas fuZeebi gamoiyofa, warmodgenili
agreTve abazinelebis Cerqezul dasaxelebaSi `basxeR~[672], romelic Tavis mxriv
eTnonim `abasks~ unda uaxlovdebodes. termini `abaski~ n. maris azriT,
`mosxidan~ iyo miRebuli[673]. msgavsi transformacia,
rogorc fonetikuri kanonebiT, aseve werilobiTi wyaroebis /82/ monacemebiT,
dasaSvebi Cans; m~b bgeraTmonacvleoba damaxasiaTebelia anatoliuri samyarosTvis[674] da agreTve SeiniSneba qarTul
da afxazur-abazur enebs Sorisac, sadac garkveuli kanonzomierebiT aris
gamovlenili qarT. m, afxaz-abaz. bB bgeraTSefardeba[675], xolo antikuri da
momdevno xanebis wyaroebis SeTanapirebiT STabeWdileba iqmneba, rom afxazeTis
teritoriaze, daaxloebiT mermindeli abaskebis miwaze (Άβασκοί)[676],
Zv.
w. I saukuneSi mosxebi binadrobdnen[677]. amave mxareSi,
abaskebis mezoblad lokalizdebian afsilebic (Άψλαι[678], Absilae[679]) romelTac samecniero literaturaSi
Cveulebriv asuruli wyaroebis abeSlaelebs ukavSireben[680]. niSandoblivia, miuxedavad
imisa, rom abeSlaelebica da afsilebic erTmaneTisagan gansxvavebul qronologiur
da sivrcobriv ganzomilebebSi Canan, orive es tomi, rogorc aRmosavleT
anatoliaSi, aseve Crdilo-dasavleT kolxeTSi gvxvdeba iq, sadac muSqi-mosxebic[681] arian damowmebuli. yuradRebas
ipyrobs basianis olqisa, romelic, rogorc fiqroben, fasianelebis tomis saxels
unda atarebdes[682], da mosxuri mTebis
mezoblobis faqtic[683].
amave dros, TiTqos moipoveba
Crdilo-dasavleT kolxeTSi mosaxle mosxebis savsebiT gansxvavebuli warmomavlobis
varaudis SesaZleblobac. Straboni, miTridates omebis istorikosebze dayrdnobiT,
mosxebs kerketebsa da kolxebs Soris aTavsebda[684], xolo fsevdo-skilaqsis
`periplusis~ mixedviT, Crdilo-aRmosavleT SavizRvispireTSi Crdilo-dasavleTidan
samxreT-aRmosavleTisaken cxovrobdnen... kerketebi, toretebi, aqaჲebi, henioxebi, koraqsebi, kolebi,
melanqlainebi, gelonebi, kolxebi...[685]. strabonis mosxebica da
fsevdo-skilaqsis melanqlainebic Tanamedrove afxazeTis teritoriaze lokalizdebian[686]. aseve Crdilo-aRmosavleT
SavizRvispireTSi Tavsdeba pomponius melas `melanqlena~[687] da pliniusisa da
anonimuri `periplusis~ melanqlainebi[688]. bevrad ufro Sors
CrdiloeTiT isazRvreba melanqlainTa sacxovrisi herodotes[689], dionisios periegetisa[690] /83/ klavdios
ptolemaiosis[691]
da sxvaTa cnobiT. klavdios ptolemaiosis teqstis sxva fragmentis mixedviT isini
CrdiloeT kavkasiaSi cxovrobdnen[692], hekateosi maT skviTebad
Tvlis[693],
herodotes mixedviT ki, isini miuxedavad imisa, rom skviTuri cxovrebis wess
misdeven, skviTebi ar arian[694] sayuradReboa, rom maTi
mezoblebi, rogorc azovis zRvis CrdiloeTiT mdebare mxareSi, aseve
Crdilo-dasavleT kolxeTSic gelonebi arian[695].
Cveni azriT, arsebobs SesaZlebloba
fsevdo-skilaqsis melanqlainebisa da strabonis mosxebis gaigivebisa, rasac,
garda maTi adgilmdebareobis Tanxvdenisa, unda mowmobdes isic, rom
fsevdo-skilaqsTan melanqlainelTa mezoblad dasaxelebuli gelonebis nacvlad,
strabons, kerketebis, mosxebisa da kolxebis zemoT (anu mTebSi) mcxovreblebad
fTeriofagebi (girCismWamelebi) hyavs dasaxelebuli, xolo, rogorc herodotes
`istoriidan~ vgebulobT, elinebis mier gelonebTan gaigivebuli budinebic
girCismWamelebad iTvlebodnen[696]. arianes cnobiTac,
pitiuntis dasavleTiT Zvelad mcxovrebi girCismWamelTa skviTuri tomi is tomi
yofila, romelsac herodote skviTebis qveynis aRwerisas ixseniebda[697]. sayuradReboa, rom
fsevdo-skilaqsTan moxseniebuli gelonebis nacvlad anonimur `periplusSi~,
melanqlainebisa da kolxebs Soris, maqelonebi arian dasaxelebulni[698]; aqac, iseve rogorc
fsevdo-skilaqsis `periplusSi~, erTmaneTis Semdeg arian CamoTvlili: henioxebi,
koraqsebi, kolikebi (nacvlad fsevdo-skilaqsis kolebisa), melanqlainebi,
maqelonebi (nacvlad gelonebisa) da kolxebi. savaraudoa, rom gelonebis saxels
anonimis teqstSi damatebuli aqvs, SesaZloa, qarTvelur enobriv garemoSi
SeZenili, eTnonimTa mawarmoebeli m- prefiqsi[699]. amave dros, arc is aris
gamosaricxi, rom straboniseul `mosxebs~[700] melanqlainebis
saxelwodebis Sesatyvisi qarTveluri forma dasdeboda safuZvlad; mxedvelobaSi
gvaqvs is garemoeba, rom hekateosis, herodotes da sxvaTa cnobiT, melanqlainebs
Tavisi saxelwodeba SeerqvaT Savi feris tansacmlis tarebis gamo[701], berZnulad _ μέλϛ,
μέλαινα, μέλν niSnavs `Savs, muqi
ferisas~, xolo svanur enaSi igive mniSvneloba /84/ aqvs sityvas mešxe[702]. evstaTi
Tesalonikelis mixedviT, zogierT avtors miaCnda, rom melanqlainebisaTvis aseTi
saxelis Serqmeva maTi kanis muqma ferma ganapiroba[703]. es cnoba, melanqlainTa
kolxeTSi binadrobis gaTvaliswinebiT, SesaZloa ukavSirdebodes herodotesa da Zv.
w. VI-V ss. Poetis pindares Sexedulebas kolxTa muqkanianobisa Tu Savgvremanobis
Sesaxeb[704].
melanqlainebTan mosxebis gaigivebis sakiTxTan dakavSirebiT, gasaTvaliswinebelia
cnoba, romlis mixedviTac mosxebi, CrdiloeTSi mcxovreb tomebTan, sarmatebTan da
getebTan erTad arian moxseniebulni, rogorc sisxliani rZis msmeli da jamebis
ZarRvebiT Semkobis moyvaruli xalxi[705]; sagulisxmoa, rom
vergiliusis mixedviT gelonebic, rodopasa da getebis udabnos Sexiznulebi, cxenis
sisxlSi areul rZes svamdnen[706].
rac Seexeba sazogadod kavkasiasa da
anatoliaSi farTod gavrcelebuli terminis `mosxi || mesxis~ etimologias,
amisaTvis upirveles yovlisa, albaT, zanuri (megrul-Wanuri) da qarTuli enebis
monacemebi unda iyos gamoyenebuli. rogorc aRvniSnavdiT, jer kidev mecxramete
saukuneSi toponim `mcxeTas~ eTnonim `mesxisagan~ nawarmoebad miiCnevdnen[707]; Tumca, am mosazrebas
yvela mecnieri ar iziarebda. vfiqrobT, terminebis `mcxeTisa~ da `mesxis~
urTierTkavSiris postulirebiT, rac maTi msgavsebis gamo, dasaSvebi unda iyos,
moipoveba imis SesaZlebloba, rom piriqiT, toponim `mcxeTis~ savaraudo
mniSvnelobis gaTvaliswinebis saSualebiT SevecadoT eTnonim `mesxis~ etimologiis
dadgenas. samecniero literaturaSi gamoTqmulia varaudi, adgilis saxelwodebis _
`mcxeTis~ warmomavlobis Taobaze qarTul-zanuri erTobis xanis `cixis~ aRmniSvneli
sityvidan _ *ӡ1ixe[708].
es azri miT ufro damajerebeli Cans, rom
antikur xanaSi qalaqi mcxeTa centraluri amierkavkasiis umTavresi fortifikaciuli
centri iyo, qveynis oTxive mxaris gzajvaredinis Camketi[709]. leonti mrovelis cnobiT,
mcxeTaSi oTxi cixe yofila[710]. aRsaniSnavia, rom
qarTvelTa TviTdasaxeleba armazis cixis Zveli saxelwodebidan _ `qarTlisagan~
aris warmomdgari, romelic Tavis mxriv semantikurad `SemozRudul, gamagrebul
adgils, cixe-simagres, qalaqs~ aRniSnavda, xolo misi Tavdapirveli mniSvneloba,
megruli `oqarTes~ msgavsad, albaT /85/ `moRobili adgili, baki~ unda yofiliyo[711]. yuradRebas ipyobs
mcxeTis bebris cixis Zveli saxelwodeba `beltis cixec~[712], romelSic iqneb,
cixe-simagris aRmniSvneli arameuli sityva birtȃ[713] iyos Semonaxuli.
eTnonim `mosxis~ etimologizaciisas,
vfiqrobT, gasaTvaliswinebelia is garemoebac, rom es saxelwodeba Zvel avtorebs
xSirad aqvT aRreuli eTnonim `mosinikTan~; `warmomavlobis wignis~ mixedviT,
mosinikebi warmoSobilni arian mosoxisagan[714], mosxi || mosoxenebis
bibliuri mamamTavrisagan, xolo epifane kviprelis cnobiT, mosinikuri ena
warmoqmnila mosoxisagan, bibliuri godolis agebis Semdgom xanaSi[715]. ioseb flaviosis
`iudaebriv sityuadasabamobis~ komentarSi, XVII s. mecnieri l. alaciusi
SeniSnavda, rom zogierTebis azriT, mesqinebi xalxia, romelTac Zveli avtorebi
mosxebsa da mosinikebs uwodebdnen[716]. am ori eTnonimis,
`mosxisa~ da `mosinikis~, aRrevas gansakuTrebuli mniSvneloba satomo saxel
`mosxis~ etimologizaciisas, CvenTvis, imis gamo eniWeba, rom termini `mosiniki~
(μοσσύνοικοι) berZnulad niSnavs
`xis koSkSi mcxovrebs~ da nawarmoebia sityvidan μόσσυν _ `xis koSki~[717]; eTnonim `mosinikis~
msgavs warmomavlobaze jer kidev apolonios rodoseli miuTiTebda[718], xolo qsenofonti
iuwyeboda, rom mosinikebis beladi, `mosinSi~ cxovrobda[719]. T. yauxCiSvils saeWvod
miaCnia, rom mosinikebis qarTul toms wminda berZnuli etimologiis saxeli hqonoda
Serqmeuli; misi azriT, berZnebs maTTvis cnobili sityvisaTvis unda
daekavSirebinaT adgilobrivi saxeli, fonetikuri (SeiZleba, SemTxveviTi)
msgavsebis safuZvelze[720]. vfiqrobT, Zv. w. I s.
avtoris, dionisios halikarnaselis im cnobis gaTvaliswinebiT, rom xis ximinjian
koSkisebur nagebobebs TviT mosinikebi uwodebdnen mosinebs[721], yuradRebas unda
ipyrobdes eTnonimi `mosxi || mesxi~, romelic, rogorc iTqva, SesaZloa masTan
axlo mdgom toponim `mcxeTis~ msgavsad, `cixis~ aRmniSvnel qarTul-zanuri erTobis
xanis fuZes *ӡ1ixe-s ukavSirdebodes. sainteresoa, rom satomo saxeli `mosxi~ gvxvdeba
termin `mosinikTan~ ufro axlo mdgomi formiTac _ `mosoxeni || mosxeni~[722]; Tumca arc is aris
gamoricxuli, rom ν-bgera termin
`mosinikSi~ Tu mis winare-formaSi jer kidev am satomo sa/86/xelis berZnul
gaazrebamde gaCenuliyo, analogiuri movlena dasturdeba klavdios ptolemaiosis
`geografiul saxelmZRvaneloSi~ da stefane bizantionelis `eTnikur leqsikonSi~,
sadac zigebi (zixebi) da boxebi, Sesabamisad, `zinxebisa~ da `bonxebis~[723] saxelwodebiT arian
moxseniebulni[724].
rac Seexeba mosxebisa da mosinikebis
gaigivebis SesaZleblobas, amas xels uSlis Tundac is, rom orive es tomi aqvT
dasaxelebuli iseT Zvel avtorebs, rogorebic arian hekateos mileteli[725] da herodote[726], meore mxriv, mosxebisa
da mosinikebis mWidro urTierTkavSirze SesaZloa mowmobdes is garemoebac, rom Tu
adreul xanebSi (Zv. w. I aTaswleulis Sua xanebSi) maTi adgilmdebareoba
centraluri anatoliis CrdiloeT nawiliT ganisazRvreboda (ix. zemoT), mogvianebiT,
orive es tomi, isev erTmaneTis mezoblobaSi, magram amjerad bevrad ufro
aRmosavleTiT mdebare mxareebSi, aRmosavleT anatoliaSi da samxreT-dasavleT
amierkavkasiaSi Canan gansaxlebulni; mxedvelobaSi gvaqvs, upirveles yovlisa,
strabonis cnobebi, heptakometebis, adre mosinikebad wodebulebis _ skidises
mTasa (Σκυδίσηϛ), xolo mosinikebis
_ qserqseneSi (Ξερξήνη, igive derWani)
binadrobis Sesaxeb[727], agreTve mosxebis
qveynisa (Μοσχική) da mosxuri mTebis
(Μοσχικά
όρε) adgilmdebareobaze[728]. mosinikebisa da
mosxebis aRmosavleTanatoliuri adgilsamyofelis dadgenas garkveuli mniSvneloba
aniWeba samxreT-dasavleTiT qarTvel tomTa gansaxlebis sakiTxTan dakavSirebiT.
iv. javaxiSvilis dakvirvebiT, skidises
mTis saxelwodeba berZnulad gadmocemuli `SkvidiSi~ unda iyos, megruli `SkviTis~
(`Svidi~) aRmniSvneli, rasac unda mowmobdes strabonis cnobac, skidises mTis
mwvervalebze heptakometebis saxlobis Sesaxeb[729], romelTa saxelwodebac
berZnulad `Svidi soflis mcxovreblebsa~ niSnavs[730]. vinaidan,
`SvidsoflelTa~ saxeli Tanamedrove epoqamde Semoinaxa q. rizes maxloblad mTebSi
mdebare sanjayis arabul saxelSi `kura seba~, rac arabul enaze `Svid sofels~
niSnavs, iv. javaxiSvili SesaZleblad Tvlida masTan gaeigivebina heptakometebis
sacxovrisi da miiCnevda, rom rogorc berZnuli, aseve arabuli saxelwodebebi
adgilobrivi saxelis Targmani un/87/da yofiliyo, Tumca, aRniSnavda, rom
strabonis droisaTvis heptakometebis megrul-Wanuri tomi, anu `Svidsofleli
mosinikebi~, xaldi-xalibebs samxreTisaken, mTebSi unda gaerekaT[731]; strabonis cnobiT,
somxebma xalibebsa da mosinikebs CamoaWres mcire armeniis mezoblad mdebare
mxareebi, Tu sulac misi Semadgeneli nawili, kareniti da qserqsene[732]. p. ingoroyvac
`SqviTisis~ mTebad md. Woroxis xeobisa da lazeTis gamyof parxalis mTebis
sistemas (Tanamedrove lazistanis qeds) miiCnevs, romelic Woroxis xeobas gasdevs
da Woroxis SesarTavidan trapizonis zonamde vrceldeba[733]. misi azriT, garda
arabuli toponimis `kura sebas~ aq lokalizebis faqtisa, amasve mowmobs Woroxis
xeobis zemo nawilSi qsenofontis mier moxseniebuli tomis, skviTinebis saxelwodebis
(Σκυδινοί)[734] gaigivebis SesaZlebloba
`SqviTinebTan~, igive `SvidsoflelebTan~ da strabonis cnoba, rom `SvidsoflelTa~
(heptakometTa) erTi nawili iwodeba biwerebad (igulisxmeba biZerebi _ Βύζηρες)[735], romlebic antikuri xanis
saistorio wyaroebis mixedviT, parxalis qedis kalTaze saxlobdnen biwes (viwes)
xeobidan afsaramde (Tanamedrove sof. sarfi) da romelTa satomo saxelic biwes
(viwes) Temis saxelTan aris dakavSirebuli[736].
miuxedavad skidises mTisa da eTnonim
`skviTinebis~qarTveluri (megruli) enis safuZvelze etimologizaciis
damajereblobisa, strabonis monacemebis mixedviT, skidises mTis lazistanis
(parxalis) qedTan gaigiveba, vfiqrobT, Zneli unda iyos. strabonis mixedviT,
armenias dasavleTidan esazRvrebian tibarenuli xalxebi da agreTve pariadresa da
skidises mTebi, gadaWimulni mcire armeniamde da md. Evfratis xeobamde, romelic
Tavis mxriv, armenias kapadokiisa da komagenesagan gamohyofda[737]; es mTebi, misi TqmiT,
trapezuntisa da farnakiis zemoT mcxovrebi tomebis _ tibaranebis, xaldebis,
sanebis (winandeli makronebis) miwebsa da mcire armenias kveTen, amasTanave,
skidises kldovani mTa kolxeTs zemoT mdebare mosxur mTebs uerTdeba, xolo
pariadri sidenesa da TemiskirasTan mdebare adgilebidan mcire armeniamde
vrceldeba da pontos aRmosavleTis kides hqmnis[738]. vinaidan, klavdios
ptolemaiosis `geografiuli saxelmZRvanelos~ cnobiT sazRvari kapadokiasa da did
armenias Soris, /88/ im adgilidan sadac
evfrati yvelaze CrdiloeTiT uxvevs aRmosavleTisaken (e. i. q. baiburTis
samxreTiT), mosxuri mTebis xazze gadioda[739], xolo kilxeTi strabonisaTvis,
sakuTriv kolxeTis dablobis garda, trapezuntis aRmosavleTiT mdebare mxaremde
vrceldeboda[740],
savaraudo xdeba, rom skidisesa da pariadris mTebi md. evfratis Crdilo totis _
karasus dasavleTiT da trapezuntis samxreTiT iyvnen gadaWimulni. rac Seexeba
lazistanis (parxalis) qeds, safiqrebelia, rom igi kolxeTis mTis saxeliT iyo
cnobili. aRsaniSnavia, rom qsenofontis `anabasisis~ mixedviTac TviT trapezunti
da mis dasavleTiT mdebare mxarec kolxeTad iwodeboda[741]. strabonis cnobiT,
kavkasioni, romelic gars ertymis albanelebsa da iberebs da aRwevs armeniamde,
uerTdeba agreTve mosxur da kolxur mTebs, gadaWimulebs e. w. tibaranebamde, xolo
tibaranebi, missive monacemebiT, aRmosavleTis mimarTulebiT mcire armeniamde
yofilan gavrcelebulni[742].
sayuradReboa agreTve, rom apolonios
rodoselis `argonavtikis~ sqolionebis mixedviT, poemaSi moxseniebuli amarantuli
tomebi, saidanac md. fasisi momdinareobs, kolxeTSia sagulvebeli[743], xolo am mdinareSi rom
Woroxi unda igulisxmebodes, mowmobs mis Senakadad likosis, Tanamedrove md. olTus
dasaxeleba; es TvalsaCinod Cans apolonios rodoselis sityvebidan, rom mquxare
araqss (arezs) daSorebuli likosis wminda talRebi fasisis dinebas uerTdebian da
ukve Semdeg orive es mdinare erTad kavkasiis zRvaSi Caedineba[744]. md. Woroxis saTave
lazistanis qedis gadaRma (samxreTiT) mdebareobs, albaT aq, da ara md. rionis
saTavesTan, unda iyos saZiebeli `argonavtikaSi~ moxseniebuli amarantuli mTebi,
saidanac md. fasisi iRebda saTaves[745]. cnoba kolxeTSi
amarantuli mTebis arsebobis Sesaxeb, jer kidev Zv. w. V s. meore naxevris
avtors kTesios knidels hqonia[746]. iqneb SesaZlebeli iyos
toponim `amarantSi~ aRmosavleTanatoliur-dasavleTkavkasiuri a- prefiqsisa da
egeosur-anatoliuri nth || nd sufiqsis gamoyofa[747] da misi eTnonim `marTan~[748] dakavSireba, miTumetes,
rom, rogorc apolonios rodoselis `argonavtikis~ /89/ sqoliasti da stefane
bizantioneli aRniSnavdnen, arsebobda amarantebis tomi[749], romelTa saxelis
mixedviTac, fasiss ewodeboda amarantuli fasisi[750]. marebis tomis
sacxovrisic, Tu gaviTvaliswinebT, rom isini mosinikebis Semdeg moixsenebian
xolme[751],
xolo sparsul armiaSi maT da kolxebs saerTo mxedarTmTavari hyoliaT[752], mosinikebsa da kolxebs
Soris aris sagulvebeli da ar aris gamoricxuli, rom md. Woroxis zemo welTan Tu
mis maxloblad yofiliyo.
rac Seexeba apolonios rodoselis mier md.
fasisis qvemo welze kirkes velis lokalizebas[753], romlis mdebareobas
kolxeTSi Zv. w. IV-III ss. istorikosi timeosic iuwyeboda[754], vfiqrobT, ar aris
aucilebeli masTan mxolod md. rionis dablobi gavaigivoT[755]; es toponimi warmoqmnili
unda iyos homerosis `odiseaSi~ moxseniebuli heliosis Svilisa da aietesis dis,
kunZul aias mflobeli kirkes[756] saxlisa Tu simagris _
kirkeionis saxelis[757] msgavsi JReradobis mqone
nebismier kolxur toponimTan mimsgavsebis Sedegad. am mxriv md. rion-fasisis
mxareSi yuradRebas ipyrobs ekrektikis[758], kirkeumis, kegritikis[759] da egrisis[760] saxelebi, xolo md.
WoroxTan ekeqerielebisa[761]. gasaTvaliswinebelia
albaT strabonis cnobac, rom farnakiasTan, trapezuntTan da mcire armeniasTan
mcxovrebi tomebis maxloblad binadrobdnen apaitebi, uwindeli kerkitebi[762]. kirkes dablobis md.
Woroxis qvemo welTan SesaZlo lokalizebis sakiTxTan dakavSirebiT mniSvnelovan
garemoebas warmoadgens Zveli somxuri wyaroebis egri || egeris qveyana,
romelzedac mimdinareobda Woroxi, klarjeTs rom gascildeboda da nigalis xeobaSi
Sevidoda[763];
savaraudoa, rom es toponimi dRes SemorCenilia md. Woroxis qvemo welis marjvena
napirze mdebare sof. erges saxelwodebaSi[764]. N. adoncis azriT
saxelwodeba `egeri~, xorxismieri g-s palatalur W-Si Cveuli gadasvliT
Semonaxulia termin `aWaraSi~[765].
safiqrebelia, rom antikur xanaSi
gavrcelebuli cnoba md. fasisis saTavis armeniis mTebSi mdebareobis Sesaxeb,
amarantul mTebTan kontaminaciiT unda iyos miRebuli, /90/ rasac garkveuli
periodis politikuri viTareba, md. Woroxis saTavis armeniis farglebSi moqcevac
Seuwyobda xels. es cvlileba gansakuTrebiT kargad SeimCneva dionisios periegetis
`msoflios aRwerilobaSi~, sadac, iseve rogorc apolonios rodoselis
`argonavtikaSi~, md. fasisis Sesaxeb naTqvamia, rom igi kirks dablobze
miedineba da evqsinis wylebs uerTdeba (`argonavtikis~ cnobiT _ kavkasiis
zRvas), oRond misi saTave, gansxvavebiT apolonios rodoselis poemis _
`amarantuli mTebisa~, armeniis mTebSia moTavsebuli[766]. dionisiosTan rom md.
Woroxzea saubari da ara md. rionze, mowmobs is garemoeba, rom md. fasisis
Crdilo-aRmosavleTiT naxsenebia kaspiisa da evqsinis zRvebs Sois mdebare yeli,
romelzedac iberTa aRmosavluri tomi cxovrobs[767]. niSandoblivia, rom Zv.
w. III s. meore naxevris avtoris eratosTenes teqstis fragmentSi, romelic
`argonavtikis~ sqoliasts Semounaxavs, da romelSic pirvelad gvxvdeba md. fasisis
saTaved armeniis dasaxeleba, xazgasmulia, rom armeniidan momdinare fasisi zRvas
kolxeTis miwaze uerTdeba[768], e. i. ukve
eratosTenesaTvis armenia kolxeTTan yofila dapirispirebuli, rogorc md. fasisis
saTavis mxare, nacvlad sxva avtorTa kolxeTSi mdebare amarantuli mTebisa. oRond
es cvlileba, rogorc ukve iTqva, Tavdapirvelad ara imdenad im epoqis realuri
viTarebis amsaxveli iqneboda (vinaidan qarTvelur tomebs es teritoria da misi
samxreTidan mimdebare mxareebi arauadres Zv. w. II s. damdegisa unda daekargaT)[769], ramdenadac igi
`amarantul mTebTan~ kontaminaciis Sedegad iyo aRmocenebuli. arsebuli
mdgomareobis gamomxatvelad arc strabonis is cnoba aris CasaTvleli, romlis
mixedviTac md. rion-fasisi (am SemTxvevaSi fasisis rionTan gaigivebis
SesaZlebloba eWvs ar iwvevs) saTaves armeniaSi iRebs[770], Tumca, igi sxva adgilze
amave mdinaris saTaves marTebulad gansazRvravs iberiis zemoT mdebare mTebiT[771].
Sexeduleba md. Worox-fasisis saTavis
armeniaSi mdebareobis Sesaxeb, strabonis `geografiis~ teqstSi meqanikurad rom
aris gadatanili md. rion-fasisze, vfiqrobT, naTeli xdeba pliniusis im cnobis
gaTvaliswinebis Sedegad, romlis mixedviTac fasisi (aqac ueWvelad rioni
igulisxmeba) mosxTa qveynidan momdinareobda[772], e. i. iqidan, sadac /91/
md. Woroxs aqvs saTave; sakuTriv Woroxi pliniusisaTvis absaris saxeliT aris
cnobili[773].
strabonisa da pliniusis teqstebSi md. rion-fasisis saTavis adgilmdebareobis
gansazRvrisas daSvebuli aRrevis erTmaneTTan dakavSirebis SesaZlebloba miT ufro
sarwmuno Cans, rom pliniusTan mocemuli md. rion-fasisis aRweriloba sakmaod
uaxlovdeba straboniseuls[774]da es albaT orive avtoris
mier erTidaimave wyaros gamoyenebiT unda aixsnas[775]. pliniusisagan
gansxvavebiT, straboni md. Woroxsac fasiss uwodebs, xolo es mdinare armeniaSi moqceulad
mxolod nawilobriv, misi zemo dinebis gaTvaliswinebiT SeiZleba CaiTvalos, iseve,
rogorc masTan erTad armeniaSi Semavalad miCneuli md. likosi[776]; md. likosSi, rom md.
ieSil-irmakis Senakadi md. kelkiTi unda igulisxmebodes, da ara md. Woroxis
Senakadi md. olTu, miuTiTebs strabonis cnoba, imis Taobaze, rom erastosTenes es
mdinare SecdomiT TermodontTan hqonia gaigivebuli[777] da agreTve sakuTriv misi
informacia, q. amasiis Crdilo-aRmosavleTiT, fanareaSi, armeniidan gamomdinare
md. likosis SeerTebis Sesaxeb md. irisTan, romelic Semdeg Temiskiraze
mimdinare, pontoSi Caedineba[778]. md. Woroxis armeniis
farglebSi mdebareobis SesaZleblobas ewinaaRmdegeba klavdios ptolemaiosis
cnobac, rom md. afsarosi (Woroxi) saTavidan SesarTavamde kapadokiis pontos
teritoriaze miedineboda, iqve hqonia saTave, amave mdinaris Senakads likossac[779].
parxalis (lazistanis) mTebis skidisesTan
gaigiveba garkveulad efuZneba qsenofontis cnobas, rom harpasosis (Άρπασος) miRwevis Semdeg
skviTinebis qveyanaSi moxvedrilma berZnebma maT teritoriaze did da mdidar qalaq
gvimniasamde 40 farsangi gaiares[780]; harpasosi md. Woroxis
Zveli saxelia[781],
xolo gvimniasi, mkvlevarTa azriT, Tanamedrove qalaq baiburTis dasavleTiT
mdebareobda[782].
magram Tu mxedvelobaSi miviRebT im garemoebas, rom berZenma moqiravneebma md.
harpasosTan misvlis Semdeg, vidre skviTinebis soflebs miaRwevdnen, 20 farsangi
gaiares skviTinebis qveynis vakeze[783], naTeli gaxdeba, rom aq
nagulisxevi ar unda iyos md. Woroxis Sua dinebis marcxena, mTagoriani da
xevebiT daserili napiri, rome/92/lic lazistanis qedis samxreT kalTebze
mdebareobda. marTalia, qsenofonti mxolod md. harpasosTan misvlas iuwyeboda da
ara masz gadasvlas[784], magram analogiuri
formulireba `anabasisSi~ gvxvdeba im mdinareTa mimarTac, romelTa gadalaxva
berZenTa mier eWvs ar iwvevs[785]. ufro damafiqrebelia is
garemoeba, rom qsenofonti arafers ambobs aRniSnul mdinareze gadasvlis procesis
Sesaxeb, maSin, rodesac harpasosis sigane 4 pleTroni, anu, daaxl. 120 m yofila[786], xolo `anabasisSi~
bevrad ufro mcire mdinareTa gadalaxvis procesi aris xolme aRwerili[787]. savaraudoa, rom md.
harpasosi adidebuli da napirebidan gadmosuli iyo Tovlis dnobis Sedegad, romlis
didi raodenobiT mosvlas qsenofonti jer kidev dasavleT armeniaSi yofnisas
iuwyeboda[788]
da amdenad, SesaZloa masSi Woroxis zemo dineba yofiliyo nagulisxmevi. arc is
aris gamoricxuli, rom harpasosis saxeliT qsenofontisaTvis cnobili yofiliyo ara
md. Woroxi, aramed misi erT-erTi Senakadi, magaliTad, md. olTu, anda, romelime
sxva mdinare, Tundac, karasu an serCami; aRsaniSnavia, rom qsenofonts xSirad
arasworad aqvs moyvanili aRmosavleT anatoliis mdinareTa saxelebi[789], gasaTvaliswinebelia
isic, rom berZenTa msvleloba taoxebis qveynidan xalibebis qveyanaSi da Semdeg
skviTinebTan[790],
am tomebis ara samxreTidan CrdiloeTisaken ganfenis maniSnebeli unda iyos,
aramed ufro aRmosavleTidan dasavleTisaken maTi gansaxlebis Tanamimdevrobisa.
Amave dros, berZeni moqirave jariskacebis marSrutis Sors, aRmosavleTisaken
gadawevas, ris SesaZleblobas TiTqos iZleva gzis ganvlili manZilebis
qsenofontiseuli aRnusxva[791], xels unda uSlides maTi
dasavleT armeniaSi moxvedris faqti[792]; TavisTavadac,
qsenofontis mier farsangebis mixedviT gazomili manZilis gadaangariSebiT
aRmosavleT anatoliaSi berZenTa mier gavlili gzis dadgenis did sirTules mowmobs
sparsuli zomis erTeulis _ farsangis sididis cvalebadoba, romelic damokidebulia
gzaSi daxarjul droze[793]. aRmosavleT anatoliaSi
qsenofontis mier farsangSi navaraudevi manZili mniSvnelovnad mcire un/93/da
yofiliyo Cveulebrivze (1 farsangi _ daaxl. 5,5 km), Zalze rTuli reliefisa da
Tovlis gamo.
skviTinebis qveynis adgilmdebareobis
gansazRvris SesaZleblobas, upirveles yovlisa, unda iZleodes maTi, rogorc Cans,
umniSvnelovanesimda qveynis SuagulSi moTavsebuli qalaqis, gvimniasis mdebareoba
q. trapezuntis samxreTiT ganlagebuli mTebis gadaRma 5 dRis saval manZilze[794] da, rogorc fiqroben,
Tanamedrove qalaq baiburTis dasavleTiT. skviTinebis qveynis SuagulSi q.
gvimniasis mdebareobas mowmobs isic, rom berZenTa msvlelobis gzaze, rogorc am
qalaqis miRwevamde, agreTve, misi gavlis Semdegac, skviTinebis teritoria
sakmaod did farTobze iyo gadaWimuli[795]. sayuradReboa, rom
qsenofontis cnobas, CrdiloeTis mimarTulebiT skviTinebis teritoriis makronebis
samflobelomde gavrcelebis Taobaze[796], exmianeba strabonis
cnoba, rom trapezuntisa da farnakiis zemoT mcxovreb sanebisa, romelTac uwin makronebi ewodebodaT
(xazi Cvenia _ g. q.) da sxva aqaur tomebis qveynebs, kveTda, pariadrTan erTad,
skidises mTa[797].
s. janaSia skidised im mTebs miiCnevda, romlebic giresun-kerasuntisa da
trabzon-trapezuntis xazze gasdevdnen Savi zRvis sanapiros[798]. msgavsi Sexeduleba
garkveulad gamomdinareobda mosxuri mTebis lokalizaciidan trapezunt-baiburTis
xazidan Woroxis qvemo welamde[799], anu, lazistanis qedTan
maTi gaigivebidan; magram, mosxuri mTebis Worox-arezisa da Worox-mtkvris
wyalgamyof mTebad miCnevam (ix. qvemoT) saWiro gaxada skidises mTis, romelic
strabonis sityvebiT, mosxur mTebs kolxeTis zemoT uerTdeboda[800], adgilmdebareobis
gansazRvra mosxur mTebTan da amave dros, rogorc zemoT ukve aRvniSneT, mcire
armeniisa da md. evfratis xeobis maxloblad[801]. klavdios ptolemaiosis
cnobiT, mosxuri mTebi mdebareobdnen md. evfratis (karasu) CrdiloeTiT, im
adgilas, sadac es mdinare yvelaze CrdiloeTiT uxvevs aRmosavleTisaken[802], anu q, baiburTis
samxreTiT[803].
savaraudo xdeba, rom skidises mTa uSualod mosxuri mTebis dasavleTiT mdebareobda
da mas, Woroxisa da evfratis (karasu) wyalgamyof, Tanamedrove kopis qeds
romeliRac nawilSi esazRvreboda.
mdi/94/nareebis Woroxisa da karasus zemo
welis maxloblad skidises mTis mdebareobasa da heptakometebis tomis binadrobas
mowmobs strabonis ori sxva cnobis erTmaneTTan Sejerebac. Straboni, erTi mxriv
aRniSnavs, rom skidises mTis mwvervalebze mcxovreb heptakometebs Zvelebi
mosinikebs uwodebdnen[804], xolo meore mxriv,
iuwyeba, rom armenebma xalibebsa da mosinikebs CamoaWres mcire armeniis mezoblad
mdebare, Tu sulac masSi Semavali kareniti da qserqsene[805]. es provinciebi md.
Woroxis zemo wels, md. karasus zemo welsa da mcire armenias Soris mdebareobdnen[806]; pliniusis cnobiT,
karenitidan gamomdinare evfrati (karasu) derzeneze (igive qserqsene) miedineboda[807]. heptakometebisa da
maTTan erTad skidises mTis daSorebis saSualebas am regionidan arc strabonis
informacia unda iZleodes, romlis mixedviTac, heptakometebma, maT mTebSi
gamavali pompeusis jaris sami razmi (gabruebuli momwamvleli Taflis
zemoqmedebiT) amoxoces[808]; aseTi daskvnis
gamotanis saSualebas gvaZlevs, kerZod, plutarqes cnoba, rom md. karasus
dasavleT napirze qalaq dasteirasTan miTridate evpatorTan momxdari brZolis
Semdeg pompeusi Tavisi jariT md. arezisaken wasula[809], es ki savaraudos xdis,
rom gzad mas swored qserqseneze (derWanze) unda gaevlo. ramdenadme moulodnelia
CvenTvis strabonis mier gamoTqmuli SeniSvna, rom zogierTi im barbarosTagan
(igulisxmeba heptakometebi) iwodeboda agreTve biZerebad[810]; es garemoeba, SesaZloa
metyvelebdes skidises lazistanis qedTan gaigivebis sasargeblod, magram
vinaidan, g. meliqiSvilis azriT, biZerebis calkeul tomebs, garda maTi
gansaxlebis ZiriTadi mxaris _ Woroxis SesarTavis midamoebisa, skidises mTian
raionSic unda SeeRwiaT[811], vfiqrobT, dasaSvebi
unda iyos biZerebis SeRwevis varaudi ufro samxreTiT mdebare qserqseneSi, da
amasTanave maTi saxelwodebis kontaminaciac termin qserqsene || derqsene, somxur
derWanTan, imis gaTvaliswinebiT, rom somxuri W (ճ) berZnulSi Z-d (ζ) gadmoicema[812], xolo biZerebi hekateos
miletelTan diZerebis (Δίζηες) saxelwodebiT
arian moxseniebulni[813].
aRmosavleT anatoliaSi qarTveluri tomebis
gavrcelebis sakiTxTan dakavSirebiT mniSvneloba eniWeba xolme strabo/95/nis
cnobas, artaqsiisa da zariadris droindeli armeniis (Zv. w. II s. pirveli
naxevari) mier iberTagan, gogarenasTan erTad, pariadris mTiswineTisa da
xorZenes warTmevis Taobaze[814]. gamoTqmuli iyo
gansxvavebuli Sexedulebebi. samecniero literaturaSi gansakuTrebiT aRiarebulia
i. markvartis, h. hiubSmanis, n. adoncis da sxv. mosazreba straboniseuli
`xorZenes~ (Χορζηνή) hipoTeturi
`xolarZenesagan~ (Χολαρηνή) Sekvecis Sedegad
miRebisa da md. Woroxis qvemo dinebis auzSi mdebare qarTuli provincia _
klarjeTTan (somxurad _ կղարջք) misi gaigivebis
SesaZleblobis Sesaxeb[815]. es mosazreba,
ZiriTadad, emyareboda klavdios ptolemaiosis cnobiT armeniaSi Semavali mxaris _
katarZenes (Καταρζηνή) saxelwodebis[816] h. kipertis mier
kalarZened (Καλαρζηνή) anu klarjeTad
aseve TviTnebur Sesworebas[817], rac TviT am avtorebis
mierac iyo gaziarebuli[818]. Sexeduleba
xorZene-katarZenesa da klarjeTis igiveobis Sesaxeb, ufro mogvianebiT, zogierTi
mecnierisaTvis imdenad damajerebeli gamodga, rom maTTvis es sakiTxi sabolood
garveulad iyo miCneuli, kerZod, k. Tumanovma Tavis Tavs ufleba misca, Zveli
qarTuli matianeebis `klarjeTi~ Tavisi naSromis inglisur teqstSi `xolarZened~ (Cholarzene) eTargmna[819]. termin `xorZenes~
`xolarZened~ Sesworebis usafuZvlobas, Tundac is faqti unda mowmobdes, rom
strabonis `geografiis~ yvela xelnawerSi gvxvdeba forma `xorZene~, xolo
`xolarZene~ arc erTxel ar aris dadasturebuli, iseve, rogorc arc klavdios
ptolemaiosis `geografiuli saxelmZRvanelos~ arcerT xelnawerSi ar ikiTxeba forma
`kolarZene~[820].
gasaTvaliswinebelia isic, rom `xorZene~ strabonis teqstSi orjer gvxvdeba da
orivejer erTnairi dawerilobiT[821]. am toponimis klarjeTTan
dakavSirebisas ZiriTad arguments warmoadgens strabonis SeniSvna, rom `xorZene
da kambisena, armeniis mxareTagan yvelaze ufro CrdiloeTiT mdebareni da yvelaze
ufro uxvTovlianebi, esazRvrebian kavkasionis mTebs, iberiasa da kolxeTs~[822]. magram Tu gaviTvaliswinebT
md. alaznis marjvena (samxreT) napirze mdebare kambisenes (qarTuli _
kambeCovani, igive qiziyi) sakmao manZiliT daSorebis faqts kavkasionis mTavari
qedidan[823],
naTeli gaxdeba, rom strabonis teqstSi saubaria mxolod am mxareebis miaxloebiT
adgilmdebareobaze. mxed/96/velobaSia misaRebi strabonis is sityvebic, rom sam
nawilad gayofili `mosxebis qveynis~ erTi nawili kolxebis mflobelobaSi iyo,
meore _ iberielebis, xolo mesame _ armenielebis[824]; safiqrebelia, rom
upirveles yovlisa, swored `mosxebis qveynis~ Crdilo-dasavleT nawilSi mdebare
klarjeTi SeiZleba yofiliyo nagulisxmevi am qveynis kolxur da ara armenul
nawilSi[825].
amave dros, iberiisa da kolxeTis maxloblad
straboniseuli `xorZenes~ mdebareoba saSualebas ar iZleva igi amave saxelwodebis
mqone dasavleT armeniis kantonTan (Խործեն,
Χορζανή,
Χορζιανηνή,
Κορτζηνή) gavaigivoT, romelic haStianqis olqis
CrdiloeTiT, md. aRmosavleT evfratis (murati) Senakadis gail-getis (Tanamedrove
md. kelxasi) Sua welTan mdebareobda, qalaqebis kolaberdisa da artalesis
seqtorSi[826],
anu xalibebisa da mosinikebisagan armenielebis mier miTvisebul karenitsa da
qserqseneze ufro samxreTiT, rac, cxadia, gamoricxavs iberTagan misi CamoWris
SesaZleblobas. k. Tumanovis dakvirvebiT, aRniSnuli mxaris saxelwodeba werilobiT
wyaroebSi ax. w. V-VI ss. adre ar gvxvdeba da, amitom, igi fiqrobs, rom
strabonis teqstSi analogiuri saxelwodebis gamoCena, Tu SemTxveviT damTxvevas
ara aqvs adgili, gadamweris mier xolarZenesTan misi aRreviT unda gamoCeniliyo[827], Tumca, arc imas
gamoricxavs, rom am toponims zegavlena TviT strabonze moexdina, Tuki igi ukve
arsebobda mis xanaSi[828].
rogorc irkveva, jer kidev ax. w. III-IV
ss., `Sesaqmis wignis~ damuSavebisadmi miZRvnil TxzulebebSi gvxvdeba msgavsi
JReradobis mqone eTnonimebi: korzeini[829], korzini[830], korZenoi (Κόρζηνοι)[831]. am saxelwodebis
matarebeli tomis binadrobis adgili ar aris garkveuli da, vinaidan es tomi
kolebisa (Κολλοι) Tu xolebis (Cholli) Semdeg moixseneba
xolme, SeiZleba gvefiqra, rom maTSi Crdilo-aRmosavleT SavizRvispireTSi,
afxazeTSi mosaxle koraqsebi (Κόραξοι) da kolebi (Κῶλοι) unda
igulixmebodnen[832], magram Tu
gaviTvaliswinebT kolis Zveli qarTuli provinciis arsebobas[833], saidanac md. mtkvari
gamoedineba[834]
da SevuTanapirebT am faqts pliniusis cnobas, md. mtkvris saTave/97/ebis
henioxur mTebSi mdebareobis Sesaxeb, romelTac, misive sityvebiT, sxvebi
koraqsuls uwodeben[835] da romelTac kolis mTebad
miiCneven[836],
dauSvebeli aRar unda Candes aRniSnuli eTnonimebis md. mtkvris saTaveebis
axlomdebare mxareebTan dakavSirebis SesaZlebloba. yuradRebas ipyrobs is
garemoebac, rom koli || xolebi da korzein || korZenebi _ medebis (midielebis),
albanelebis, garganebis (=gargarebis?), areebis Tu ereebis (=herebis?),
armenielebisa da amaZonebis (=mosxebis?) SEmdeg da bene(a)ginebis Tu denagebis,
kapadokielebis, galaTebis, paflagonielebis, mariandinebis, tibarensebis,
tabarinebis (tibarenebis), xalibebisa Tu xalirebis da mosinikebis win arian
dasaxelebuli[837],
anu aRmosavleT da centraluramierkavkasiul da Crdiloanatoliur tomebs Soris, rac
kargad esadageba samxreT saqarTveloSi maTi lokalizebis varauds. aRsaniSnavia,
rom mosinikebis Semdeg moxseniebuli arian xolme ufro CrdiloeTiT, rogorc Cans,
Savi zRvis aRmosavleT, CrdiloeT da dasavleT sanapiroebis gayolebiT mosaxle
tomebi: kolxebi, melankenebi Tu melasxenebi (melanqlainebi), sarmatebi,
meoTebi, skviTebi, tavrebi Tu tavrinebi, Trakielebi, bastarnebi, ilurebi da
sxv.[838] vinaidan am TxzulebebSi
mocemuli tomebisa da qveynebis amsaxveli siebi ramdenadme mainc icaven
geografiul perspeqtivas, safiqrebeli xdeba maTSi Crdilo-aRmosavleT
SavizRvispireTSi mosaxle kolebi da koraqsebi rom yofiliyvnen nagulisxmevi,
isini kolxebisa da melanqlainebis Semdeg iqnebodnen dasaxelebulni[839].
mniSvnelovan garemoebad termin `koraqsisa~
Tu `koraZenis~ md. mtkvris saTavis mxaresTan dakavSirebisaTvis unda CaiTvalos klavdios
ptolemaiosis `geografiuli saxelmZRvanelos~ erT-erT xelnawerSi toponim
`koraZenes~ (Κοραζηνή) arseboba, romelic
ZiriTadi teqstis `katarZenes~ (Καταρζηνή) enacvleba[840]. toponimi `koraZene~,
iseve, rogorc straboniseuli `xorZene~, iqneb TviT strabonis mier Semonaxul md.
mtkvris (Κῦρος) Zveli
saxelwodebidan _ romelic mis dros ukve aRar ixmareboda _ korosidan (Κόρος)[841] iyos nawarmoebi. am
hidronomidan miRebuli forma /98/ `korosuli~, savaraudod md. mtkvris saTaveebTan
mdebare mTebis aRmniSvneli, iolad gadaiqceoda pliniusis teqstSi `koraqsulad~[842], Crdilo-aRmosavleT
SavizRvispireTeli koraqsebisa da maTsave qveynis `koraqsis mTis~ (Κόραξ
ὄρος)[843] saxelwodebebTan
kontaminaciis Sedegad. Savaraudoa isic, rom pliniusi skidises mTas `skviTur
mTas~ unda uwodebdes[844]. Tu es varaudi sworia,
miT ufro sarwmuno unda iyos, iqve pliniusis teqstSi, amave mTasTan da anatoliur
da mcire kavkasionis Semadgenel mTebTan erTad moxseniebuli `koraqsuli mTebis~[845] md. mtkvris saTavesTan
mdebare analogiuri saxelwodebis mTebTan gaigiveba[846], rac, Tavis mxriv,
pomponius melas mier msgavs konteqstSi dasaxelebuli `koraqsuli mTebis~[847] samxreT kavkasiaSi
lokalizebis SesaZleblobas unda iZleodes, miTumetes, rom misive ganmartebiT, md.
mtkvari (Cyrus), md. kambisTan erTad, koraqsuli mTebis ZirTan iRebs
saTaves[848].
sakuTriv koraqsikebis (Coraxici) toms pomponius mela maTTvis
(koraqsebisaTvis) `tradiciul~ Crdilo-aRmosavleT SavizRvispireTSi aTavsebs[849], es ~Seusabamoba~ mis
mier gansxvavebuli warmomavlobis mqone wyaroebis gamoyenebiT unda aixsnas.
md. mtkvris saTavis mxareSi korZene ||
xorZenes Ziebis siswores, SesaZloa, mowmobdes agreTve, strabonis cnoba, rom
pontosa da kolxeTs iqiT gadasaxlebuli iberebis adgilebsa da armenias Soris
sazRvari, apolodores mier md. mtkvarze gadebuli, sinamdvileSi md. mtkvarsa da
mosxur mTebze gadadioda[850]; radgan mocemul
konteqstSi md. araqsis (arezis) zemo welsa da md. mtkvrisagan mis wyalgamyof
mosxur mTebzea (ix. qvemoT) saubari, naTeli xdeba, rom `mtkvarSi~ (Κῦρος) am mdinaris zemo
weli unda igulisxmebodes. amasve unda mowmobdes is faqtic, rom straboni
armeniaSi saTavis mqone md. mtkvris mxolod iberiisa da albaneTis teritoriaze
mimdinareobas iuwyeba[851]. Tu Cven davuSvebdiT,
rom Zv. w. II s. SuaxanebSi moRvawe apolodores cnoba, iberTa samflobeloebsa da
armenias Soris sazRvris md. araqsze (arezi) mdebareobis Sesaxeb[852], artaqsiisa (artaSes I)
da zariadris (zarehis) droindeli armeniis mier iberTagan miwebis miTvisebis[853] wina xanis, anu /99/ Zv.
w. II s. pirvel naxevarze ufro adreuli mdgomareobis[854] amsaxvelia, maSin
SesaZlebloba mogvecemoda gvefiqra, rom swored artaqsiisa da zariadris dros
warTmeuli miwebis, kerZod ki, md. mtkvris saTavis mxareSi savaraudod mdebare
iberuli provinciis _ `xorZenes~ xarjze unda momxdariyo armeniis teritoriis md.
mtkvramde gavrceleba. Tavis mxriv, md. mtkvris iberiisa da armeniis mijnad
miCneva, xorZenes adgilmdebareobas am mdinaris zemo welis samxreTiT unda
gansazRvravdes[855]. xorZenesaTvis
damaxasiaTebeli mkacryinvebiani zamTaric, romlis drosac strabonis sityvebiT:
`mTebis uReltexilze mTeli mgzavrebi TovlSi igudebian, radganac didZali Tovli
(Tu didi qarbuqi) icis xolme... Tovlis grovebi iyinebian da SigniT rogorc
qitonSi, ise inaxaven karg wyals~[856], TiTqos ufro
kola-artaanisa day yarsis mxareebisaTvis damaxasiaTebel zamTars emsgavseba _
didZali TovliT, qarbuqebiT da mdinareebisa da tbebis gayinuli zedapiriT
gamorCeuls, vidre klarjeTis, marTalia uxvTovlian, magram Tbil zamTars[857].
xorZenes md. mtkvris saTavis mxareSi an
mis maxloblad lokalizaciisaTvis garkveul mniSvnelobas iZens masTan gaigivebuli armeniis
provinciis _ katarZenes adgilmdebareobis garkveva. klavdios ptolemaiosis
cnobiT: `mdinareebs evfrats, kirossa (mtkvari) da araqss (arezi) Soris mdebare
armeniis nawilSi Semdegi olqebia: mosxur mTebTan _ katarZene (varianti:
koraqsene), e. w. boxebis zeviT~[858]. p. ingoroyvas
SeniSvniT, vinaidan, klavdios ptolemaiosis teqstSi saubaria evfrats, mtkvarsa
da araqss (arezi) Soris moTavsebul armeniis provinciebze da ara md. Woroxis
xeobaSi mdebare mxareze, unda gamoiricxos ptolemaiosiseul `katarZeneSi~ klarjeTis
danaxvis SesaZlebloba[859], rac, rogorc zemoT
iTqva, h. kipertisa da sxvaTa naSromebSi iyo navaraudevi. `katarZenes~
adgilmdebareobis dadgenisaTvis klavdios ptolemaiosi kidev or ganmsazRvrels
asaxelebs _ mosxur mTebsa da boxebis tomis sacxovriss. mosxuri mTebi, istoriul
wyaroTa monacemebis mixedviT, mdinareebis Woroxis, mtkvris, arezisa da evfratis
wyalgamyof mTaTa sistemas warmoadgenda[860], xolo boxebisa Tu
bonxebis karenituli tomis teritoria, romelsac Cveulebriv taos samxreTiT
aTavseben xolme[861], stefane bizantionelis
`eTnikur leqsikonSi~ Semonaxuli roma/100/eli istorikosis asinius kvadratosis
(ax. w. II-III ss.) cnobis mixedviT, evfratsa da mtkvars Soris mdebareobda (Steph.
Byz., s. v.
Βόνχαι).[862] amgvarad, klavdios ptolemaiosisa
da asinius kvadratosis cnobebis SeTanapirebidan naTeli xdeba, rom `katarZene~
mdebareobda evfratis, mtkvrisa da arezis wyalgamyof mosxur mTebTan da evfratsa
da mtkvars Soris mcxovrebi boxebisa da bonxebis zeviT. vinaidan klavdios
ptolemaiosi katarZenes adgilmdebareobis gansazRvrisas md. Woroxs ar
moixseniebs, safiqrebelia, rom es olqi md. mtkvris dasavleTiT ki ar unda
yofiliyo, aramed samxreTiT; agreTve, imis gamo, rom md. evfratis (karasu)
CrdiloeTiT ganlagebuli kareniti boxebs ekavaT, iseve, rogorc amave mdinaris
saTaveebis aRmosavleTiT mdebare miwebi[863], katarZene md. mtkvris
samxreTiT ufro unda ivaraudebodes. katarZenes lokalizaciisaTvis mniSvnelovan
garemoebad p. ingoroyva urartul epigrafikul ZeglebSi moxseniebul Katarza-s mxares
miiCnevda, da, rogorc Cans, katarZenesTan erTad am ukanasknelsac md. aRmosavleT
evfratis (murati) xeobaSi mdebare punqt kiTariZTan akavSirebda[864]; magram, kiTariZis _ md.
muratis xeobaSi, aSTianqis olqSi mdebareobam[865] da agreTve urartuli
werilobiTi wyaroebis qaTarzasaTvis miRebulma lokalizaciam _ daaxloebiT
Tanamedrove somxuri qalaqis kiumris mxareSi[866], gamoricxa maTi
erTmaneTTan dakavSirebis SesaZlebloba da, amave dros, ufro sarwmuno gaxada
urartul qaTarzasTan katarZenes kavSiri, romelic, rogorc ukve iTqva, md. mtkvris
samxreTiT unda yofiliyo. g. meliqiSvilic iziarebs Sexedulebas, rom urartuli
`qaTarza~ ptolemaiosiseuli `katarZenes~ saxelwodebiT iCens Tavs da aaxloebs mas
samcxisa da aWaris SemaerTebeli goderZis uReltexilis saxelTan[867] da strabonis
`xorZenesTan~; amave dros, misi azriT, dasaSvebi unda iyos aRniSnul
toponimebTan klarjebis didi eTnikuri jgufis saxelwodebis dakavSireba, vinaidan
qarTuli istoriuli wyaroebi ar icnoben msgavsi saxelwodebis mqone sxva tomebs am
raionSi[868].
garda yovelive zemoTqmulisa, rac,
vfiqrobT, unda gamoricxavdes qaTarzasa da katarZene || xorZenes klarjeTTan
gaigivebis SesaZleblobas, amave sakiTxTan dakavSirebiT yuradRebas ipyrobs
`moqcevaჲ qarTlisaჲs~ teqstSi
gamoyenebuli termini `kedari~: `pirvel, odes aleqsandre mefeman naTesav/101/ni
igi loTis SvilTani wariqcina da Seჴadna igini kedarsa mas queyanasa, ixilna
naTesavni sastikni bun-Turqni, msxdomareni mdinaresa zeda mtkuarsa mixueviT,
oTx qalaqad, da dabnebi maTi: sarkine-qalaqi, kaspi, urbnisi da oZraჴe, da cixeni maTni:
cixჱ didi sarkinisaჲ, ufliscixჱ kaspisa, urbnisisa
da oZraჴisaჲ~[869]. termin `kedars~
yuradReba iv. javaxiSvilma miaqcia da ganmarta, rom `qveyana kedrad~ mtkvris
xeobis is nawili igulisxmeba, romelSic qalaqebi sarkine-qalaqi, kaspi, urbnisi
da oZraჴe mdebareobda, anu
zemo qarTli (igive _ mesxeTi) da Sida qarTli[870]. iv. javaxiSvilis
SeniSvniT, kedari rom marTlac geografiuli saxelia, es fsalmunis ebrauli dednis
teqstidanac Cans: `vaჲ me, rom vmwirob mosoxTan, vmkvidrob karebsa Tana
kedarisaTa~[871];
amasve unda mowmobdes `moqcevaჲ qarTlisaჲs~ teqstis formulirebac `Seჴadna igini kedarsa
mas queyanasa~, vinaidan, Tu `kedarSi~ vigulisxmebT mag. qarTul sityvas
`kedaros~, mxaris, kidis mniSvnelobis mqones[872], xolo aq qveynis kidis
aRmniSvnels, sityva `qveyana~ idgeboda naTesaobiT brunvaSi da, Sesabamisad,
gveqneboda forma: `...kedar(o)sa mas queyanisasa~. rogorc cnobilia, `moqcevaჲ qarTlisaჲs~ teqstSi `kedaris
qveyana~ bibliuri loTis SvilebTan dakavSirebiT aris naxsenebi, es ki
SesaZlebelia migvaniSnebdes, rom avtori cdilobda `bibliaSi~ araerTgzis
moxseniebuli `kedari~, romelsac asureT-arabeTis udabnos mniSvnelovan momTabare
tomad miiCneven[873], gaeigivebina mtkvris
xeobis mxaresTan.
aRsaniSnavia, rom termini `kedarTa
qveyana~, rogorc amierkavkasiaSi mdebare mxare, dasturdeba fsevdo-kalisTenes
`aleqsandres romanSi~ Sesul ax. w. VII s. TxzulebaSi `moTxrobaჲ ucdomeli sufevisaTჳs naTesavTa da
ukanasknelTa JamTaTჳs~[874], romelsac ax. w. III-IV
ss. avtors meTodios patrels miaweren da romelic aSkara kavSirSia `moqcevaჲ qarTlisaჲs~ teqstTan; fsevdo-meTodiosis
Txzulebis mixedviT, rodesac aleqsandre makedonelma `CrdiloeTis masisi~
(ararati) gadalaxa da `kedarTa qveyanaSi~ aRmoCnda, ixila uwminduri tomi,
romelic gvamebiT ikvebeboda; iqve cxovrobdnen Turqebi da somxebi, romelTa didi
nawili mas amouJletia[875]. bun-TurqTa Sesaxeb
`moqcevaჲ qarTlisaჲ~ gvamcnobs: `daukჳrda aleqsandre da
cna, rameTu ieboselTa naTesavni iyvnes, yovelsa ჴorcielsa Wamdes da samare maTi ara /102/
iyo, mkduarsa SeSWamdes~[876]. termin `kedaris~
kavSirs qarTvelur samyarosTan, rogorc iTqva, fsalmunis ebrauli dednis
monacemebic adastureben; iv. javaxiSvilis dakvirvebiT, ebrauli teqsti cxadyofs,
rom `kedari~ swored mosoxis e. i. mesxTa qveynis adgilTaganis saxeli yofila[877]. aRniSnul cnobas Tu
SevuTanapirebT im faqts, rom `moqcevaჲ qarTlisaჲ~ `kedaris qveyanas~ md. mtkvris xeobas
uwodebs[878],
dasaSvebi xdeba, rom mosxur mTebTan mdebare mtkvris zemo welic amave saxeliT
yofiliyo cnobili, sadac, rogorc aRvniSneT, savaraudoa klavdios ptolemaiosiseuli
`katarZenes~ lokalizebac. amrigad, safiqrebelia, rom klavdios ptolemaiosis
`geografiuli saxelmZRvanelos~ teqstis sxvadasxva variantSi damowmebul mosxur
mTebTan mdebare mxaris aRmniSvnelad gamoyenebuli saxelwodebis orive variants
`katarZenesac~ da `korZenesac~ safuZveli eZebneba md. mtkvris zemo welTan Tu
mis maxlobel mxareSi lokalizaciisaTvis da Tu d. musxeliSvili forma `korZenes~
aniWebs upiratesobas straboniseul `xorZenesTan~ misi msgavsebis gamo[879], saxelwodeba
`katarZenesac~ moepoveba amave mxareSi paraleli urartuli Katarza-s da, SesaZloa,
agreTve md. mtkvris xeobis aRmniSvnelad gamoyenebuli `kedaris~ saxiT[880].
kidev erTi saxelwodeba, romelsac aigiveben
xolme xorZenesTan, ax. w. II s. berZeni istorikosis apianes `miTridates omebis
istoriaSi~ moxseniebulni `xotenea~[881]; fiqroben, rom am
saxelwodebis `xorZenesagan~ miReba unda momxdariyo an berZnuli paleografiis
niadagze τ da ζ asoebis aRreviTa
da–-ορ- jgufis ω-d qceviT an qarTveluri enebisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli
r-s dakargva-gaCenisa da Z-s (an monaTesave afrikatis) t-Ti Senacvlebis Sedegad[882]. apianes cnobiT,
damarcxebulma pontos mefem _ miTridate VI evpatorma, Tavis amalasTan erTad Tavi
Seafara sinoreqsis cixe-simagres (igive sinoria, q. baiburTis samxreTiT)[883], sadac mas didi Tanxa
hqonda Senaxuli; aqedan kolxeTisaken mimavali miTridate miiCqaris md. evfratis saTaveebisaken
da es mdinare SeuCerebladmimavalma meoTxe dRes gadalaxa; man sami dRe moandoma
Tavisi razmis mowesrigebas da amis Semdeg SeiWra armeniis teritoriaze xoteneSi,
sadac gaarRvia isrebiTa da SurdulebiT SeiaraRebuli xotenelebisa da iberebis
jgufebi, romlebic mis uku/103/qcevas cdilobdnen da md. afsarosTan mivida[884]. vinaidan miTridate
Tavisi razmiT mxolod md. evfratis gadalaxvisa da iq Zalebis mokrefis Semdeg
SeiWra armeniaSi (xoteneSi), savaraudo xdeba, rom teritoria sinoreqsa da md.
evfratis saTaves Soris, evfratisa da Woroxis SuamdinareTSi mdebare, armenias ki
ara, aramed pontos SemadgenlobaSi unda yofiliyo moqceuli; SesaZloa amasve
mowmobdes klavdios ptolemaiosis cnoba, rom md. afsarossa da mis Senakads md.
likoss saTave kapadokiis pontoSi hqonda[885]. ramdenadme moulodnelia
miTridates mier evfratis dinebis gadalaxva, maSin rodesac mas SeeZlo evfratis
(karasu) saTavis ayolebiTa da e. w. gurji-boRazis gavliT TorTomis xeobaSi
Sesvla. magram, Tu apianeseul evfratSi am mdinaris marjvena Senakadi md. serCami
ar igulisxmeba, romlis saTavec md. Woroxis saTavis maxloblad mdebareobs, unda
vifiqroT, rom evfratis gadalaxvis Semdeg miTridate jer aRmosavleTisken unda
wasuliyo, daaxloebiT Tanamedrove q. pasinleris maxloblad CrdiloeTisken unda
gadaexvia da md. olTisiswylis saTavisken (Tanamedrove md. sivridere) gasuliyo.
Tumca, rogoric ar unda yofiliyo miTridates marSruti, aSkaraa, rom mas taoze
unda gaevlo da rom swored taoSi masTan SebrZolebuli mosaxleoba unda
igulisxmebodes apianesTan naxseneb xotenelebsa da iberebSi.
termin `xotenes~, romelSic xot-fuZe
gamoiyofa, t>ჲ fonetikuri
kanonzomierebis Sedegad, SeeZlo moeca forma `xoჲ~[886]. aRsaniSnavia, rom diodore sicilielis
`biblioTekaSi~ gvxvdeba eTnonimi `xaoჲ~ (Χοι), gamoyenebuli
qsenofontis `anabasisis~ `taoxebis~ (Τοχοι) nacvlad[887]. am ori eTnonimis gaigivebis
sawinaaRmdegod gamoTqmulia eWvi, rom `xaoჲ~ `taoxoჲ~-s Seryvnil formas
unda warmoadgendes, aRmocenebuls gadamwerTa Secdomis Sedegad[888], magram Tu gaviTvaliswinebT, rom hekateos
miletels moxseniebuli hyavs `xoჲebis~ (Χο) tomi[889], romelTa sacxovrisic taos maxloblad unda
yofiliyo, formebis xaoჲ || xoჲ-s da taoxis erTidaimave tomis
aRsaniSnavad gamoyeneba dasaSvebi unda Candes. stefane bizantionelis `eTnikur
leqsikonSi~ Semonaxuli hekateos miletelis cnobis Tanaxmad, xoჲebi beqeirikas (Βεχειρική) mezoblad
cxovrobdnen da maT aRmosavleTidan diZerebi esazRvrebodnen[890]. /104/fsevdo-skilaqsis mixedviT,
biZerebsa da beqeirebs (Βέχειροι) Soris cxovrobda
ekeqeiriebis tomi[891], romelsac p. ingoroyva hekateos miletelis
`xoჲebTan~ aigivebs[892]. ekeqeiriebis teritoriaze dasaxelebulia
mdinareebi pordanisi da arabisi, qalaqi limne da elinuri qalaqi odeiniosi[893]. Zv. w. V s. anonimuri `periplusis~
ganmartebiT, ekqeiriebad (¢EkceirieV) wodebul toms winaT ucxovria mdinare arqabisidan mdinare ofiuntamde,
sadac ukve maqelonebi da henioxebi cxovrobdnen[894]; igulisxmeba lazistanis qedsa da Sav
zRvas Soris mdebare mxare. n. lomouris varaudiT, ekeqeiriebis teritoria md.
Abo-viwedan (furtuna-su) q. rizes aRmosavleTiT mdebare midamoebamde vrceldeboda[895]. Tu Cven davuSvebT, rom xoჲebsa da beqeirebs lazistanis qedis
gadaRmac ekavaT miwebi, SesaZlebeli gaxdeboda maTi dakavSireba, Sesabamisad,
xaoჲ-taoxebTan da boxebTan[896].
im garemoebas, rom apianes Txzulebis
teqstSi iberebi md. evfratis saTavis maxlobel mxareSi xotenelebTan erTad
SemTxveviT an SecdomiT ar unda iyvnen dasaxelebulni, mowmobs apianes mier iqve
mocemuli iberTa vinaobis sakmaod vrceli ganmarteba, rom `zogierTebis mixedviT
aziis iberebi evropis iberebis winaprebi arian, xolo sxvebi piriqiT, fiqroben,
rom pirvelebi ukanasknelTa emigrantebi arian, kidev sxvaTa azriT, maT mxolod
erTnairi saxelwodeba aqvT, radgan arc Cveulebebi da arc ena ara aqvT msgavsi~[897]. xotenesa da iberTa urTierTkavSirze
SesaZloa miuTiTebdes ioseb flaviusis cnoba, damarcxebuli miTridates iberiaSi
gaqcevis Sesaxeb[898]. apianesa da ioseb flaviusis cnobaTa
SeTanapireba, TiTqos, xotenes teritoriis iberebisadmi kuTvnilebas unda
mowmobdes, xolo am mxaris apianes mier armeniad dasaxeleba, rogorc Cans,
ukavSirdeba Zv. w. II s. pirveli naxevarSi armenielebis mier iberTagan miwebis
warTmevis faqts[899]. Dd. musxeliSvilis SexedulebiT, is
garemoeba, rom `xotenes armenia~ faqtiurad iberiis provincia iyo, mowmobs xotene
|| xorZenes igiveobas[900]; marTalia, d. musxeliSvilma, Cveni azriT,
savsebiT sworad gansazRvra, rom strabonTan dasaxelebul `mosxebis qveynis~
armenul nawilSi[901] armenielebis mier iberTagan CamorTmeuli
miwebi unda igulisxmebodes[902] /105/da rom es miwebi tao, speri da
kolaa, magram, manve, imis gaTvaliswinebiT, rom xorZene-kolas unda aRniSnavdes,
xolo xotene _ taos, am ori saxelwodebis (xorZenesi da xotenes) identurobis
Sesaxeb arsebuli mosazrebis gaziarebis Sedegad, gamoTqva varaudi, xorZene ||
xoteneSi, rogorc Woroxis, aseve mtkvris saTaveebis mdebareobis Taobaze da
erTidaimave provinciad _ xorZene-xotened, erTdroulad kolac miiCnia da taoc[903]. erTian cnebad warmodgenil xorZene ||
xotenes (radgan es ukanaskneli pirvelis damaxinjebul formad ganixileba)
erTdroulad vrceli teritoriis gaerTianeba rom SesZleboda, romelSic moqceuli
iqneboda ori iseTi gansxvavebuli mxare, rogoric tao da kolaa, erTmaneTisagan
daSorebuli Woroxisa da mtkvris wyalgamyofi arsianis qedis samxreT-aRmosavleTi
ganStoebiT soRanluRis qediT, igi sakmaod Zlieri politikuri warmonaqmni unda
yofiliyo, risi araviTari niSanic ar mogvepoveba. vinaidan, terminebi `xorZenec~
da `xotenec~ mxolod erTi, calkeuli mxaris saxelwodebebad Canan da radganac
orive maTganis adgilmdebareobis dadgena xerxdeba, pirvelis _ md. mtkvris
saTaveebis mxareSi, xolo meorisa _ taos teritoriaze, maTi gaigiveba, vfiqrobT,
ar unda iyos marTebuli. Rac Seexeba Sexedulebas, xorZenes dakavSirebis
SesaZleblobaze taosTan _ Woroxisa da mtkvris saTaveebiTurT, rasac TiTqos iqve
damowmebuli toponimi `xorzianis velic~ metyvelebs[904], igi albaT unda gavigoT, rogorc xorZenes
mdebareobis gamomxatveli, konkretulad _ md. mtkvris saTaveebis mxareSi; s.
janaSias cnobiT, toponimi `xorzianis veli~, romelic, misi azriT, SesaZloa
`xorZenes~ istoriuli gamoZaxili iyos, mdebareobda q. artaanis samxreTiT,
artaan-olTisis gzaTkecilidan aRmosavleTiT, md. mtkvris marjvena saTavis xeobaSi[905], anu kolaSi. damTxveva iberebTan
dakavSirebul, apianiseul `xotenes~ armeniis nawilad miCnevasa da straboniseul
`xorZenes~ armenielebis mier swored iberTagan miTvisebas Soris[906], safiqrebelia, rom unda aixsnas
armenielebis mier iberTagan xorZenesTan erTad agreTve pariadris mTiswineTis
CamoWris Sesaxeb arsebuli cnobis safuZvelze[907], romelSic, rogorc Cans, swored tao (anu
xotene) unda yofiliyo ZiriTadad nagulisxmevi. /106/
samecniero literaturaSi gamoTqmulia azri,
rom strabonis cnobebis urTierTSeTanapireba cxadyofs, rom pariadri zogadad
skidisesac ewodeba[908]. rogorc Cans, es marTlac ase unda iyos,
oRond, am mTebSi upiratesad, ara giumiuShanes, trabzonis da lazistanis qedebi
unda igulisxmebodes[909], aramed, evfratisa da Woroxis wyalgamyofi
kopis qedi. am qedTan, Tu mis nawilTan, skidises gaigivebis SesaZleblobas zemoT
aRvniSnavdiT, xolo pariadris gavrcelebas amave mxareSi mowmobs strabonis cnoba,
rom mcire armeniis teritoriaze pontos mefe miTridate VI evpatorma 75
cixe-simagre aago, sadac Tavisi simdidris didi nawili moaTavsa. am
cixe-simagreTagan yvelaze cnobilni yofilan hidara, basgoidariZa da didi
armeniis sazRvarze mdebare sinoria (apianeseuli _ sinoreqsi); aq, pariadris
mTianeTSi cixe-simagreebis ageba gamowveuli yofila amisaTvis xelsayreli
bunebrivi pirobebis arsebobiT da pontos samefos swored am Soreul nawilSi
Seufarebia Tavi miTridates, rodesac mis qveyanas pompeusis jari Sesevia[910]. Pariadri aRmosavleTiT mcire armeniamde
rom vrceldeboda, strabons sxva adgilasac aqvs aRniSnuli[911], magram iberebisagan armenielebis mier
CamoWril pariadris mTiswineTSi[912], ra Tqma unda ara sidenedan (Σιδήνη) mcire armeniamde
gadaWimuli mTis qedi igulisxmeba, aramed mis aRmosavleTiT mdebare mxare.
amasTan dakavSirebiT yuradRebas ipyrobs TviT strabonis cnoba, rom `evfratis
iqiTa mxares (aRmosavleTiT _ g. q.), mcire armeniis maxloblad, antitavrosis
gadaRma CrdiloeTisken, gadaWimulia didi mTa mravali ganStoebebiT, romelTagan
erTs ewodeba pariadri, meores _ mosxuri mTebi, mesames _ sxvadasxva saxelebi
aqvs; am mTebiT aris garSemortymuli mTeli armenia iberebamde da albanelebamde~[913].
evfrat-Woroxis SuamdinareTSi pariadris
lokalizebis SesaZleblobas exmianeba pliniusis cnoba didi armeniis parihedris
mTebidan (Parihedris montibus) dawyebis Taobaze; misi sityvebiT, didi
armenia gamoiyofa pontoSi Camdinare md. afsarosiT da parihedris mTebiT, romelTa
wiaRidanac gamoedineba es mdinare[914]. vinaidan md. afsarosi igive Woroxia, cxadia,
parihedris mTebSi _ md. Woroxis saTaveebis mxareSi md/107/ebare mTebi unda
igulisxmebodes. k. Tumanovis ganmartebiT, pliniusiseuli parihedris mTebi
warmoadgenen md. akamfsisis (Woroxis) mier pontos alpebis ukiduresi aRmosavluri
seqtorisagan (lazistanis qedi) gamoyofil maRlobs, sadac TviT akamfsisi da
agreTve evfrati iRebs saTaves da romelic CrdiloeTiT mcire kavkasionamde
vrceldeba, xolo samxreTiT evfratisa da araqsis (arezi) wyalgamyofia[915]; e. i. mas parihedris mTebad mxedvelobaSi
hqonia e. w. mosxuri mTebi (ix. qvemoT). miuxedavad im garemoebisa, rom k.
Tumanovi pliniusis `parihedrisis mTebs~ _ pariadris mTebad miiCnevs, amave
dros, strabonis monacemebze dayrdnobiT[916] cdilobs pontos alpebis zogierT aRmosavlur
ganStoebasac, romelSic, rogorc irkveva, igi lazistanis qeds gulisxmobs[917], miakuTvnos pariadris (Παρυάδρης) saxeli[918]. magram, pirvel rigSi, swored strabonis
cnobebi ar iZleva q. trapezuntis aRmosavleTiT mdebare lazistanis qedis
pariadrTan gaigivebis SesaZleblobas. strabonis mixedviT, `kavkasionis totebi
miemarTeba samxreTisaken da isini ara marto moicaven iberiis Suaguls, aramed
erTvian armenul da e. w. mosxur mTebs da agreTve, skidisesa da pariadrs. yvela
es mTebi tavrosis nawilebi arian, romelic armeniis samxreT kides qmnis;
tavrosisagan isini rogorRac mowyvetili arian CrdiloeTisaken da grZeldebian
kavkasionamde da evqsinis sanapiros im nawilamde, romelic kolxeTidan
Temiskiramde vrceldeba~[919]. rogorc zemoT aRvniSneT, kolxeTi
strabonisaTvis dasavleTis mimarTulebiT q. Trapezuntamde aRwevs, xolo pariadri unda
igulisxmebodes im mTaSi, romelic evqsinis sanapiros moicavs kolxeTidan
Temiskiramde[920]. Arc strabonis is sityvebi unda iZleodnen
gansxvavebuli daskvnis gamotanis saSualebas, rom `kavkasioni gars artyia
albanelebsa da iberebs da emijneba armenias, agreTve mosxebisa da kolxebis
mTebs e. w. tibarenebamde~ da rom `dasavleTiskenac arian es tomebi (tibarenuli
tomebi _ g. q.) da pariadre da skidise mcire armeniamde da evfratis xeobamde,
romelic gamoyofs armenias kapadokiisagan da komagenesagan~[921], vinaidan, tibarenuli tomebi, pariadre da
skidise, mcire armeniamde da evfratis xeobamde dasavleTidan aRmosavleTisaken da
ara aRmosavleTidan dasavleTisaken vrceldebodnen[922]. /108/ es mkafiod Cans strabonis im
cnobaSic, rom `farnakiis momijnave sidenesa da Temiskiris zemoT (igulisxmeba
samxreTiT _ g. q.) mdebare fanareas (Φανάροια) vels, romlis
SuagulSi erTmaneTs uerTdebian armeniidan momdinare likosi da amasiasTan mdebare
viwrobebidan gamosuli irisi, aRmosavleTis mxridan zRudavs misive paralelurad
gadaWimuli pariadri, xolo dasavleTidan _ liTrosisa da oflimosis mTebi~[923]. aq fanareas velSi _ q. amasiis
Crdilo-aRmosavleTiT mdebare veli, xolo pariadrSi _ Tanamedrove janikis qedis
aRmosavleTis seqtori igulisxmeba. amgvarad, rogorc vxedavT, strabomis zemoT
moyvanili cnobebis pariadrSi is mTebi unda igulisxmebodes, romlebic Savi zRvis
sanapiros gasdeven q. trapezuntis aRmosavleTiT mdebare kolxeTidan
Temiskira-sidenemde da romlebic aRmosavleTis mimarTulebiT skidisesTan erTad
vrceldebodnen mcire armeniamde da, kapadokiisagan da komagenesagan armeniis
gamomyof, evfratis xeobamde da romelsac araferi ar unda hqondes saerTo pontos
alpebis aRmosavleT nawilTan _ lazistanis qedTan; Sesabamisad, strabonTan sxva
adgilas moxseniebul armenielebis mier iberTagan warTmeul pariadris mTiswineTSi
ara lazistanis qedTan mdebare mxare unda igulisxmebodes, aramed, md. Woroxis
samxreTiTa da samxreT-aRmosavleTiT mdebare miwebi, pliniusiseuli parihedris
mTebis (Plin., NH,VI, 25) Sesatyvisi, igive qarTuli provincia _ tao.
aRsaniSnavia, rom k. Tumanovi qarTuli da
somxuri istoriuli wyaroebis monacemebis gaTvaliswinebiT cdilobda istoriuli
mxaris _ parxalis saxelwodeba md. Woroxis Sua dinebis aRmosavleTiT mdebare
taosaTvis miesadagebina[924], rogorc Cans, pliniusis parihedris mTebis
lokalizaciis gavleniT da miuxedavad im garemoebisa, rom parxali, ZiriTadad,
Woroxis marcxena napirsa da lazistanis qeds (igive parxal daRi) Soris
mdebareobda[925]. `pariadris mTebis~ saxelwodebasTan
dakavSirebiT yuradRebas ipyrobs md. olTisiswylis (Tanamedrove sivridere)
erT-erTi Zveli saxelwodeba `bolxa~[926], Tavis mxriv, rogorc Cans, dakavSirebuli
mdinareebis olTisiswyalsa da arezs Soris mosaxle bolxebis, bolxarebis,
boxaelebisa Tu boxebis[927] satomo saxelTan. amgvarad, pariadris
mTebis saxelwodebiT, garda janikis, giresunisa da giumiuShanes qedebisa,
zogierTi mona/109/cemebis mixedviT, cnobili iyo md. Woroxis samxreTiT mdebare
kopisa da Woroxis qedebic.
Pariadris mTebis saxelwodebas,
safiqrebelia, atarebda agreTve gogarenes (somxuri gugarqi) samxreTiT, sevanis
tbis CrdiloeT nawilis dasavleTiT mdebare bambakis qedi. klavdios ptolemaiosis
`geografiuli saxelmZRvanelos~ mixedviT, pariadris mTis gayolebiT mdebareobdnen
sirakene da sakasene[928]. sirakene, cxadia, Siraqia, xolo
sakasene, romelic strabonis mixedviT albaneTsa da mtkvars esazRvreboda da
gogarenes maxloblad iyo moTavsebuli[929], gviandeli SakaSenea[930]. amave sakiTxTan dakavSirebiT, yuradRebas
ipyrobs pliniusis cnoba Tasiisa (Thasie) da Triaris (Thriare), anu taSirisa da
TrialeTis[931] iberuli olqebis mdebareobis Sesaxeb
parihedros mTebamde (Parihedros monte)[932]. parihedros mTebSi aq bambakis qedi rom
unda igulisxmebodes[933], mowmobs albaneTisa da iberiis
aRwerisadmi miZRvnil pliniusis Txzulebis moyvanil paragrafSi am mTebis calis
gverdis kavkasionis qedis aRmosavleT nawilis Semadgeneli keravnuli mTebis
sapirispiro mxares ganlageba, mtkvris (Cyrum) Senakadis md.
iberis (gaigivebulia iorTan) qvemoT sakasenebis (Sacaseni) dasaxeleba da,
agreTve, albaneTis sazRvrebidan dawyebuli kavkasionis ferdobebze mcxovrebi
silvebis, lupenebis (Lupeniorum), didurebisa da sodebis moxsenieba,
romelTa gadaRmac `kavkasionis kari~ yofila moTavsebuli, pliniusis ganmartebiT,
zogierTis mier SecdomiT `kaspiurad~ wodebuli[934]. Tumca, gasaTvaliswinebeli iqneb isic
iyos, rom gansxvavebiT afsarosisagan armeniis gamomyofi parihedris mTebisa[935], am SemTxvevaSi pliniusi ramdenadme
gansxvavebul firmas parihedros mTebs xmarobs (Parihedros montes)[936]. miuxedavad yovelive zemoTqmulisa,
naklebad damajerebelia, rom strabonis cnobis, armenielebis mier iberTagan
warTmeul, pariadres mTianeTSi[937] bambakis qedi yofiliyo nagulisxmevi,
vinaidan, sakuTriv strabonTan saxelwodeba`pariadriT~ es mTebi ar aris cnobili;
amave dros, yuradRebas ipyrobs misive cnoba, rom im mTis ganStoebebs Soris,
romlebic armenias CrdiloeTidan Semofarglaven evfratis gadaRma da mcire armeniis
maxloblad mdebare mxaridan iberielebamde da albanelebamde, erTs ewodeba /110/
pariadri, meores _ mosxuri mTebi, xolo mesames sxvadasxva saxelebi aqvs[938]. es mTebi Qorox-evfratisa da
mtkvar-arezis SuamdinareTSi arian lokalizebulni, pariadri da mosxuri mTebi
armenias Crdilo-dasavleTidan Semofarglavdnen, xolo is mTa, romelsac sxvadasxva
saxelebi hqonda, savaraudoa, rom armeniis Crdilo-aRmosavleTiT mdebareobda da,
Sesabamisad, albanelebamdec aRwevda; swored igi unda yofiliyo bambakis qedi.
Strabonis sityvebi, rom am mTas `sxvadasxva saxelebi aqvs~, albaT miuTiTebs im
garemoebaze, rom misTvis cnobili iqneboda am mTis saxeli `pariadri~[939]. bambakis qeds `pariadris~ saxelwodebiT
straboni Tundac imis gamo ver moixseniebda, rom imave winadadebaSi am saxels
uwodebda mcire armeniisa da evfratis zemo welis maxloblad mdebare mTebs[940]. is garemoeba, rom taSiri iberiis
farglebSi iyo moqceuli[941], mowmobs, rom bambakis qedze unda
gasuliyo armeniis CrdiloeT sazRvari.
rac Seexeba strabonis ganmartebas, rom
armenielebma iberebisagan miiTvises gogarene, romelic md. mtkvris gadaRma
mdebareobda, igi unda gavigoT ara rogorc gogarenes mdebareobis gamomxatveli md.
mtkvris, an Tundac md, javaxeTis mtkvris (igive faravani), samxreT napirze[942], aramed kola-artaanSi mimdinare mtkvris
aRmosavleTiT, rac, ra Tqma unda, gamoricxavs gogareneSi ara marto klarjeTis,
aramed SavSeTisa da kola-artaanis garkveuli nawilis moqcevis SesaZleblobas.
Rogorc cnobilia, VII s. somxuri geografiis `aSxarhacuicis~ mixedviT, klarjeTi (կաշարծօք) gugarqis (gogarenes)
Semadgenel nawilad iTvleboda[943].
aRmosavleT anatoiaSi qarTvelur tomTa
gansaxlebis sakiTxis garkvevisaTvis garkveuli mniSvneloba aqvs antikuri xanis
werilobiT wyaroebSi xSirad naxsenebi mosxuri mTebis lokalizacias. vaxuSti
bagrationis cnobiT, devaboinus, irijlusis, yalnus, TorTomis, Sifaqlusa da
ispiris mTebi, mosxis, anu mesxis mTaa[944]. mosxuri mTebis adgilmdebareobis
gansazRvrisas vaxuStis antikuri xanis wyaroebic hqonia gamoyenebuli, igi
SeniSnavs, rom krebiTi saxeli `mosxi~, qveynis aRsaniSnavad, aleqsandre
makedonelze adrindeli xanis Zvel geografTa TxzulebebSi ixmareboda[945]. vaxuSti bagrationi `mosxis mTebis~ /111/
saxeliT icnobda agreTve mTa Rados, anu fersaTs, aWara-guriis Soris mdebare mTas
da, rogorc Cans, artaan-kolasa da yarss Soris mdebare yarsis mTasac[946].
p. ingoroyvam, vaxuSti bagrationis
monacemebis SeTanapirebiT klavdios ptolemaiosis cnobebTan, e. w. boxebis zeviT,
mosxis mTebTan, katarZenes mdebareobisa da dasavleTis mimarTulebiT mosxis
mTebis kapadokiis pontomde gavrcelebis Sesaxeb[947] da agreTve strabonis cnobasTan,
skidisesTan mosxis mTebis SeerTebis Taobaze[948], mosxuri mTebi, Worox-mtkvrisa da araqss
(arezi)-CrdiloeT evfratis (karasu) xeobebis wyalgamyof mTavar qedad miiCnia da
masve miakuTvna CrdiloeT evfratsa da arezs Soris mdebare ganStoebis gagrZeleba,
romelic deveboinus mTis gavliT bingelis mwvervalebs adgeba[949].
d. musxeliSvili, strabonis im cnobis
`mosxur mTebs~, sadac aRniSnulia, rom kolxeTi mdebareobs kavkasionisa da
mosxuri mTebis Ziras[950], dRevandel mesxeTis (anu aWara-imereTis)
qedTan aigivebs[951]; amasTanave igi yuradRebas amaxvilebs
strabonisave cnobaze iberiasa da armenias Soris sazRvris mtkvrisa da mosxur
mTebze gavlis Sesaxeb[952] da am ori orientiris, md. mtkvrisa da
mosxuri mTebis, erTmaneTTan dakavSirebiT, ramdenadac iqve mtkvris saTavebzea
laparaki. `mosxur mTebsac~ mtkvris saTaveebTan aTavsebs; es ki, misi azriT,
mowmobs, rom `mosxur mTebSi~ is mTagrexili unda ivaraudebodes, romelic mesxebis
(mosxebis) qveyanas armeniisagan sazRvravda da romelTa Sesaxebac straboni
iuwyeboda, mosxebis mTebi gars ertymian mTel armenias iberiamdeo[953]. vinaidan, mesxeTis teritoria im xanad
mtkvris zemo welsa da Woroxis auzs moicavda, d. musxeliSvili daaskvnis, rom
strabonis `mosxebis mTebi~ am SemTxvevaSi gulisxmobs Worox-mtkvris auzis, erTi
mxriv, da meore mxriv, evfrat-araqsis (arezi) auzis wyalgamyof mTebs; amasve
adasturebs, misive ganmartebiT, klavdios ptolemaiosis cnoba, mdinareebs _
evfrats, kirossa da araqss Soris moTavsebuli armeniis nawilebSi, e. w. boxebis
zemoT, mosxur mTebTan, katarZenes mdebareobis Sesaxeb[954], romelic, misi TqmiT, jer erTi, sruliad
mxoloazrovnad migviTiTebes, rom mosxuri mTebia is mTebi, romlebic kiross
(mtkvari), evfrats da araqss (arezi) Sorisaa da e. i. aq igulisxmeba
maincdamainc am mdinareTa saTaveebis /112/ wyalgamyofi, xolo meore mxriv, am
mTebTan mdebare qveyana katarZene, ufro sworad `koraZene~, unda iyos
straboniseuli `xorZene~, romelic mosxur mTebTan mdebareobda[955]. d. musxeliSvili marTebulad SeniSnavs,
rom lazistanis qedis mosxur mTebad miCneva[956] ar unda iyos swori, vinaidan, es qedi
arasdros ar iyo da arc SeiZleba yofiliyo sazRvari iveriasa (iberia) da somxeTs
(armenias) Soris, sazRvravda ra samxreT-aRmosavleTidan mTlianad WaneTs da yvela
epoqaSi igi mxilid WaneTis da romelime sxva qveynis sazRvars warmoadgenda[957].
n. xazaraZec `mosxur mTebs~, erTi mxriv,
mcire kavkasionis dasavleT nawilSi, kolxeTis samxreT sazRvarTan aTavsebs, xolo
meore mxriv, iberiisa da armeniis sasazRvro zonaSi, Worox-mtkvris,
Worox-evfratis da evfrat-araqsis (arezi) wyalgamyofi qedebis adgilas; strabonis
zemoT moyvanili cnobebis garda, n. xazaraZe gansakuTrebul yuradRebas uTmobs
klavdios ptolemaiosis cnobebs kapadokiasa da did armenias Soris sazRvris mosxur
mTebze gavlis Sesaxeb im adgilidan sadac evfrati yvelaze CrdiloeTiT uxvevs
aRmosavleTisaken[958]; klavdios ptolemaiosis `geografiuli
saxelmZRvanelos~ sxva cnobaze dayrdnobiT, rom md. afsarosi (Woroxi) saTavidan
SesarTavamde kapadokiis pontos teritoriaze miedineba, sadac saTaves iRebs md.
likosic, romelic md. glavkosTan *Tanamedrove md. olTu) erTad erTvis afsaross[959]. n. xazaraZe kidev ufro akonkretebs
mosxuri mTebis adgilmdebareobas da maT Worox-TorTumis saTaveebis samxreTiTa da
samxreT-aRmosavleTiT aTavsebs[960].
Tu Cven mxedvelobaSi miviRebT im
garemoebas, rom didi armenia kapadokiisagan imijneboda, jer dasavleTiT _ md.
evfratis dinebiT, xolo Semdeg _ kapadokiis pontos xaziT, mosxur mTebze gadavliT
kolxeTamde[961], zemoTqmulidan gamomdinare, unda
vivaraudoT, rom mosxur mTebze gamavali sazRvari md. olTus gadakveTiT, arsianis
qeds ebjineboda, es ki, Tavis mxriv, SesaZleblobas mogvcemda dagveSva, rom
arsianis qedis dasavleTiT mdebare klarjeTi kolxeTis SemadgenlobaSi iyo
moqceuli. rogorc Cans, klarjeTi unda yofiliyo nagulisxmvi klavdios ptolemaiosis
im cnobaSic, romlis mixedviT, didi armenia CrdiloeTidan kolxeTis nawiliT
isazRvreboda[962]. Tu Cven, amasTana/113/ve, klavdios
ptolemaiosis mier, did armeniasa da iberias Soris md. kirosis (mtkvari)
gayolebaze gaRebul sazRvars[963], ganvsazRravdiT iseve, rogorc strabonis
zemoT moyvanili cnobisas[964], kola-artaanSi mimdinare mtkvarze
gamavalad[965], imis SesaZleblobac mogvecemeboda, rom
olTisiswyalsa da mtkvars Soris mdebare arsianis qedis seqtori, anu daaxl.
`mosxuri mTebis~ Suaguli, warmogvedgina, rogorc oTxi saxelmwifos: pontos
kapadokiis, kolxeTis, didi armeniisa da iberiis sasazRvro zona[966], rasac strabonis cnobac exmianeba,
`mosxebis qveynis~ sam _ kolxebis, iberebisa da armenielebis nawilad dayofis
Sesaxeb[967]. safiqrebelia, rom cnebebi `mosxuri
qveyana~ (Μοσχική) da `mosxuri
mTebi~ TiTqmis mTlianad faravdnen erTmaneTs[968]. aRsaniSnavia, rom d. musxeliSvili
klarjeTis kolxeTis SemadgenlobaSi moqcevis Sesaxeb analogiur daskvnamde mivida,
oRond sruliad sxva safuZvelze. kerZod, xotene || xorZenes gaigivebis Sedegad
(ix. zemoT) da strabonis im cnobis gaTvaliswinebiT, rom xorZene armeniis ukiduresi
Crdilouri Temi iyo da Tan kolxeTis mosazRvre[969], man miiCnia, rom klarjeTi da
artaan-javaxeTi somxeTs (armenias) ar ekuTvneboda, Tumca ki Sedioda
straboniseuli `mosxikes~ farglebSi, romlic moicavda mtkvris zemo welsa da
Woroxis auzs; aqedan speri, tao da kola somxeTs mieerTebina, SavSeT-klarjeTi da
aWara kolxeTs, xolo artaan-javaxeTi da samcxe qarTls (iberias) darCenoda[970].
md. Woroxis zemo dinebasTan mdebare speris
mxare, iseve rogorc sxva qarTuli miwebi, Zv. w. II s. pirvel naxevarze ufro
adrindel xanaSi ver moeqceoda armeniis SemadgenlobaSi. rac Seexeba Sexedulebas,
rom speri, gaigivebuli straboniseul `sispiritisTan~ (ΣuσπιρτιV), Zireuli somxuri mxare iyo[971], igi dafuZnebulia
strabonis cnobaze, rom iasonis TanamolaSqre, somexTa miTiuri eTnarq-eponimi armenos
Tesalieli da misi Tanamgzavrebi dasaxlebulan akiliseneSi da sispiritisSi
armeniis gadaRma mdebare kalaxenemde da adiabenemde[972]. magram Tu mxedvelobaSi
miviRebT strabonisave cnobas, speris samxreTiT mdebare mxareebis, karenitidisa
da qserqsenes armenielTagan mxolod artaqsiisa da zariadris dros, anu Zv. w. II
s. pirvel naxevarSi, damorCilebis Taobaze[973], cxadia unda
gamoi/114/ricxos am mxareTa gadaRma mdebare speris maT mier ufro adre
daqvemdebarebis SesaZlebloba. ukve sakuTriv is garemoeba, rom argonavt
armenosis Tanamgzavrebi, strabonis mixedviT, ikaveben teritorias gadaWimuls
sispiritisidan asureTSi mdebare kalaxenemde da adiabenemde, anu faqtiurad, TviT
misi droindeli armeniis momcvels, unda migvaniSnebdes, rom am cnobaSi adgili
aqvs armeniis politikuri sazRvrebis dasabuTebis cdas miTiuri mamamTavris
Sesaxeb arsebuli legendaruli cnobis gamoyenebis safuZvelze; msgavsi SemTxvevebi
farTod iyo garcelebuli antikur xanaSi. samecniero literaturaSi gamoTqmulia
azri, rom strabonis `sispiritisSi~ speri ki ar unda igulisxmebodes, aramed
kalaxenesa da adiabenes CrdiloeTiT mdebare mxare _ Supria[974], magram Tu
gaviTvaliswinebT, ufro adre, kolxeTsa da midias Soris, saspeჲrebis mdebareobas[975], romelTa qveyanac
armeniis maxlobladaa savaraudo, terminebis `speri~, `sispiritisi~ da `saspeჲri~ urTierTkavSiri dasaSvebi unda Candes[976]. garda amisa, mkvlevrebi
fiqroben, rom `subar- saspeჲr-hesper-sper~
termini SesaZloa gardaqmniliyo `(i)ber~-ad da, rom es dasaSvebia momxdariyo,
rogorc qarTveluri enebis wiaRSi, aseve Zvel sparsul enobriv samyaroSi[977]. Terminebis `iberisa~ da
`speri-sispiritisis~ gaigivebisaTvis dasayrdens TiTqos strabonis im cnobebis
SeTanapirebac iZleva, rom sispiritisSi oqros sabadoebi yofila[978], xolo iberebs,
dasavleTeli iberebis msgavsad, am saxels, maT orive qveyanaSi (e. i., rogorc
aRmosavleTis iberiaSi, aseve dasavleTisaSi) oqros sabadoebis arsebobis gamo
uwodeben[979].
SesaZloa speris mosaxleoba igulisxmeboda xotenelebTan erTad mebrZol iberebSic[980], Tumca cneba `iberi~,
Tavisi farTo mniSvnelobiT, savaraudoa, rom garda aRmosavleT saqarTvelos
(sakuTriv qarTlis) mosaxleobisa, mesxeTis, anu `mosxTa qveynis~ da agreTve,
mosxuri mTebis binadarTa aRmniSvneladac gamoiyeneboda; am mxriv, yuradRebas
ipyrobs plutarqes cnoba, rom md. kirni (mtkvari) saTaves iberiul mTebSi iRebda[981] da apolodores azri,
iberiasa da armenias Soris sazRvris md. araqsze (arezi) mdebareobis Sesaxeb[982]. qsenofontis
`anabasisis~ monacemebiTac, TiTqos md. fasisi, romelic am SemTxvevaSi,md. arezs
aRniSnavda, armenias xalibebis qveynisa/115/gan gamoyofda[983]; strabonis mixedviT,
xalibebi karenitiSi (Tanamedrove q. erzurumis mxare) arian lokalizebulni, xolo
mosinikebi, kidev ufro dasavleTiT, qserqseneSi (igive derqsene)[984]. Amgvarad, SeiZleba
iTqvas, rom Zv. w. I aTaswleulis meore naxevarSi qarTveluri warmomavlobis
tomebi gansaxlebulni Canan ara mxolod mosxuri mTebis CrdiloeTiTa da
aRmosavleTiT, aramed samxreTiT da dasavleTiTac, rac sakuTriv am mTebis
mosaxleobis qarTvelur kuTvnilebas ufro sarwmunos xdis.
`qarTlis cxovrebaSi~ Semavali juanSeris
`cxovreba vaxtang gorgasalisa~ gvamcnobs, rom, vidre berZnebi qarTvelebs miwebs
waarTmevdnen, pirveli mefeebis dros, qarTvelebs anZianZora ekuTvnodaT;
juanSeris mier gadmocemuli vaxtang gorgaslis sityvebiT: `mieriTgan miiRes
sazRvari ese berZenTa Cuen, qarTvelTagan, aRmosavleT zRჳsa amis. xolo wyoba pirvelTa mefeTa iyo
anZianZors, sada ukue aw ars saflavi didisa moZRvrisa grigolosi, da muniT
iotnes mefeni Cuenni. xolo Cuen aTisa dRisa savali Camogჳvlia, CrdiloT
moqceul varT~[985]; e. i. qarTvelTa miwebi uwin Savi zRvis samxreTiTac
mdebareobda da maTi amJamindeli sazRvari adrindels aTi dRis savaliT aris
daSorebuli. vinaidan janSeri manamde aRniSnavs, rom `warvida vaxtang pontos da
moaoჴrna gzaTa qalaqni
samni: anZoreTi, ekleci da steri~[986], aSkara xdeba, rom anZianZora igive
anZoreTia da, rom swored es punqti aris aTi dRis savaliT qarTls daSorebuli,
saidanac `iotnes mefeni Cuenni~. leonti mrovelis `cxovreba qarTvelTa mefeTas~
mixedviT, anZianZora eklecze Sors mdebareobda: `warvida farnavaz da motyuena
sazRvari saberZneTisa anZianZora, da ekleciT Semoiqca, mivida klarjeTs, da
warmovida mcxeTad sixaruliTa didiTa~[987]. Tu gaviTvaliswinebT, rom farnavazi
azonis mokvlis Semdeg midis anZianZors[988], romelSic vaxtang mefis sityvebiT iyo
`wyoba pirvelTa mefeTa~ da rom `muniT iotnes mefeni Cuenni~, savaraudo xdeba,
rom am mxareSi, sadac ubrZoliaT qarTvelTa pirvel mefeebs, unda igulisxmebodes
`moqcevaჲ qarTlisaჲs~ cnobis, mcxeTis
pirveli mefis, azos samSoblo _ `arian-qarTli~[989], vaxtang mefisadmi miweri/116/li
sityvebi, iqneb exmianebian `ninos cxovrebis~ metafrastuli redaqciis avtoris
ganmartebas, rom `Cven qarTvelni Svilni varT arian-qarTliT gamosrulTani, da
enai maTi uwyiT, da yovelni mefeni qarTlisani amaT mefeTa Svilis-Svilni arian~[990]. sad unda yofiliyo anZoreTi ||
anZianZora? vinaidan, anZianZoridan klarjeTs mimavali farnavazi `ekleciT
Semoiqca~, igi eklecis dasavleTiT an samxreTiT iqneboda. Ekleci, igive
akilisena[991], md. evfratis (karasu) gayolebaze,
derWanis (qserqsene || derqsene) dasavleTiT mdebareobda (Tanamedrove q.
erzinjanTan), misi meore saxelwodeba iyo anaitika, wodebuli qalRmerT anahitas
sapativcemod[992]. aRsaniSnavia, rom q. erzinjanis
dasavleTiTaa somexTa ganmanaTleblis, grigolis monasteri, surb-lusavoriCi[993], romlis saflavic, vaxtang gorgasalisadmi
miwerili sityvebiT, anZianZoraSi yofila[994], xolo, movses xorenacis `somexTa
istoriis~ cnobiT, surb-grigoris saflavi daranalis mxareSi mdebare daba TordanSi
iyo[995]. toponim anZoreT || anZianZoraSi Zor
komponenti aSkarad dakavSirebulia `xevis, xeobis~ aRmniSvnel somxur sityvasTan
– ծոր. rogorc Cans, am
toponimebSi gamoiyofa an-Ziri; `anZoreTSi~ -eT daboloeba geografiul
saxelwodebaTa mawarmoebeli qarTuli sufiqsia, xolo `anZianZoraSi~, paraleluri
formis `anZoreTis~ gaTvaliswinebiT, savaraudo xdeba Zi-a sufiqsis gamoyofa
(analogiuri aRnagobisa Canan toponimebi varZia, tanZia da sxv.). `anZoreT ||
anZianZoraSi~ an-Ziris gamoyofas gansakuTrebuli mniSvneloba aqvs imis gamo, rom
uSualod eklecis dasavleTiT mdebareobda daranalis mxare, igive analiba, romlis
ZiriTad ganmsazRvrel qalaqsac ani (Tanamedrove kemaxi, md. karasuze)
warmoadgenda[996]; saxelwodeba `analiba~, n. adoncis azriT,
`anelebis, anis mosaxleobis~ aRmniSvnelia da igi mravlobiTi ricxvis qarTul
niSan -eb-s unda Seicavdes[997]. sayuradReboa, rom toponim `daranlSic~
gamoyofil -ali daboloebas, n. adonci, qarTuli –eli-sa da grabaruli
somxuris –եղ-is ekvivalentur,
winagrabarul adeqtiur fleqsiad miiCnevda[998]. anZoreT || anZianZoras daranalis mxareSi
lokalizeba savaraudos gaxdida am ukanasknelis fuZis `daranis~ kavSirs `moqcevaჲ qarTlisaჲs~
`r[i]an-qarTlTan~ im SemTxvevaSi, Tuki dasaSvebi iqneboda saxelwodeba
`daranalSi~ Tavkidura d-s dakargvis SesaZleblo/117/ba[999]. rac Seexeba qalaq sters da `qalaqsa
didsa zRჳsa kidesa~[1000], maTSi egeb nagulisxmevi iyo qalaqebi
hidara (an satala) da trapezunti.
im garemoebas, rom leonti mroveli eklecsa
da anZianZoras qarTlis mosazRvre mxareebad moixseniebs: `warvida farnavaz da
motyuena sazRvari saberZneTisa anZianZora da ekleciT Semoiqca~[1001], g. meliqiSvili savsebiT dasaSvebad
miiCnevs; misi azriT, Zv. w. III s. iberTa miwebi samxreT-dasavleTiT Zalze Sors
vrceldeboda, es ki, misi TqmiT, gasagebs xdisim aqtiur rols, romelsac, `qarTlis
cxovrebis~ mixedviT, farnavazis samefo asrulebda pontosa da selevkidebis
samefoebis (anu, saberZneTsa da asureTs) Soris urTierTobaSi, rac dasturdeba
berZen-romaeli istorikosebis Zv. w. III s. pirveli naxevris saerTaSoriso
mdgomareobis amsaxveli cnobebiT, selevkidebis samefosa da pontos interesebis
mkveTri dapirispirebisa da Crdilour olqebSi selevkidebis mniSvnelovani
aqtiurobis Sesaxeb[1002]. gamoiTqva agreTve mosazreba, rom
aRniSnuli epoqis istoriuli movlenis, makedonelTa gabatonebis gamoZaxili garda
strabonis[1003], pliniusis[1004] da solinusis[1005] Txzulebebisa da sxv., asaxulia qarTul
istoriul nawarmoebebSic, `moqcevaჲ qarTlisaჲSi~ da leonti mrovelis `cxovreba qarTvelTa
mefeTaSi~, aleqsandre didis qarTlSi laSqrobis ambiT[1006].
Miuxedavad imisa, rom dRemde ar moipoveba
centralur amierkavkasiaSi makedonelTa yofnis damamtkicebeli sabuTebi, axlo
aRmosavleTis elinisturi saxelmwifoebis daintereseba qarTliT, safiqrebelia, rom
gardauvali unda yofiliyo, vinaidan, CrdiloeTis momTabare tomebis gzis Camketi
kavkasiis karis (igive _ aragvisa Tu ovsTa kari, `dariali~) efeqturi
kontrolisaTvis am saxelmwifoTa xelisufalTaTvis sasurveli iqneboda qarTlSi,
mcxeTaSi, msgavsi funqciis SesrulebisaTvis saWiro siZlieris mqone politikuri
organizaciis arseboba[1007]. Roorc Cans, aRniSnuli faqtoriT
mniSvnelovanwilad iyo ganpirobebuli centraluri amierkavkasiis momdevno da ufro
adreuli xanebis istoriuli ganviTarebac; SesaZloa, amave movlenis anarekls
warmoadgenda gadmocemebi axalmosaxleTa Tanmimdevruli talRebis aq gadmosaxlebis
Sesaxeb /118/ (ix. zemoT), rac Tavad warmoadgens saxelmwifos aRmocenebisaTvis
saWiro erT-erT xelSemwyob winapirobas[1008].
`moqcevaჲ qarTlisaჲs~ da `cxovreba qarTvelTa mefeTas~ cnobebi aleqsandre makedonelis
qarTlSi laSqrobis Sesaxeb dakavSirebuli Cans im farTod gavrcelebul
SexedulebasTan, romelic mas miawers kavkasiis karis gamagrebas; Zveli avtorebi
`darials~ xSirad aleqsandres svetebis Tu saketis saxeliT ixsenieben[1009]. ÀáËÏ ÀÙÌÏÓÀÅËÄÈÉÓ ÃÀßÉÍÀÖÒÄÁÖË ÓÀÆÏÂÀÃÏÄÁÄÁÛÉ ÜÒÃÉËÏÄËÉ ÌÏÌÈÀÁaÒÄÄÁÉÓ, ÂÏÂÉÓÀ ÃÀ ÌÀÂÏÂÉÓ „ÖßÌÉÍÃÖÒÉ ÔÏÌÄÁÉÓ“[1010] ÛÄÌÏÓÄÅÉÓ ÌÏËÏÃÉÍÉ
ÒÏÌÉÓ ÉÌÐÄÒÉÉÓ ÃÀÝÄÌÉÓÀ ÃÀ ÌÏÌÈÀÁÀÒÄÄÁÉÓ (ÐÉÒÅÄË ÒÉÂÛÉ, äÖÍÄÁÉÓ) ÂÀÀØÔÉÖÒÄÁÉÓ
áÀÍÀÛÉ ÓÖË Ö×ÒÏ ÀØÔÖÀËÖÒÉ áÃÄÁÀ ÃÀ ÀËÄØÓÀÍÃÒÄ ÃÉÃÓÀÝ ÓÖË Ö×ÒÏ ÖÌÊÅÉÃÒÃÄÁÀ
ÌÀÈÈÀÍ ÌÄÁÒÞÏËÉÓ ÓÀáÄËÉ[1011]. mis ÌÉÄÒ ØÀÒÈËÛÉ ÃÀËÀÛØÒÖËÀà ÌÉÜÍÄÖË
„ÁÖÍ-ÈÖÒØÄÁÛÉc“[1012], ÒÏÌ ÜÒÃÉËÏÖÒÉ,
ÉÌÉÄÒÊÀÅÊÀÓÉÖÒÉ, ÌÏÓÀáËÄÏÁÀ ÖÍÃÀ ÉÂÖËÉÓáÌÄÁÏÃÄÓ, ÓáÅÀ ÍÉÛÍÄÁÈÀÍ ÄÒÈÀÃ, ÀËÁÀÈ `cxovreba qarTvelTa mefeTas~ ÉÓ
ÝÍÏÁÀÝ ÌÏßÌÏÁÓ, ÒÏÌ `bun-Turqni~ ÀËÄØÓÀÍÃÒÄÓÀÂÀÍ
ØÀËÀØ ÓÀÒÊÉÍÄÛÉ ÀËÚÀÛÄÌÏÒÔÚÌÖËÍÉ ÃÀ ÛÄÌÃÄ ÊËÃÄÛÉ ÂÀÚÅÀÍÉËÉ áÅÒÄËÉÈ ÂÀÐÀÒÖËÍÉ,
„ÛÄÉÅËÔÏÃÄÓ ÊÀÅÊÀÓÉÀÓ[1013].
Crdilokavkasiidan gadmosuli ÌÏÓÀáËÄÏÁÉÓ ÛÄÓÀáÄÁ ÝÍÏÁÀ ÛÄÌÏÍÀáÖËÉÀ ÌÏÅÓÄÓ áÏÒÄÍÀÝÉÓ „ÓÏÌáÄÈÉÓ ÉÓÔÏÒÉÀÛÉ“:
„ÀÒÛÀÊÉÓ ÃÒÏÓ ÓÀÛÉÍÄËÉ ÀÒÄÖËÏÁÀ ÌÏáÃÀ ÃÉÃÉ ÌÈÉÓ, ÊÀÅÊÀÓÉÉÓ ÌÉÃÀÌÏÄÁÛÉ, ÁÖËÙÀÒÈÀ
ÌáÀÒÄÛÉ. ÁÄÅÒÉ ÌÀÈÂÀÍÉ ÀÉÚÀÒÀ ÃÀ ÜÅÄÍÓ ØÅÄÚÀÍÀÓ ÌÏÀÛÖÒÀ. ÉÓÉÍÉ ÃÉÃáÀÍÓ
ÌÊÅÉÃÒÏÁÃÍÄÍ ÊÏËÉÓ ØÅÄÌÏÈ ÍÏÚÉÄÒ ÌÉßÄÁÆÄ, ÐÖÒÉÈ ÌÃÉÃÀÒ ÀÃÂÉËÄÁÛÉ“[1014]. imave Txzulebis sxva adgilas `ltolvili bulRaris~ damkvidreba kolis
mezobel vanandis mxareSi arSakis mamis valarSakis dros xdeba[1015]. vfiqrobT, ar aris
gamoricxuli, rom „ÓÏÌáÄÈÉÓ ÉÓÔÏÒÉÉÓ“ „ÁÖËÙÀÒÄÁÓÀ“ ÃÀ ØÀÒÈÖËÉ
ÌÀÔÉÀÍÄÄÁÉÓ „ÁÖÍ-ÈÖÒØÄÁÛÉ“ ÄÒÈÉÃÀÉÂÉÅÄ ÔÏÌÉ ÉÂÖËÉÓáÌÄÁodes. ÌÀÈÉ ÄÒÈÌÀÍÄÈÈÀÍ ÂÀÉÂÉÅÄÁÉÓ ÛÄÓÀÞËÄÁËÏÁÀÓTiTqos, „ÅÄËÖÒÉ, ÌÏÓÖËÉ ÔÏÌÉÓ“ ÛÄÓÀáÄÁ ÈáÒÏÁÀ ÉÞËÄÅÀ,
ÒÏÌÄËÉÝ ÌÏÅÓÄÓ áÏÒÄÍÀÝÉÓ ÔÄØÓÔÛÉ, „ËÔÏËÅÉË ÁÖËÙÀÒÆÄ“ ÀÃÒÄ, ÉÌÀÅÄ ÈÀÅÛÉ ÀÒÉÓ
ÌÏáÓÄÍÉÄÁÖËÉ ÃÀ ÒÏÌËÉÓ ÃÀáÀÓÉÀÈÄÁÀÝ ÄÌÓÂÀÅÓÄÁÀ „ÁÖÍ-ÈÖÒØÄÁÉÓÀÓ“, áÏËÏ ÌÉÓÉ
ÁÉÍÀÃÒÏÁÉÓ ÌáÀÒÉÓÀ _
ÛÉÃÀ-ØÀÒÈËÓ. xorenacis mixedviT: `[ÅÀËÀÒÛÀÊÌÀ] ÌÏÖáÌÏ ÅÄËÖÒ, ÌÏÓÖË ÔÏÌÓ;
ÉÂÉ ÁÉÍÀÃÒÏÁÃÀ ÜÒÃÉËÏÄÈÉÓ ÅÄËÆÄ (= SidaqarTlis veli? g.
q.) /119/ ÃÀ ÊÀÅÊÀÓÉÉÓ ÃÉÃÉ ÌÈÉÓ ×ÄÒÃÏÁÆÄ, àÀËÄÁÓÀ ÃÀ ÂÒÞÄË,
ÙÒÌÀ áÄÅÄÁÛÉ, ÒÏÌÄËÍÉÝ ÌÈÉÓ ÓÀÌáÒÄÈ ÊÀËÈÄÁÉÃÀÍ ÃÉÃÉ ÅÄËÉÓ ÈÀÅÀÌÃÄ ÜÀÃÉÏÃÍÄÍ (= aragvis, qsnis, liaxvis xeobebi? g.Qq.).
[ÅÀËÀÒÛÀÊÌÀ] ÖÁÒÞÀÍÀ ÌÀÈ, ÌÏÄÛÀËÀÈ ÀÅÀÆÀÊÏÁÀ ÃÀ ÊÀÝÈÀ ÙÀËÀÔÉ, ÃÀÌÏÒÜÉËÄÁÏÃÍÄÍ
áÄËÌßÉ×ÉÓ ÁÒÞÀÍÄÁÄÁÓ, ÂÀÃÀÄáÀÃÀÈ áÀÒÊÉ...[1016]".
ÉÁÄÒÉÉÓ
(ØÀÒÈËÉÓ) ÓÀÌÄ×Ï áÄËÉÓÖ×ËÄÁÀ, ÂÀÒÃÀ ÉÌÉÓÀ, ÒÏÌ ÆÒÖÍÀÅÃÀ „ÊÀÅÊÀÓÉÉÓ ÊÀÒÉÓ“
ÈÀÅÃÀÝÅÉÓÖÍÀÒÉÀÍÏÁÀÆÄ, ÀÒÝÈÖ ÉÛÅÉÀÈÀà Ä×ÄØÔÖÒÀà ÉÚÄÍÄÁÃÀ ÀÌ ÊÀÒÉÓ áÄËÓÀÚÒÄË
ÓÔÒÀÔÄÂÉÖË ÌÃÄÁÀÒÄÏÁÀÓ ÃÀ ÓÀàÉÒÏÄÁÉÓ ÌÉáÄÃÅÉÈ, ÌÉÓÉ ÓÀÛÖÀËÄÁÉÈ, ÜÒÃÉËÏÄÈÉÃÀÍ
ÂÀÃÌÏäÚÀÅÃÀ áÏËÌÄ ÃÀÌáÌÀÒÄ ÓÀÌáÄÃÒÏ ÞÀËÀ, ÌÏÌáÃÖÒÄÁÈÀÍ ÁÒÞÏËÉÓ ÌÉÆÍÉÈ ÈÖ
ÓÀÊÖÈÀÒÉ ÌÔÒÄÁÉÓ ÃÀÓÀËÀÛØÒÀÅÀÃ[1017]. ÅÉÍÀÉÃÀÍ „ÊÀÅÊÀÓÉÉÓ
ÊÀÒÉ“ ×ÀØÔÉÖÒÀà ÉÁÄÒÈÀ áÄËÛÉ ÉÚÏ, ÂÀÓÀÂÄÁÉ áÃÄÁÀ ÌÏÅÓÄÓ áÏÒÄÍÀÝÉÓ ÝÍÏÁÀ, ÒÏÌ
ÓÏÌÄáÉ ÌÄ×ÄÄÁÉ „ÜÒÃÉËÏÄÈÉÓ ÌÈÄÁÉÓ“ ÂÀÌÂÄÁËÏÁÀÓ ÀÅÀËÄÁÄÍ ÀËÄØÓÀÍÃÒÄ ÌÀÊÄÃÏÍÄËÉÓ
ÌÉÄÒ ÃÀÃÂÄÍÉË ÉÁÄÒÈÀ áÄËÉÓÖ×ËÉÓ ÌÉäÒÃÀÔÉÓ ÛÈÀÌÏÌÀÅËÄÁÓ[1018]. ÀÌÀÅÄ ÃÒÏÓ, ÄÓ ÝÍÏÁÀ
ÌÉÂÅÀÍÉÛÍÄÁÓ, ÒÏÌ ÂÀÒÊÅÄÖËÉ ÖÒÈÉÄÒÈÊÀÅÛÉÒÉ ÀÒÓÄÁÏÁÃÀ ÉÁÄÒÉÀÛÉ ÓÀÌÄ×Ï
áÄËÉÓÖ×ËÄÁÉÓ ÜÀÌÏÚÀËÉÁÄÁÀÓÀ ÃÀ „ÊÀÅÊÀÓÉÉÓ ÊÀÒÉÓ“ ÃÀÝÅÉÓ ÓÀàÉÒÏÄÁÀÓ ÛÏÒÉÓ.
g. meliqiSvilma SeniSna, rom movses xorenacTan dasaxelebuli, aleqsandre
makedonelis mier iberTa xelisuflad dadgenili mihrdatis STamomavali, aseve
mihrdati, somexTa mefis artaSes I-is siZe da tigranis dis qmari, romelsac
artaSesma ÜÒÃÉËÏÄÈÉÓ ÌÈÄÁÉÓÀ ÃÀ
ÐÏÍÔÏÓ ÂÀÍÌÂÄÁËÏÁÀ, xolo tigranma kapadokiis mTavari
qalaqis maJaqis mmarTvelobis ufleba mianiWa da romelic romaelTa sardals
pompeuss ebrZoda[1019], pontos Zlevamosili
mefe miTridate VI evpatoria, es ki, misi TqmiT, aaSkaravebs, rom movses
xorenacTan daculi gadmocemis mixedviT, aleqsandre makedonels iberebis
mmarTvelad pontos xelisufali dauniSnavs[1020]. g. meliqiSvilis
SexedulebiT, qarTlis samefos warmoqmna mcire aziis elinisturi saxelmwifoebisa
Tu maTi mxardaWeriT moqmed samxreTqarTuli gaerTianebebis moZalebas unda
ukavSirdebodes[1021]. Movses xorenacis
sityvebi: `[somexTa mefem] ÌÉäÒÃÀÔÓ
ÌÉÀÍÃÏ ÜÒÃÉËÏÄÈÉÓ ÌÈÄÁÉÓÀ ÃÀ ÐÏÍÔÏÓ ÆÙÅÉÓ ÂÀÍÌÂÄÁËÏÁÀ[1022]", albaT, SeiZleba gavigoT imis gamoxatulebad, rom mihrdati, xorenacis mier,
rogorc pontos samefos, aseve iberiis mmarTvelad iyo miCneuli. rac Seexeba
xorenaciseul maJaqs (igive mazakas), /120/ romelic tigranma gadasca samarTavad
mihrdats da romelzedac mihrdatis Ze mihrdatic acxadebs Semdeg pretenzias[1023], igi did kapadokias (Cappadocia
Magna) unda gamoxatavdes[1024]. mkvlevarTa mier
gamoiTqva, azri, rom mihrdatianTa dinastiis kavSiri, erTi mxriv, kapadokiasTan,
sadac odesRac qarTvelTa, kerZod, mesxTa winaprebsac unda ecxovraT, xolo, meore
mxriv, qarTvelTa qveyanasTan, iqneb am ori qveynis raRac uZveles kavSirebzec
miuTiTebdes[1025].
kapadokiasa da qarTls Soris kavSirs, rogorc
ukve aRvniSnavdiT, iberiis samefo karis RvTaebaTa panTeonis anatoliuri xasiaTic
mowmobs. armazs, zadens, gacisa da gas mkvlevarebi anatoliur Sesatyvisebs
uZebnian armas, sanTas, atisisa da kibeles saxiT. g. meliqiSvilis gancxadebiT,
mcxeTaSi ori uZlieresi cixe-simagris armazcixis da zadencixis saxelebi mowmoben,
rom am RvTaebebis kulti aq mcireaziul kulturul garemoSi moqceul mosaxleobas
unda moetana[1026]. qarTul samyaroSi
dasturdeba Weqa-quxilis xaTuri da xeTuri RvTaebebis Taro-sa da Tarunt-is kultic[1027]. qarTuli arqeologiuri
da eTnografiuli masalebi cxadyofen, agreTve, `RmerTebis didi dedis~ (dindimena,
igive kibela, qubaba) da xaris kultis arsebobas, romlebic farTod iyvnen
gavrcelebuli Zvel samyaroSi da maTi sawyisebi jer kidev Zv. w. VII aTaswleulis
samxreT anatoliaSi mdebare, neoliTuri xanis qalaqSi CaTal huiuqSia warmodgenili[1028]. garkveul msgavsebas
qubaba-kibeles saxelTan avlens svanur miTologiaSi dadasturebuli qali RvTaebis
qalbabari || qababuaჲs saxelwodeba[1029], xolo svanur enaSi
Semonaxuli, qarTul `cxovarTan~ dakavSirebuli sityva šär, gamoyenebuli nikor-xaris, anu RvTaebis kuTvnil `mzis wiliani xaris~
aRsaniSnavad, sayuradRebo Cans, ramdenadac, mas Tavisi JreradobiT uaxlovdeba
`RvTaebis~ mniSvnelobis xaTuri sityva (a)šap/[1030]; gasaTvaliswinebelia isic, rom `mzis wiliani xari~ Zv. w. III aTaswleulis
centraluri anatoliis `samefo akldamebis kulturaSi~ erT-erT umTavres RvTaebas
warmoadgenda[1031]. siaxlove qarTvelur da
xaTur msoflmxedvelobas Soris gamoixateba Tundac imaSic, rom orive enaSi, rogorc
qarTulSi, aseve xaTurSi, SeiniSneba `cxvris~ aRmniSvneli sityvis msgavsi
semantikuri xasiaTi; qarTul enaSi am sityvidan aris nawarmoebi sityva
`cxovreba~, xolo xaTur sityvasTan zar- /121/ `cxvari~ (romelic, iqneb, Tavis mxriv,
saerToqarTvelur *c1xwar) dakavSirebuli Cans zari- `adamianis, mokvdavis~ mniSvnelobis mqone sityva[1032].
aRsaniSnavia,
rom mecnierTa mier gamoTqmuli azriT, xaTur enasTan enobriv Sexvedrebs
qarTveluri enebidan yvelaze metad svanuri ena amJRavnebs; miCneulia agreTve,
rom, vinaidan qalaq xaTusas mefis Piiuštiš-is saxeli, rekonstruirebuli `fჲust~-is formiT, emsgavseba svanurSi `batonis, uflis~ mniSvnelobiT
damowmebul sityvas fust(fusd), SesaZlebelia Zv. w. III aTaswleulis dasasruli xanis
centraluri anatoliis CrdiloeT raionebSi, afxazur-adiRurTan erTad, qarTveluri
mosaxleobis arsebobis daSveba[1033].
anatoliaSi
qarTveluri warmom\vlobis mqone Tu maTi monaTesave tomebis binadrobis erT-erT
mniSvnelovan sabuTs warmoadgens anatoliur toponimebSi qarTveluri enebisaTvis
damaxasiaTebeli elementebis arseboba. aRniSnul garemoebas mecnierebma jer kidev
XIX s. Damlevsa da XX s. dasawyisSi miaqcies yuradReba[1034]. marTalia, im xanebSi
gamoTqmuli mosazrebebi dReisaTvis aRar aris yvela SemTxvevaSi Tanabrad
misaRebi, magram, TavisTavad, qarTveluri enebis monacemebis gamoyenebis cda
Zveli anatoliuri saxelwodebebis etimologizaciisas damaxasiaTebelia da rogorc
zemoT vnaxeT, gamarTlebas poulobs Zveli werilobiTi wyaroebis cnobebSi.
aRsaniSnavia, rom XIX s. damlevs moRvawe mecnieris _ f. k. andreasis azriT,
berZnuli, somxuri da bizantiuri werilobiTi wyaroebi da jer kidev SemorCenili
geografiuli saxelwodebebi eWvsgareSe mowmoben im faqts, rom teritoria moqceuli
md. aRmosavleT tigrossa (antikuri xanis – kentriti) da evqsinis pontos Soris,
samxreTidan CrdiloeTiT, da md. arezis samxreT-aRmosavleTiT mdebare dablobsa da
md. ieSil-irmaks Soris, aRmosavleTidan dasavleTiT, dasaxlebuli iyo sxvadasxva
tomebiT, romelTac hqondaT saerTo saxeli xaldi (Χαλδος,
Χαλδαϊος, Խխաշտիք)[1035]. xaldi-xalibebis
teritoriis samxreTisa da aRmosavleTis mimarTulebiT ase Sors gavrceleba
gamowveuli iyo im garemoebiT, rom f. k. andreasi urartelebs xaldebad miiCnevda,
radganac maTi mTavari RvTaebis saxeli `xaldi~ iyo, xolo xalxis saxelwodeba,
misi azriT, uzenaesi RvTaebis saxelis identuri unda yofiliyo[1036]. /122/
imave xanebSi
yuradReba eqceoda imasac, rom Zveli somxuri wyaroebis monacemebiT Wanebis
(lazebis) dasavlurqarTuli tomi igive xaldebi arian, xolo trapezuntis imperiis
arsebobis xanis cnobebiTa da berZnuli eparqiis SemorCenili saxelwodebis
mixedviT, `xaldebis qveyana~ q. trapezuntis samxreTiT, WaneTSi mdebareobda[1037]. ufro gvian, urartuli
enis raobis gansazRvram cxadyo, rom mas geneturi kavSiri ar moepoveba Wanur
enasTan, da sazogadod qarTvelur enebTan; amasTanave, gairkva, rom urartelTa
TviTdasaxeleba `bia, biainili~ iyo da ara `xaldi~[1038], Sesabamisad, naTeli
gaxda, rom Zvel avtorebTan moxseniebuli eTnonimi `xaldi~ Wanebis || lazebis
winaprebis aRsaniSnavad gamoiyeneboda da ara urartelebisa[1039]. i. diakonovma xaldebis saxelwodeba daukavSira urartuli
warwerebis `xalitus qveyanis~ mosaxleobas da gamoTqva mosazreba, rom maTSi
pontospireli xaldebi igulisxmeba[1040]. g. meliqiSvilma Tavis
mxriv, SesaZleblad miiCnia qveynis saxelwodeba `xalitu~ pomerosiseuli
`(h)aliZonebis~ saxelTan daeaxloebina, romelTa qveynis saxelwodebas `alibes~[1041], jer kidev straboni
aigivebda eTnonim `xalibTan~[1042]. miuxedavad im
garemoebisa, rom xalitus qveyana, urartus mefis rusa II-is warweraSi, xaTesa da
muSqinis qveynebTan erTad aris moxseniebuli[1043], rogorc ukve iTqva,
garkveul SemTxvevebSi, satomo saxelebi xaldi-xalibi da muSqi-mosxi erTmaneTs faraven;
garda xalibebis olqis karenitis[1044] da amave olqis dasavleT
mijnaze mdebare cixe-simagris xaldoiariWis[1045] mdebareobisa `mosxuri
mTebis~ mxareSi da aRmosavleT anatoliis mTianeTis xaldi-xalibebis `aRmosavleli
muSqebis~ sacxovriss _ alzsa da mosxur mTebs Soris mdebare mxareSi gansaxlebisa[1046], yuradRebas ipyrobs is
zemoT moyvanili damTxvevebi, romelic TiTqos SeiniSneba straboniseuli `mosxikes~
(mosxuri qveynis) erTi nawilis armeniis SemadgenlobaSi moqcevasa[1047] da pliniusis TxzulebaSi
`armeno-xalibebis~ tomis moxseniebas[1048] Soris da agreTve is
garemoeba, rom, Tu asurelTa samflobeloebSi muSqebTan erTad abeSlaelebi iyvnen
SeWrilni[1049],
am ukanasknelTa memkvidreebad miCneul fasianebs, samxedro kavSiri, qsenofontis
cnobiT, xalibebTan hqoniaT[1050]. /123/
xaldi-xalibebisa
da muSqi-mosxebis erTmaneTTan dakavSireba, Tuki es dasaSvebi gaxdeba, maTi erTi
eTnikuri wrisadmi kuTvnilebis damadasturebeli sabuTic iqneboda, amas ki
muSqebis eTnikuri identifikaciisaTvis didi mniSvneloba aqvs; rogorc cnobilia,
`aRmosavleli muSqebis~ (musqebis) kuTvnileba frigiuli samyarosadmi bolo xanebSi
sul ufro saeWvo xdeba[1051], xolo i. diakonovis
mier gamoTqmuli Sexeduleba maTi somxurenovnebis Taobaze, vfiqrobT,
damajereblobas moklebulia (ix. zemoT). berZnul werilobiT wyaroebSi
dadasturebuli eTnonimi Μόσχοι fonetikuri TvalsazrisiT, rom zustad
Seesatyviseba asurul-urartuli Muški-s, amas arc i. diakonovi uaryofs[1052], magram, rogorc ukve
aRvniSnavdiT, igi ar iTvaliswinebs, rom forma mosx > musx-i, specialistebis azriT, qarTuli eTnonimis
`mesxis~ zanuri Sesatyvisia[1053]. muSqebis da mosxebis
erTmaneTTan dakavSirebis SesaZleblobas albaT antikur da bizantiur literaturaSi
gavrcelebuli Sexedulebac unda mowmobdes kapadokielebis, romlebic muSqebis
miwaze saxlobdnen da, amdenad, maT memkidreebs warmoadgendnen da mosxebis igiveobis
Sesaxeb[1054].
yvelaze
adreuli cnoba muSqebze gvxvdeba asureTis mefis TiglaT-fileser I-is
(TukulTa-afil-eSara, zeobis wlebi _ Zv. w. 1115-1077) warweraSi, saidanac
irkveva, rom Zv. w. XII s. Samociani wlebis SuaxanebSi muSqebs daupyriaT
asureTis moxarke alzisa da furulumzis qveynebi (md. muratis, igive aRmosavleT
evfratis qvemo Welze), xolo Zv. w. 1115 w. maTve, 20 000 kaciani laSqriTa
da 5 `mefs~ winamZRolobiT mTebidan Camosulebma, SeZles qaTmuxis (quTmuxis)
qveynis dakaveba; TiglaT-fileser I-s moulodnelad gadaulaxavs qaSiaris
(tur-abdinis, igive mardinis) mTebi, gaunadgurebia muSqebis laSqari da maTgan
gadarCenili 6 000 kaci Tavisi qveSevrdomebis ricxvisaTvis daumatebia[1055]. aseve qveSevrdomad
ixdis TiglaT-fileser I, Tavisi meore laSqrobis Sedegad, asureTisadmi
daqvemdebarebuli qveynis SubarTus samosaxloebis mpyrobel 4 000 qasqsa
(qaSqsa) da urumeels, romelTac igi xeTebis qveynis daumorCilebel xalxebs
uwodebs[1056].
i. diakonovis azriT, qasqebi da urumeelebi muSqebTan erTdroulad unda
SeWriliyvnen Zv. w. 1165 w. alzis mxareSi[1057]. aRsaniSnavia, rom
TiglaT-fileser I-is analebSi urumeelebTan erTad erT konteqstSi qasqebis nacvlad
zogjer abeSlaelebi arian naxsene/124/bi[1058], rac qasqebisa da
abeSlaelebis identurobaze unda mowmobdes[1059]; es garemoeba eTnonim
`abeSlas~ savaraudo kavSiris gamo Crdilo-aRmosavleT SavizRvispireTSi mosaxle
afSilebis tomis saxelwodebasTan, erT-erT mniSvnelovan sabuTad iTvleba qasqebis
afxazur-adiRuri warmomavlobis samtkiceblad[1060].
muSqebs,
qasqebisagan gansxvavebiT, i. diakonovi, rogorc ukve iTqva, protoarmeniul tomad
miiCnevs da am Sexedulebis dasabuTebisaTvis, upirveles yovlisa, muSqebis
saxelwodebaSi somxuri enisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli mravlobiTi ricxvis -k morfems gamoyofs[1061]. eTnonim `muSqis~
zemomoyvanil qarTvelur paralelebs, rom ar SevexoT, Tundac mxolod satomo
saxelebis Musku || Mušku da Kaska || Kaška-s warmoebis analogiuri xasiaTisa[1062] da Zv. w. II
aTaswleulis CrdiloeT mcire aziaSi msgavsi toponimebis, mag. uminteška, Tatiška da sxv. gamovlenis[1063] gaTvaliswinebis
Sedegad, vfiqrobT, Zneladdasajerebeli xdeba i. diakonovis varaudi. e. Sulers
gamoTqmuli aqvs, Tavis mxriv, mosazreba, rom eTnonimi `muSqi~, SesaZloa`
dasavleT anatolieli misiebis[1064] saxelwodebis
Crdilomcireaziul yaidaze gadasxvaferebis Sedegad iyos miRebuli[1065]. swored muSqebisa da
qasqebis saxelwodebebis aRnagobis msgavsebisa da ZvelaRmosavlur epigrafikul
masalebSi asaxuli, am or toms Soris arsebuli, axlo kontaqtebis gaTvaliswinebiT
SeZlo e. Sulerma gamoeTqva varaudi muSqebisa da qasqebis erTgvarovani
warmomavlobis Taobaze; misi azriT, muSqebi an ufro adreul xanebSi pontoeli
qasqebis nawils warmoadgendnen, anda, isini, Tuki maT mcire aziaSi
axalmosaxleebad miviCnevT, qasqebisaTvisac mcire aziis faarglebs gareT mdebare
winare samSoblos arsebobaze migvaniSneben[1066]; e. Suleri mniSvnelovan
protoxeTur (xaTur) gavlenas qasqur onomastikonze, gr. giorgaZesagan
gansxvavebiT, ara protoxeTebsa (xaTebs) da qasqebs Soris arsebuli
memkvidreobiTi an `geneturi~ kavSirebiT xsnis[1067], aramed qasqurSi Zlieri
protoxeTuri (xaTuri) substratis arsebobiT[1068].
asuruli analebis mixedviT, md. muratis qvemo
welsa da md. tigrosis zemo wels Soris mdebare mxareSi SeWrili qasqebi rom xeTur
wyaroebSi moxseniebuli qasqebis memkvidreebs warmoadgendnen, cxadyofen sakuTriv
asuruli analebis monacemebi. am monacemebiT, qasqi-abeSlaelebi da urumeelebi
`xarkdaudebeli (daumorCilebeli) xeTebi~ /125/ yofilan[1069]. i. diakonovis
ganmartebiT, asureTis mefis, TiglaT-fileser I-is analebSi termini `xeTebis qveyana~
md. evfratis dasavleTiT mdebare mcireaziuli teritoriis aRsaniSnavad aris gamoyenebuli
da ara siria-palestinisa, rogorc, Cveulebriv, Zv. w. I aTaswleulis teqstebSia
nagulisxmevi[1070]. aRsaniSnavia, rom
asurul samefo analebSi muSqebi, qasqi-abeSlaelebisa da urumeelebisagan
gansxvavebiT, ar arian xeTebis qveynis xalxad dasaxelebulni, magram, Tu
gaviTvaliswinebT, rom asurelebs erTsadaimave mxareebSi da erTdroulad uxdebodaT
muSqebTan, qasq-abeSlaelebTan da urumeelebTan brZola, unda vifiqroT, rom
muSqebis sacxovrisic `xeTebis qveyanaSi~ Tu mis maxloblad mdebare mxareSi unda
iyos saZebari.
muSqebis winasacxovrisis adgilmdebareobis dadgenisaTvis
garkveuli mniSvneloba, SesaZloa hqondes ufro gviani xanebis _ Zv. w. I
aTaswleulis _ cnobebs mosxebis binadrobis Taobaze centraluri anatoliis CrdiloeT
nawilSi, e. i. swored im mxareSi, romelic muSqebTan erTad aRmosavleT anatoliaSi
mebrZoli qasqebis ZiriTad keras warmoadgenda Zv. w. II aTaswleulSi[1071]. darios I-is droindeli (Zv. w. 522-486 ww.)
aqemeniduri sparseTis mecxramete satrapiis SemadgenlobaSi tibarenebTan,
makronebTan da marebTan erTad moqceul da dariosis memkvidris, qserqse I-is (Zv.
w. 486-465 ww.) armiaSi tibarenebTan erTad gaerTianebul mosxebSi[1072] rom centralur anatoliaSi, da ara mosxuri
mTebis mxareSi mosaxle mosxebi igulisxmeba, garda hekateosis, herodotes da
pomponius melas monacemebis[1073] SeTanapirebisa (ix. zemoT), qsenofontis
`anabasisis~ is cnobac unda migvaniSnebdes, romlis Tanaxmad taoxebi da xaldebi
sparseTis mefes ar emorCilebodnen;[1074] vinaidan taoxebi da xaldebi, anu igive
xalibebi,[1075] md.Ffasisis (arezis) zemo dinebis marcxena _
CrdiloeT napiris gadaRma cxovrobdnen[1076], naklebad mosalodnelia, rom maTze ufro
CrdiloeTiT _ `mosxur mTebSi~ mosaxle tomi uSualod sparsuli satrapiis
SemadgenlobaSi moqceuliyo. miuxedavad imisa, rom sparselTa Zalaufleba
kavkasionis qedamde aRwevda, igi, nominaluri xasiaTisa unda yofiliyo; herodotes
cnobiT, kolxebma da maTma mezoblebma kavkasiis mTebamde, sadamdec vrceldeboda
sparselTa mmarTveloba, nebayoflobiT daiweses yo/126/vel xuT weliwadSi
sparselebisaTvis saCuqrebis mirTmeva.[1077]
aRsaniSnavia, rom taoxebi da xaldebi || xalibebi
ar arian moxseniebulni arc dariosis satrapiebSi Semaval xalxTa siaSi da arc
qserqses laSqrobaSi monawileTa Soris.[1078] marTalia, qsenofontis `kiropedia~ iuwyeba
jer kidev aqemenidebis saxelmwifos damaarseblis kiros II didis (Zv. w. 558-530
ww.) mier xaldebis damorCilebas[1079], magram, rogorc cnobilia, ZiriTadad,
didaqtikuri xasiaTis mqone am Txzulebis istoriuli sizuste `anabasisagan~
gansxvavebiT, naklebad sandod aris miCneuli.[1080] Tumca, arc `anabasisis~ is cnoba aris
qsenofontiseulad CaTvlili, romlis mixedviT, makronebic, mosinikebic, koÁtebica
da tibarenebic, karduxebis, xalibebis, xaldebisa da kolxebis msgavsad, sparselTagan damoukideblad
arian gamocxadebulni.[1081] specialistebi `anabasisis~ teqstis am adgils
gviandel CanarTad Tvlian.[1082] rogorc Cans, `anabasisis~ es danamati
ZiriTadi teqstis gaTvaliswinebiT aris Sedgenili da vinaidan `anabasisSi~
aRniSnuli tomebis sparselebisadmi daqvemdebarebis Sesaxeb araferia Tqmuli,
isinic Tavisufal xalxebTan erTad arian moxseniebulni. qsenofonti, ZiriTadad,
yuradRebas amaxvilebs misi Tanamemamuleebis mimarT gzaze Semxvedri mosaxleobis
damokidebulebaze _ aZleven Tu ara isini maT saWiro produqtebis SeZenis
saSualebas, es garemoeba Tavis mxriv ganapirobebda moqirave berZeni
jariskacebis ganwyobas adgilobrivi mosaxleobis mimarT.[1083] amave dros, ramdenadme, yuradRebas ipyrobs sparseTis
mefisadmi dauqvemdebarebel karduxebTan, taoxebTan da xaldebTan berZenTa
SebrZolebisa da sursaTis warTmevis dapirispireba, am ukanasknelTaTvis
makronebis mier bazris gaxsnasTan, miuxedavad imisa, rom makronebi,
qsenofontisave SeniSvniT, _ barbarosebi iyvnen;[1084] karduxebis, taoxebis da xaldebis
TavisuflebasTan dapirispirebiT makronebis barbarosobis xazgasmaSi ar aris
gamoricxuli, rom sparselebisagan makronTa damokidebulebis anarekli iyos
asaxuli.
specialur literaturaSi gamoTqmuli mosazrebis
Tanaxmad, herodotes da qsenofontis cnobebis Sejereba cxadyofs, rom darios I-is
droindeli aqemeniduri sparseTis mecxrame/127/te satrapiis SemadgenlobaSi
Semaval qarTvel tomebs Zv. w. V s. dasasrulisaTvis damoukidebloba moupovebiaT.[1085] savsebiT dasaSvebia, aRniSnul periodSi
zogierT qarTvel toms marTlac mieRwia damoukideblobisaTvis, vinaidan dariosis
mefobis momdevno xanaSi aqemeniduri satrapiebis SemcvelobaSi mniSvnelovani
cvlilebebia momxdari,[1086] magram darios I-is droindel mecxramete satrapiis Semavali
yvela tomis mier sparselebisagan damoukideblobis mopovebis savaraudeblad
safuZveli, vfiqrobT, ar unda gvqondes. Tu gaviTvaliswinebT im garemoebas, rom
mecxramete olqze sparselebis mier Sewerili iyo samasi talanti, imdenive,
ramdenic suselebisa da sxva kisielTagan Semdgar _ merve da parTebis,
xorasmelebis, sogdebisa da ariebis momcvel _ meTeqvsmete satrapiebze, xolo
meTvramete satrapia, romelic matienebs, saspeÁrebs da alarodielebs aerTianebda[1087] kidev ufro naklebs _ oras talants ixdida[1088], unda vivaraudoT, rom mecxramete olqi mxolod
samxreT-aRmosavleT SavizRvispireTis viwro sanapiro zoliT ar iqneboda
Semofargluli da igi, albaT, pontos mTebis samxreTiT, qveynis SigniTac
vrceldeboda; es olqi, mniSvnelovanwilad, ufro gviani xanebis `pontos
kapadokiis~ (Cappadocia Pontica) momcveli unda yofiliyo, Tu ara sakuTriv
`didi kapadokiis~ (Cappadocia Magna) miwebisa.[1089] aRsaniSnavia, rom qsenofontis `kiropediis~
cnobiT, kapadokia jer kidev kiros II didis mier iyo satrapiad qceuli[1090], xolo, vinaidan misi Zalauflebis qveS
moqceuli saxelmwifos CrdiloeTis zRvars evqsinis ponto warmoadgenda[1091],
safiqrebelia, rom swored kapadokiis dauflebis xarjze moxda aqemenidTa
saxelmwifos Sav zRvaze gasvla. darios I-is droindel mecxramete satrapiaSi
Semavali tomebidan, romelTa Soris iyvnen mosxebi, tibarenebi, makronebi,
mosinikebi, marebi[1092] _ qveynis SigniT yvelaze Rrmad, rogorc Cans,
mosxebi vrceldebodnen. qveynis SigniT mosxebis gavrcelebas im antikuri da
bizantiuri xanis avtorTa cnobebic unda mowmobdnen, romlebic mosxebisa da
kapadokielebis igiveobaze migviTiTeben (ix. zemoT). centralur anatoliaSi Tu
kapadokiaSi (Tundac mis CrdiloeT nawilSi) mosaxle mosxebs ki, Zneli
warmosadgenia, Zv. w. V s. damlevs sparselTagan damoukideblobisaTvis mieRwiaT.
/128/rogorc cnobilia, kapadokiis teritoriis
didi nawili aleqsandre makedonelis xanaSi, jer kidev eqvemdebareboda sparseTis
mefes da makedonelTa xelqveiT mxolod aleqsandres gardacvalebis Semdeg moeqca,
rodesac mis erT-erT mxedarTmTavars, evmen kardiels ergo kapadokia, paflagonia
da evqsinis pontos gaswvriv mdebare miwebi trapezuntamde, romlebic manamde
sparselTa satrapisa da kapadokiis pirveli mefis ariaraTe I-is samflobeloebs
warmoadgendnen.[1093]
aqemeniduri
saxelmwifos dacemis xanis numizmatikuri monacemebi cxadyofen, rom sparseTis
interesebi samxreT SavizRvispireTSi bevrad ufro farTo da mniSvnelovani unda
yofiliyo, vidre Cveulebriv aqvT xolme mecnierebs navaraudevi. Zv. w. IV
saukuneSi sparselTa saxeliani monetebi iWreboda q. sinopSi da fiqroben, rom q.
gaciuraSic (Tanamedrove q. turxalTan)[1094]; am monetebze legendebi, ZiriTadad, Sesrulebulia arameulad _ aqemenidTa
saxelmwifos kancelariis enaze.[1095] miuxedavad imisa, rom paflagonielTa da sirielTa teritoria, romelic q.
sinopsac moicavda, darios I-is mier mesame satrapiaSi iyo gaerTianebuli,
helespontos frigiasTan, frigiasTan, TrakiasTan, da mariandinebis qveyanasTan
erTad[1096], q. sinopi, rogorc irkveva, xSirad gadadioda xolme kapadokielebis xelSi.
Tu qsenofontis
`anabasisis~ cnobiT, paflagoniis miwaze mdebare q. sinopi paflagonielebs ar
eqvemdebareboda[1097], Zv. w. IV s. samocdaaTian-samocian wlebSi
iq ukve iWreboda kapadokiis satrapis datamesis monetebi, imave saukunis
ormocian-ocdaaTian wlebSi sparseli mmarTvelebis: miTropastis, hidarnesis da
oronTobatis arameullegendiani monetebi, xolo ocian wlebSi CrdiloeT kapadokiis
mmarTvelTa sparsuli dinastiis warmomadgenlis _ ariaraTe I-is monetebi.[1098]
samxreT
SavizRvispireTis centralur nawilSi Zv. w. IV s. ocdaaTian wlebSi sparseTis myar
batonobaze migvaniSnebs ax. w. II s. berZeni istorikosis, arianes, Txzulebis _
`aleqsandres laSqrobis~ cnoba, imis Sesaxeb, rom aleqsandre dids uvneblad
gauSvia makedonelTa mier dakavebuli, sparseTis mefesTan gagzavnili sinopis
elCebi, radgan bunebrivad CauTvlia, rom isini TavianT patronTan mieSurebodnen[1099]; /129/ niSandoblivia, am mxriv, ax. w. I s. romaeli istorikosisa da
ritorikosis kurciusis cnobac, rom swored paflagonia da kapadokia gaxdnen,
makedonelTagan maTi damorCilebis ramdenime Tvis Tavze, sparsuli winaaRmdegobis
umTavresi kerebi[1100]. pontoSi xangrZlivi da Zlieri sparsuli gavlenis kvals unda warmoadgendes
qalaq ZelaSi iranuli qalRmerTis _ anahitas taZris arseboba[1101] da pontos samefos dinastiis _ miTridatidebis warmomadgenelTa mier maTi
sparsul-aqemeniduri warmomavlobis xazgasma.[1102]
amgvarad, zemoTqmulidan
gamomdinare, Znelad warmosadgenia, rom aqemenidTa mecxramete satrapiaSi Semaval
da centraluri anatoliis CrdiloeT anatoliis CrdiloeT nawilSi mosaxle mosxebs
aqemenidebis saxelmwifos dacemamde daeRwiaT Tavi sparselTa batonobisagan.
mecxramete satrapiaSi
Semaval mosxebSi[1103] rom ufro gviani xanebis Crdilo-aRmosavleT anatoliis `mosxur mTebSi~
mosaxle mosxebi ar igulisxmebian, TviT herodotesTan moyvanili `satrapiebis anu
dariosis moxarkeTa siis~ is cnobac unda mowmobdes, romlis mixedviT,
erTsadaimave mecamete satrapiaSi paqtiikesa[1104] da armeniis mosaxleobasTan gaerTianebuli da armeniis mezoblad mcxovrebi
tomebi evqsinis pontomde yofilan gavrcelebulni[1105]; aSkaraa, rom armenielTa mezoblad da Sav zRvamde mcxovreb tomebSi,
upirveles yovlisa, `mosxuri mTebisa~ da maT gadaRma mdebare aRmosavleT pontos (lazistanis)
qedis mosaxleoba unda iyos navaraudevi. Tumca, arc is aris gamoricxuli, rom
mecamete satrapiis SavizRvispireTamde gavrceleba nominaluri xasiaTisa yofiliyo;
yovel SemTxvevaSi, qsenofontis `anabasisis~ monacemebis Tanaxmad, saeWvoa, rom Zv. w. IV s. dasawyisisaTvis dasavleT armeniis satrapiis teritoria md.
arezis zemo welis marcxena (CrdiloeT) napirs didi manZiliT yofiliyo daSorebuli[1106]. garda imisa, rom taoxebi da xaldi-xalibebi
sparseTis mefes ar emorCilebodnen[1107], savaraudoa, rom maT, amave dros, xalibebis
meTaurobiT, erTi tomobrivi gaerTianeba unda SeeqmnaT[1108]. xali/130/bebi da taoxebi, rom ar eqvemdebarebodnen dasavleT armeniis sparsel satraps, mowmobs
tiribazis jarSi maTi calke _ `moqiravneebad~ moxseniebac, gansxvavebiT sakuTriv
tiribazis meomrebisagan[1109], vinaidan, Zneli warmosadgenia dasavleT
armeniis mmarTvels _ tiribazs Tavisive qveSevrdomebi daeqiravebina[1110]. xalibTa qveyana da armenia aSkarad arian
erTmaneTTan dapirispirebuli dasavleT armeniis erT-erTi soflis mamasaxlisis (κώμαρχοϛ) mier qsenofontisaTvis Tqmul sityvebSi, rom
win _ berZenTa gzaze mdebare armeniis mezobeli qveyana xalibebs ekuTvnodaT[1111].
miT ufro aradamajereblad migvaCnia mecnierTa Soris
gavrcelebuli Sexeduleba, md. Woroxis zemo welTan mdebare speris olqis Zv. w. IV
s. dasawyisisaTvis aqemenidTa saxelmwifos SemadgenlobaSi yofnis Sesaxeb[1112]; es
Sexeduleba mniSvnelovanwilad terminebis _ `speri~, `saspeჲri~
da `hesperiti~ gaigivebidan gamomdinareobda[1113];
fiqroben, rom
darios I-is droindel meTvramete satrapiaSi gaerTianebuli saspeჲrebi[1114] ufro
gvian xanebSi dasavleT armeniis satrapiaSi Semavali hesperitebis (¢Σσπερται) saxelwodebiT iyvnen cnobilni, vinaidan `anabasisis~
daskvniTi nawilis cnobiT, tiribazi fasianebisa da hesperitebis mmarTveli yofila[1115].
radganac `anabasisis~ daskvniT nawilSi taoxebi ar arian dasaxelebulni da
agreTve im garemoebis postulirebiT, rom, rogorc taoxebi, aseve saspeჲr-hesperit-iberebi aRmosavlurqarTuli
tomebi unda yofiliyvnen, gamoiTqva varaudi, rom termin `hesperitiT~ dasavleT
armeniis satrapiisadmi daqvemdebarebuli taoxebi aRiniSnebodnen[1116].
Tumca, TiTqos ufro mosalodneli iyo gvefiqra, rom `hesperitebSi~ nagulisxmevi
iqnebodnen `anabasisis~ ZiriTadi teqstis `skviTinebi~, romlebic agreTve ar
arian dasaxelebulni am Txzulebis daskvniT nawilSi da romelTa adgilmdebareobac,
`anabasisis~ monacemebis Tanaxmad, yvelaze ufro unda uaxlovdebodes speris
teritorias; rogorc viciT, qsenofontisa da misi Tanamemamuleebis gza, xalibebis
qveynis gavlis Semdeg _ md. harpasosidan (gaigivebulia md. WoroxTan) makronTa
qveyanamde (q. trapezuntis samxreTiT) _ skviTinebis miwaze gadioda[1117].
magram Tu SavizRvispira xalibebi aRmosavleT anatoliis mTianeTis xalibebisagan
gansasxvaveb/131/lad unda yofiliyvnen `anabasisis~ daskvniT nawilSi `koჲtebis~
saxelwodebiT moxseniebulni, gaurkvevelia, riT unda aixsnas TviT qsenofontis Tu
`anabasisis~ hipoTeturi eqstrapolatoris mier, romelic kargad gaTviTcnobierebul
avtorad aris miCneuli, skviTinebis an taoxebis moxsenieba `hesperitebis~
saxelwodebiT.
samecniero literaturaSi
gamoTqmulia agreTve mosazreba, rom hesperitebs unda ecxovraT fasianebis
samxreTiT, md. tigrosis saTaveebTan[1118], sadac
zogierTi avtoris azriT, mdebareobda straboniseuli `sispiritisi~[1119]. magram
hesperitebis adgilmdebareobis gansazRvras im mxareSi, romelSic qsenofonts ar
gauvlia[1120],
ewinaaRmdegeba TviT termin `hesperitis~ Semcveli, `anabasisis~ daskvniTi
paragrafis sawyisi sityvebi, rom `mmarTvelebi mefis im qveynebisa, romelnic
gaviareT (xazi Cvenia _ g. q.), iyvnen...~[1121];
`anabasisis~ am nawilSi CamoTvlilia mxolod is qveynebi da tomebi, romlebic,
`anabasisis~ ZiriTadi teqstis mixedviT, elinTa gzaze mdebareobdnen, amdenad
aSkara xdeba, rom maT hesperitebis teritoriazec unda gaevloT. rac Seexeba
straboniseuli `sispiritisis~ lokalizaciis sakiTxs, rogorc zemoT aRvniSneT,
masSi speri unda yofiliyo nagulisxmevi; mxedvelobaSia misaRebi, k. Tumanovis
mier SeniSnuli is faqtic, rom `wminda grigolis cxovrebis~ berZnul variantSi
speri moxseniebulia `soispertisis~ (ΣouσπέρτιV) saxeliT.[1122]
hesperitebis vinaobis
dadgenasa da adgilmdebareobis gansazRvraze msjelobisas, Cveni azriT, upirveles
yovlisa, gasaTvaliswinebeli unda iyos is garemoeba, rom `anabasisis~ daskvniT
nawilSi moxseniebuli fasianebisa da hesperitebis mmarTveli tiribazi[1123],
ZiriTadi teqstis mixedviT _ dasavleT armeniis satrapia[1124];
amrigad, am Txzulebis daskvniT paragrafSi, tiribazis umTavresi movaleoba _
dasavleT armeniis mmarTveloba _ Secvlilia fasianebisa da hesperitebis
mmarTvelis wodebiT, xolo tiribazis qveSevrdomebis _ qsenofontisa da misi
TanamolaSqreebis gzaze mosaxle _ armenielebis[1125]
nacvlad hesperitebi arian dasaxelebulni. TavisTavad /132/ ibadeba kiTxva:
`anabasisis~ daskvniTi nawilis `hesperitebSi~ dasavleT armeniis mosaxleoba xom
ar aris nagulisxmevi?
msgavsi varaudis
safuZvlianobas unda mowmobdes is garemoeba, rom berZnuli sityva έspέρα gamoiyeneba `dasavleTis~, xolo ΄εspέριοϛ/spεροϛ _ `dasavluris~ mniSvnelobiT;
sayuradReboa, rom straboni cnebas `libieli hesperitebi~ iyenebs dasavleli
libielebis aRsaniSnavad[1126]. Sesabamisad amisa,
savsebiT dasaSvebad migvaCnia `anabasisis~
daskvniT nawilSi gamoyenebuli termini `hesperitebi~, anu `dasavlelni~,
dasavleT armeniis mosaxleobis aRsaniSnavad yofiliyo naxmari, rac, albaT,
nakarnaxevi iqneboda surviliT, ganerCiaT isini aRmosavleT armeniis satrapiaSi
mcxovrebi armenielebisagan, romelTa teritoriac karduxebis qveynidan gamosulma
berZenma molaSqreebma dasavleT armeniis satrapiis miwaze moxvedramde gaiares[1127]. rogorc Cans, `anabasisis~ daskvniT paragrafSi termini
`hesperitebi~ imdagvaradvea gamoyenebuli dasavleTeli armenielebis gamosarCevad
aRmosavleTeli armenielebisagan, romelTa satrapic dasavleTelebisagan
gansxvavebiT oronte iyo da ara tiribazi[1128],
rogorc SavizRvispira xalibebis aRmosavleTanatolieli xalibebisagan
gansasxvaveblad _ termini `koÁtebi~.
amrigad, SeiZleba iTqvas, rom `anabasisis~ daskvniTi nawili Sinaarsobrivi
TvalsazrisiT ar aris daSorebuli ZiriTad teqsts, ufro metic, tomTa gansxvavebuli
saxelwodebebis (`koÁtebi~, `hesperitebi~)
gamoyeneba TavisTavad ganpirobebuli Cans moTxovnilebiT, Txzulebis Semajamebel
nawilSi aRrevis Tavidan asacileblad dakonkretebuliyo romeli tomi (Tu misi
nawili) iyo iq nagulisxmevi. aRniSnuli garemoeba migvaniSnebs, rom `anabasisis~
daskvniTi nawili Tu TviT qsenofontis kalams ar ekuTvnoda, yovel SemTxvevaSi,
misi Sinaarsobrivi Tanxvedra ZiriTad teqstTan, vfiqrobT, saeWvo aRar unda iyos.
rac Seexeba sakuTriv speris mosaxleobis
saxelwodebis asaxvas antikuri xanis werilobiT wyaroebSi, yuradRebas ipyrobs
Zvel berZen da romael avtorebTan damowmebuli eTnonimi `sapeჲrebi~ (Σπειρεϛ); strabonis `geografiis~
`sispiritisi~/`sispiritida~ mxolod qveynis, mxaris aRmniSvneli terminia[1129]. apolonios /133/
rodoselis `argonavtikis~ Tanaxmad, sapeჲrebi SavizRvispireTSi beqeirebis mravalricxovan tomsa
da meomari kolxebis mezobel biZerebs Soris cxovrobdnen[1130]. fsevdo-orfevsis
`argonavtikis~ mixedviT, sapeჲrebis mWidro dasaxlebuli
qalaqebi, sinopes kldovani Sverilis aRmosavleTiT mcxovreb tomebis _ filirebisa
da napatebis gadaRma da biZerebis dasavleTiT yofilan ganlagebulni.[1131] amianus marcelinusis
`istoriis~ teqstSi sapeჲrebi _ biZerebsa da
tibarenebs Soris arian dasaxelebulni[1132]. stefane bizantionelis
ganmartebiT, Suagul pontoSi mcxovreb sapeჲrebis toms mis dros ukve sabeჲrebi (Σβειρεϛ) ewodeboda[1133]. sapeჲrebis adgilmdebarebis gansazRvra pontoSi,
biZerebTan da beqeirebTan mezoblobaSi, mniSvnelovan arguments warmoadgens
speris mosaxleobasTan maTi gaigivebisaTvis. amave dros, sapeჲrebTan da sperTan herodoteseuli saspeჲrebis dakavSirebis SesaZleblobas iZleva
elianus herodianis cnoba, rom sapeჲrebi igive saspeჲrebi arian[1134].
speris mosaxleobasTan saspeჲrebis gaigivebazea, ZiriTadad, damyarebuli
Sexeduleba, romlis Tanaxmadac speris olqi moqceuli unda yofiliyo
matienebisagan, saspeჲrebisagan da
alarodielebisagan Semdgar darios I-is droindel meTvramete satrapiaSi[1135]. magram, TviT herodotes
`istoriis~ monacemebi cxadyofen, rom saspeჲrebis toms speris olqze bevrad ufro vrceli teritoria
unda sWeroda; herodotes mixedviT, kolxeTidan midiamde mxolod erTi tomi
cxovrobda _ saspeჲrebisa[1136]; misive cnobiT,
samxreTis zRvidan CrdiloeTis zRvamde (igulisxmeba sparseTis yure da Savi zRva)[1137], samxreTidan CrdiloeTis
mimarTulebiT mosaxleobda oTxi tomi: sparselebi, midielebi, saspeჲrebi da kolxebi[1138]. aRsaniSnavia, rom
herodote saspeჲrebs sxva drosac, TiTqmis yovelTvis,
kolxebTan an midielebTan erTad ixseniebs[1139], es ki migvaniSnebs,
rom mas mkafiod Camoyalibebuli warmodgena unda hqonoda saspeჲrebis adgilmdebareobaze. saspeჲrTa qveynis lokalizaciisaTvis garkveuli
mniSvneloba aqvs cnobas, rom saspeჲrebisa da midielTa
qveynis sasazRvro mxare mdebareobda midielTa dedaqalaqis ekbatanis (Tanamedrove
iranul /134/ qalaq hamadanTan) CrdiloeTiTa da evqsinis pontos mimarTulebiT
(anuekbatanis Crdilo-dasavleTiT _ g. q.) da, rom am mxareSi midielTa qveyana
Zalze mTiania, maSin, rodesac, misi danarCeni nawili dablobs warmoadgenda[1140]. Tu Cven mxedvelobaSi
miviRebT im garemoebasac, rom saspeჲrebTan erTad, erT
satrapiaSi gaerTianebul aRmosavleTis matienebsa da alarodielebs daaxloebiT
vanisa da urmiis tbebs Sua mdebare mxareSi unda ecxovraT[1141], Zneli warmosadgeni
iqneboda, rom saspeჲrebSi, mxolod
Woroxis zemo welTan mcxovrebi speris mosaxleoba yofiliyo nagulisxmevi, xolo
Woroxis zemo welsa da vanis tbis aRmosavleTiT mdebare mxares Soris ganlagebuli
yofiliyo paqtiikesa da armeniis momcveli aqemenidTa mecamete satrapia, romelic,
amasTanave, evqsinis pontomde mosaxle tomebamde vrceldeboda[1142]. rogorc Cans, saspeჲrTa sacxovrisi ara imdenad kolxeTis
samxreTiTa da midiis dasavleTiT aris saZebari, ramdenadac kolxeTis
aRmosavleTiTa da midiis CrdiloeTiT _ centralur amierkavkasiaSi. vinaidan
herodotesaTvis kavkasiaSi mcxovrebi iberebi ucnobia, gamoiTqva azri, rom saspeჲrebSi mas iberebi unda hyoloda
nagulisxmevi[1143]. saspeჲrebisa da kolxebis mezoblobis[1144] garda, am varauds mxars
unda uWerdes is garemoeba, rom saspeჲrebi (da agreTve
alarodielebi) iseve yofilan SeiaraRebuli, rogorc kolxebi[1145]. midiis mezoblad mcxovreb
saspeჲrebs, rogorc Cans, istoriuli aRmosavleT
saqarTvelos samxreTiTa da samxreT-aRmosavleTiT mdebare mxareebi ekavaT. arc is
aris gamoricxuli, rom speri (an misi nawili) saspeჲrTa didi gaerTianebis[1146] SemadgenlobaSi yofiliyo
moqceuli, anda sulac, speris mosaxleobis eqspansiis Sedegad Camoyalibebuliyo es
gaerTianeba; rogorc zemoT aRvniSnavdiT, werilobiTi wyaroebis monacemebiT TiTqos
SeiniSneba amierkavkasiaSi samxreT SavizRvispireli tomebis gadmonacvlebis
kvali.
amrigad, Tu Cven gaviTvaliswinebiT aqemenidTa
sparseTis mecamete da meTvramete satrapiebis gacrcelebis farglebs, unda
vifiqroT, rom mecxramete satrapiaSi Semaval mosxebSi nagulisxmevi iqnebodnen
ara `mosxuri mTebisa~ da istoriuli mesxeTis binadarni, aramed centraluri
anatoliis CrdiloeT raionebSi, tibarenebis mezoblad mosaxle mosxebi.
vi/135/naidan mosxebis adgilsacxovrisi, maT Sesaxeb arsebuli yvelaze adreuli _
Zv. w. I aTaswleulis Sua xanebis _ cnobebis Tanaxmad, centralur anatoliaSi
mdebareobda (ix. zemoT), ufro adre, Zv. w. II aTaswleulis gvian xanebSi,
tigrosis zemo welsa da evfrats Soris mdebare mxareSi _ alzi-furulumziSi,
`xeTuri qveynis~ xalxebTan _ qasq-abeSlaelebTan da urumeelebTan erTad SeWrili
muSqebic, rogorc zemoT aRvniSneT, SesaZloa, Semdegdroindeli mosxebis keridan _
centraluri anatoliidan _ yofiliyvnen gadmosaxlebulebi. am tomebis
winasacxovrisis lokalizebis SesaZleblobas centraluri anatoliis CrdiloeT
nawilSi, garda xeTuri werilobiTi wyaroebis monacemebisa (romelTa mixedviT es
mxare qasqebis samSoblos warmoadgenda), albaT unda mowmobdes is garemoebac, rom
alzi-furulumzis mxareSi mdebareobdnen ergani-madenis spilenZis sabadoebi[1147], amas ki CrdiloeT
anatoliis metalurgi tomebis misazidad garkveuli mniSvneloba eqneboda.
aRsaniSnavia, rom aRmosavleT anatoliis
dasavleT nawilSi da CrdiloeT siriaSi gvianxeTur saxelmwifoebriv warmonaqmnebSi
(melidi, karqemiSi) luviurad-molaparake mosaxleobis gamoCena anatoliis
centralur zeganze CrdiloeT anatoliidan Semosuli qasqebisa da muSqebis aqtivobas
miewereba[1148].
zogierTi mecnieris azriT, aRmosavleT anatoliaSi asurelebTan mebrZoli muSq[1149]ebi samxreT-aRmosavleT
evropidan anatoliaSi SeWrili frigielebis nakads warmoadgendnen. magram, garda
im garemoebisa, rom winafrigiuli xanis ieroglifur-luviur warwerebSi
dadasturebulia eTnonimi Muska-, rac am eTnonimis frigiul kuTvnilebas
unda gamoricxavdes[1150], arc arqeologiuri
masala Seicavs raime miniSnebas amdenad Soreuli kavSirebis samtkiceblad[1151]; j. maqqvini aRniSnavs,
rom arqeologiuri monacemebi ufro mowmoben aRmosavleTidan dasavleTisaken
mosaxleobis gadanacvlebaze, vidre piriqiT[1152]. SedarebiT ufro gvian
xanebSi _ Zv. w. VIII s. damlevs frigiis dedaqalaqis gordionis ganaTxar
masalebSi Zlieri aRmosavluri (samxreTaRmosavluranatoliuri, samxreTsiriuli)
gavlenis uecar gamoCenas, j. maqqvini muSqebis gadmosaxlebas ukavSirebs tigrosis
zemo welsa da evfrats Soris mdebare mxaridan, sadac isini, misi azriT, oTxi
saukunis ganmavlobaSi cxovrobdnen, vidre asurelTa Semotevas ar gamoeqcnen[1153]. Tumca, arsebobs
sruliad sxvagvari Sexedu/136/lebac md. evfratis aRmosavleTiT moxvedrili
muSqebis Semdgomi bedis Taobaze[1154]. rogoric ar unda
yofiliyo muSqebis Semdgomi istoria, niSandoblivia, rom Zv. w. II aTaswleulis
gviani xanebisa da I aTaswleulis pirveli naxevris ZvelaRmosavlur wyaroebSi
moxseniebul muSqebs, Zv. w. I aTaswleulis Suaxanebis Zvel berZen avtorTa
TxzulebebSi enacvlebian centraluri anatoliis CrdiloeT nawilSi mosaxle mosxebi[1155], romlebic, Tavis mxriv,
Zv. w. _ ax. w. mijnaze ukve istoriuli samxreT saqarTvelos teritoriaze arian
dadasturebulni[1156].
muSqi-mosxebis
igiveobis da gansakuTrebiT muSqebis warmomavlobis sakiTxebis kvlevis
Tanamedrove etapze gadamwyveti mniSvneloba arqeologiuri masalis monacemebs unda
mieniWos. metadxelsayrel garemoebas am mxriv, Cveni azriT, warmoadgens md.
muratis qvemo welze, Tanamedrove qalaq eliazigis CrdiloeTiTa da aRmosavleTiT _
aSvanisa da altinovis velebze _ qebanis kaSxlis agebasTan dakavSirebiT
Cataerbuli arqeologiuri gaTxrebis Sedegebi (rogorc cnobilia, mkvlevarTa didi
nawilis varaudiT, alzis qveynis CrdiloeT sazRvari md. muratis qvemo welis
marcxena napiramde aRwevda)[1157]. gansakuTrebiT
sayuradReboa, rom aq mopovebuli adreuli rkinis xanis masalis gamoCena, Zv. w.
XII s. daTariRebuli, winamorbedi fenis masalisagan savsebiT gansxvavebuli
kulturuli tradiciebis SemotaniT xasiaTdeba (rogorc keramikis, aseve
arqiteqturis mxriv)[1158]. am kulturis matarebeli
mosaxleobis ucxo warmomavlobas gansakuTrebuli reliefurobiT warmoaCens is
garemoeba, rom misTvis damaxasiaTebeli keramika xeliTnaZerwia, maSin, rodesac
winamorbedi, gvianbrinjaos xanis II periodis WurWeli swrafmbrunav Carxze iyo damzadebuli[1159]; niSandoblivia,
agreTve, erTsadaimave kulturul fenebSi _ adreuli rkinis xanis adreuli masalisa
da gvianbrinjaos xanis II periodis masalis erTad gamovlena, rac axalmosuli da
avtoqtonuri mosaxleobis Tanaarsebobaze unda migvaniSnebdes[1160].
q.
eliazigis aRmosavleTiT mdebare altinovis velis adreuli rkinis xanis Zeglebze _
norSunTefeSi (horizonti II), korujuTefeSi (faza K), TefejiqSi,
deRirmenTefeSi da sxv. /137/ gamovlenil masalas[1161] paralelebi, ZiriTadad,
vanisa da urmiis tbebisa da md. evfratis marjvena napirze mdebare malaTiis
mxareebTan eZebneba[1162]. rac Seexeba am
kulturis warmomavlobis sakiTxs, igi savsebiT gaurkvevelia; mkvlevrebi
aRniSnaven mxolod, rom adreuli rkinis xanis kulturis aRmosavleT anatoliaSi
Camoyalibeba postxeTuri xanis anatoliisaTvis damaxasiaTebel movlenebs _ axal
politikur ZalaTa gamoCenas _ ukavSirdeba da miiCneven, rom es kultura im
tomebis (frigielebTan dakavSirebuli muSqebis, urumeelebis Tu sxvaTa) kuTvnileba
unda yofiliyo, romlebmac ufro gvian urartus saxelmwifos substrati Seadgines[1163].
asuruli
wyaroebis monacemebiT, muSqebi `xeTuri qveynis xalxebs~ ar ganekuTvnebian
_ qasqi-abeSlaelebisa da urumeelebisagan gansxvavebiT, xolo sakuTriv maTi
qveynis (`muSqus qveyana~) arseboba sagangebod moixsenieba[1164]. miuxedavad am garemoebebisa,
muSqebis kavSiri Crdiloanatoliuri warmomavlobis mqone qasqebTan, unda
migvaniSnebdes, rom maT msgavsad muSqebic md. tigrosis saTavis mxareSi, md.
evfratis marjvena napiridan iqnebodnen gadasulebi. asurelebTan mebrZoli
muSqebi, qasq-abeSlaelebTan da urumeelebTan SedarebiT bevrad ufro mniSvnelovan
samxedro Zalas warmoadgendnen[1165]; da, rogorc Cans,
swored isini iyvnen antiasuruli koalaciis moTaveebi. Zv. w. 1165 wlisaTvis
muSqebis SeWra aRmosavleT anatoliaSi dakavSirebuli unda iyos centralur anatoliaSi
daaxl. Zv. w. 1200 w. qasqebis mier xeTuri qalaqebis xaTusas (Tanamedrove
boRazqioi), Tapigas (maSaT hoiuqi) da sxv. ganadgurebasTan[1166] da safiqrebelia, rom
orive am toms Soris kavSiri jer kidev muSqebis md. evfratis marcxena napirze
gamoZenamde unda Cayroda safuZveli[1167]. am sakiTxTan
dakavSirebiT garkveul yuradRebas ipyrobs eliazigis mxaris adreuli rkinis xanis
fenebSi mopovebuli rkinis inventaris msgavseba ufro adreul, centraluranatoliur
rkinis nivTebTan[1168]. rac Seexeba aRniSnuli
regionis keramikul nawarms _ romelic ZiriTad ganmsazRvrel faqtors warmoadgens
ama Tu im kulturis sxva mxridan Semotanis samtkiceblad, _ marTalia, mas zusti
analogiebi centraluri anatoliis ufro adreul da Tanadroul masalebSi ar eZebneba[1169], magram am nawarmis
calkeuli ornamentuli saxeebis siaxlove, sazogadod, SavizRvispireTisaTvis
damaxasiaTebel keramikasTan, sagrZnobia[1170]. sam/138/xreT
SavizRvispireTis mxareTa Soris _ saidanac laSqrobdnen xolme qasqi tomebi
centralur anatoliaze _ aRmosavleTi nawili, arqeologiuri TvalsazrisiT, faqtiurad
Seuswavlelia[1171]; savsebiT mosalodnelia,
swored am mxaris Zv. w. II aTaswleulis meore naxevris arqeologiuri masalis meti
raodenobiT gamovlenam Suqi mofinos Zv. w. XII s. aRmosavleT anatoliaSi
moxvedrili muSqebis warmomavlobis bundovan sakiTxs.
im xuT
saukuneze meti xnis momcvel periodSi, romelic xeTuri saxelmwifos dacemas
aqemenidTa sparseTis mier anatoliis dapyrobisagan aSorebs,
samxreTSavizRvispiruli warmomavlobis tomTa mniSvneloba centraluri da aRmosavleT
anatoliis politikur cxovrebaSi, rogorc Cans, sakmaod didi iyo da, savaraudoa,
rom muSqi-mosxebis vrceli gansaxleba aRmosavleT da centralur anatoliaSi drois
amave monakveTSi unda momxdariyo[1172]. /139/
bolosityvaoba
antikuri
xanis werilobiTi wyaroebis cnobebisa da samecniero literaturis analizi
saSualebas gvaZlevs vivaraudoT, rom centraluri da aRmosavleT anatoliis
CrdiloeTi nawili Zv. w. I aTaswleulSi, upiratesad, qarTveluri warmomavlobis
tomebiT iyo dasaxlebuli. am tomTagan zogierTi, ufro adreuli _ xeTuri da asuruli
epigrafikuli Zeglebis monacemebiT, SedarebiT samxreTiT mdebare mxareebSi _
centraluri da aRmosavleT anatoliis Sida nawilSi _ gansaxlebuli tomebis
STamomavlebi unda yofiliyvnen. Rogorc Cans, anatoliis Sida raionebSi
samxreTSavizRvispireli tomebis `moqceva~ _ `ukuqceva~, iq arsebuli politikuri
situaciiT iyo ganpirobebuli.
Zv. w.
II aTaswleulis centralur anatoliaSi an mis maxloblad mdebare mxareSi qarTveluri
warmomavlobis tomebis binadrobaze unda migvaniSnebdes is morfologiuri da leqsikuri
damTxvevebi, romlebic SeiniSneba qarTvelur enebsa, erTi mxriv, da centralur
anatoliaSi gavrcelebul, xaTur (protoxeTur) da anatoliur (indoevropul-xeTur)
enebs Soris, meore mxriv. aRsaniSnavia, rom qarTvelur da anatoliur enebs Soris
arsebul mTel rig lingvistur paralelTa indoevropuli xasiaTi saeWvoa; es
damTxvevebi an anatoliur enebSi qarTveluri enebis zegavlenis Sedegad gaCenilad
unda CaiTvalos, anda, rogorc anatoliuri, aseve qarTveluri enebis mier,
romeliRac saerTo wyarodan SeTvisebulad. yuradRebas ipyrobs is garemoebac, rom
qarTuli samyarosTvis damaxasiaTebelia mcire aziis, balkaneTisa da apeninis
naxevarkunZulze gavrcelebuli da ukanasknel xanebSi winaindoevropuli substratis
kuTvnilad miCneuli -s(s)-, -nth- /
-nd-
sufiqsiani toponimebi.
kavkasiis
dasavleTiT mdebare mxareebSi da, pirvel rigSi, anatoliaSi qarTveluri tomebis
gansaxlebis SesaZleb/140/lobaze garkveulad migvaniSnebs qarTveluri enebis
siaxlove winaberZnul (pelasgur) da, sazogadod, Zvelmediteranul enebTan.
samxreT
kavkasiaSi gamovlenili arqeologiuri masala, xangrZlivi ganviTarebis TiTqmis
yvela etapze _adrebrinjaos xanidan antikuri xanis CaTvliT _ anatoliasTan mWidro
kulturuli urTierTobis kvals avlens; gansakuTrebiT SesamCnevia anatoliuri
zegavlena dasavleT amierkavkasiaze, romelic, rogorc Cans, ZvelTaganve
anatoliuri da egeosiszRvispireTuli kulturebis gavlenis sferoSi iyo moqceuli.
arqeologiur literaturaSi xSirad aRiniSneba mcire aziidan da egeididan momdinare
impulsebis mniSvneloba kavkasiisa, da kerZod, saqarTvelos teritoriaze arsebuli sazogadoebebis
ganviTarebisaTvis.
Cvebi
SexedulebiT, garkveuli memkvidreobiTi kavSiri SeimCneva CrdiloeT da centraluri
anatoliis adrebrinjaos xanis kulturebsa da saqarTveloSi gavrcelebul ufro
mogviano xanebis kulturebis Soris; aRmosavleT da dasavleT saqarTvelos Sua- da
gvianbrinjaos xanis kulturebi ufro meti msgavsebis niSnebs avlenen SedarebiT
adreul anatoliur kulturebTan, vidre amave mxaris Tanadroul masalasTan. Zv. w.
IV-III aTaswleulebis CrdiloeT da centraluri anatoliis Zeglebze (alaja huiuqi,
iqizTefe, buiuq giuliujeqi da sxv.) gvxvdeba saqarTvelos arqeologiuri
masalisaTvis xangrZlivi drois ganmavlobaSi damaxasiaTebeli iseTi ganmsazRvreli
niSnebi, rogoric WurWlis zoomorfuli da rqiseburSveriliani yurebia; bevria
saerTo keramikis Semkulobis mxrivac.
aRsaniSnavia,
rom im anatoliur masalas, romelic yvelaze metad uaxlovdeba saqarTveloSi
mopovebuls, Tavis mxriv, paralelebi eZebneba samxreT-aRmosavleT da centraluri
evropis Tanadroul da kidev ufro adreul zogierT kulturasTan. es garemoeba,
angariSgasawevi Cans qarTvelTa eTnogenezisis sakiTxTa kvlevis TvalsazrisiT;
kerZod, mas, SesaZloa, mniSvneloba mieniWos baskur-kavkasiuri,
qarTvelur-egeosuri da qarTvelur-indoevropuli enobrivi Tanxvedrebisa Tu
naTesaobis sakiTxTa gadawyvetisas. winareqarTveluri erToba, vfiqrobT, unda
Camoyalibebuliyo anatoliaSi, adgilobrivi _ anatolieli da axalmosuli _ evropeli
tomebis Serwymis /141/ Sedegad, xolo ufro gvian, swored anatoliidan unda
momxdariyo qarTveluri warmomavlobis tomebis erTmaneTis momdevno nakadebis
perioduli SeRweva amierkavkasiaSi. savaraudoa, samxreT evropidan momdinare
zegavlenas mtkvar-arezis kulturis aRmosavluranatoliuri variantis
CamoyalibebaSic mieRo monawileoba; am mxriv sagulisxmoa, Tundac, dasavleT
bulgareTis eneoliTur Zegl CardakoSi (sof. slatinosTan) mopovebuli kera, Semkuli
aRmosavleT anatoliis adrebrinjaos xanisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli ornamentebiT da
sakulto mniSvnelobis arsebaTa qandakebebiT (Sdr. erzurumis fuluris msgavsi
qandakebebi); gasaTvaliswinebelia agreTve samxreTaRmosavlurevropul da
Crdilodasavluranatoliur arqeologiur masalasTan saerTo niSnebis mqone, centralur
anatoliaSi gavrcelebuli `buiuq giuliujeqis kulturis~ ornamentaciis msgavseba
aRmosavleT anatoliis `mtkvararezuli~ keramikis SemkulobasTan.
rogorc
Cans, anatoliisa da amierkavkasiis teritoriuli siaxlove garkveul periodebSi
maTi eTnikuri xasiaTis msgavsebis winapirobasac warmoadgenda. es garemoeba
TavisTavad cxads xdis im did mniSvnelobas, romelic anatoliis Seswavlas aqvs
qarTvel tomTa uZvelesi istoriisaTvis.
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gozaliSvili 1962 = g. gozaliSvili. miTridate pontoeli. Tbilisi, 1962.
gozaliSvili 1980 = g. gozaliSvili. pontos
samefos mosaxleobis eTnikuri Semadgenlobis sakiTxisaTvis. – macne, istoriis, arqeologiis,
eTnografiisa da xelovnebis istoriis seria, 1980, № 3.
gordeziani 1968 = r. gordeziani. egeosuri
kultura brinjaos xanaSi. – wgn.: mimomxilveli,
4-5. Tbilisi, 1968.
gordeziani 1970 = r. gordeziani. `iliada~ da egeosuri mosaxleobis istoriisa
da eTnogenezis sakiTxebi. Tbilisi, 1970.
gordeziani 1975 = r. gordeziani. herodotes
cnoba kolxTa warmomavlobis Sesaxeb. – wgn.: arqeologia,
klasikuri filologia, bizantinistika. Tbilisis universitetis Sromebi, 162.
Tbilisi, 1975.
gordeziani 1980 = r. gordeziani. etruskuli da
qarTveluri. Tbilisi, 1980
daviT aRmaSeneblis istorikosi 1955 = daviT
aRmaSeneblis istorikosi. cxovreba mefeT-mefisa daviTisi. – wgn.: qarTlis cxovreba, t. I. teqsti dadgenili yvela ZiriTadi
xelnaweris mixedviT s. yauxCiSvilis mier. Tbilisi, 1955.
vaxuSti 1973 = batoniSvili vaxuSti. aRwera
samefosa saqarTvelosa. qarTlis cxovreba,
t. IV. teqsti dadgenili yvela ZiriTadi xelnaweris mixedviT s. yauxCiSvilis
mier. Tbilisi, 1973.
TayaiSvili 1890 = e. TayaiSvili. sami istoriuli xronika. tfilisi, 1890.
Tofuria 1968 = g. Tofuria. erTi hipoTeturi
formis realurobisaTvis zanuri enis arealidan (samcxis toponimikidan). – macne, 1968, № 6.
Tofuria 1970 = gur. Tofuria.
qarTul-qarTveluri eTnonimikis lingvisturi sakiTxebi, I: mesx-eTnonimis
istoriisaTvis. – wgn.: iberiul-kavkasiuri
enaTmecniereba, XVII. Tbilisi, 1970.
imnaiSvili 1953 = qarTuli enis istoriuli qrestomaTia, t. 1, V-X saukuneebis Zeglebi
(gamosca da tabulebi da leqsikoni daurTo i. imnaiSvilma). Tbilisi, 1953.
inaZe 1955 = m. inaZe. Savi zRvis aRmosavleT
sanapiroze mosaxle tomTa istoriisaTvis (henioxebi). – wgn.: masalebi saqarTvelosa da kavkasiis
istoriisaTvis, nakv. 32. Tbilisi, 1955.
inaZe 1960 = m. inaZe. antikuri xanis Savi
zRvis Crdilo-aRmosavleTi sanapiros mosaxleoba.–– saqarTvelos mecnierebaTa akademiis sazogadoebriv mecnierebaTa
ganyofilebis moambe, 1960, № 2.
inaZe 1966 = m. inaZe. fsevdo-skilaqsis
cnobaTa daTariRebis sakiTxisaTvis. – wgn.: kavkasiis
xalxTa istoriis sakiTxebi. Tbilisi, 1966.
ingoroyva 1941 = p. ingoroyva. Zvel-qarTuli
matiane `moqcevaჲ qarTlisaჲ~ da antikuri xanis iberiis mefeTa sia. – saqarTvelos saxelmwifo muzeumis moambe, t. XI-B, 1941.
ingoroyva 1954 = p. ingoroyva. giorgi merCule, qarTveli mwerali meaTe
saukunisa. narkvevi Zveli saqarTvelos literaturis, kulturis da saxelmwifoebrivi
cxovrebis istoriidan. Tbilisi, 1954.
kakabaZe 1928 = s. kakabaZe. kritika da
bibliografia/iv. javaxiSvili, qarTveli eris istoria, wigni pirveli. tf., 1928
w./. – saistorio krebuli, III.
tfilisi, 1928.
kekeliZe 1923 = k. kekeliZe. leonti mrovelis
literaturuli wyaroebi. – tfilisis
universitetis moambe, III, 1923.
kekeliZe 1941 = k. kekeliZe. qarTuli literaturis istoria, t. I.
Tbilisi, 1941.
kekeliZe 1957 = k. kekeliZe. masalebi
orientiosisa da misTa TanamoRvaweTa agiografiisaTvis. – wgn.: etiudebi Zveli qarTuli literaturis istoriidan, t. IV. Tbilisi, 1957.
kekeliZe 1968 = k. kekeliZe. (rec.) – r.
miminoSvili. berZnuli poeziis sawyisebi. – wgn.: kekeliZe, k. etiudebi Zveli qarTuli literaturis istoriidan, t. X. Tbilisi, 1968.
kikviZe 1975 = i. kikviZe. kavkasiis
adresamiwaTmoqmedo kulturebSi keris da keris zesadgrebis daniSnuleba da
semantika. – wgn.: arqeologia, klasikuri
filologia, bizantinistika. Tbilisis universitetis Sromebi, 162. Tbilisi,
1975.
kikviZe 1976 = i. kikviZe. miwaTmoqmedeba da samiwaTmoqmedo kulti Zvel
saqarTveloSi. Tbilisi, 1976.
kintana 1981 = S. kintana. zogi baskuri da
qarTveluri sityvis msgavsebis Sesaxeb. – iberiul-kavkasiuri
enaTmecnierebis weliwdeuli, VIII. Tbilisi, 1981.
lekiaSvili 1976 = a. lekiaSvili. svanuri
qalbabaris bunebisaTvis. – wgn.: ivane
javaxiSvilis dabadebis 100 wlisTavisadmi miZRvnili saiubileo krebuli.
Tbilisi, 1976.
leonti mroveli I 1955 = leonti mroveli.
cxovreba qarTvelTa mefeTa. – wgn.: qarTlis
cxovreba, t. I. teqsti dadgenili
yvela ZiriTadi xelnaweris mixedviT s. yauxCiSvilis mier. Tbilisi, 1955.
lomouri 1955 = n. lomouri. klavdios ptolemaiosi,
`geografiuli saxelmZRvanelo~, cnobebi saqarTvelos Sesaxeb.
– wgn.: masalebi saqarTvelosa da
kavkasiis istoriisaTvis, nakv. 32. Tbilisi, 1955.
lomouri 1963 = n. lomouri. berZeni logografosebis cnobebi
qarTveli tomebis Sesaxeb. _ masalebi saqarTvelosa da kavkasiis istoriisaTvis,
nakv. 35. Tbilisi, 1963.
lomouri 1982 = n. lomouri.
kvlav pontos samefos mosaxleobis eTnikuri Semadgenlobis sakiTxisaTvis. – macne, istoriis, arqeologiis,
eTnografiisa da xelovnebis istoriis seria, 1982, № 1.
lomTaTiZe 1980 = q. lomTaTiZe. qarT. M-sa da
afxazur-abazuri b-s bgeraTfardobisaTvis. – wgn.: iberiul-kavkasiuri enaTmecnierebis weliwdeuli, VII. Tbilisi, 1980.
lorTqifaniZe 1966 = m. lorTqifaniZe. legenda
bagrationTa warmoSobis Sesaxeb. – wgn.: kavkasiis
xalxTa istoriis sakiTxebi. Tbilisi, 1966.
lorTqifaniZe/miqelaZe 1960 = o.
lorTqifaniZe/T. miqelaZe. Masalebi baTumis raionis arqeologiuri SeswavlisaTvis.
– saqarTvelos mecnierebaTa akademiis moambe, t. XXIV,
1960.
mamulia 1979 = g. mamulia. klasobrivi sazogadoebisa da saxelmwifos
Camoyalibeba Zvel qarTlSi. Tbilisi, 1979.
matiane qarTlisa 1955 = matiane qarTlisa. –
wgn.: qarTlis cxovreba, t. I. teqsti dadgenili yvela ZiriTadi
xelnaweris mixedviT s. yauxCiSvilis mier. Tbilisi, 1955.
melaSvili 1977 = orfikuli argonavtika (ZvelberZnulidan Targmna da gamokvleva daurTo
n. melaSvilma, redaqcia, SeniSvnebi da saZiebeli a. uruSaZisa). Tbilisi, 1977.
meliqiSvili 1955 = g. meliqiSvili. saqarTveloSi klasobrivi sazogadobisa da saxelmwifos
warmoqmnis sakiTxisaTvis. Tbilisi, 1955.
meliqiSvili 1955 = g. meliqiSvili. saqarTveloSi klasobrivi sazogadoebisa da
saxelmwifos warmoqmnis sakiTxisaTvis. Tbilisi, 1955.
meliqiSvili 1961 = g. meliqiSvili. aRmosavleT
mcire aziis uZvelesi eTnonimikis SeswavlisaTvis. _ sazogadoebriv mecnierebaTa ganyofilebis moambe, 1961, № 3.
meliqiSvili 1962 = g. meliqiSvili. Zveli
qarTuli, somxuri da berZnuli saistorio tradicia da qarTlis (iberiis) samefos
warmoqmnis sakiTxi. saqarTvelos
mecnierebaTa akademiis sazogadoebriv mecnierebaTa ganyofilebis moambe, 1962,
№ 2.
meliqiSvili 1965 = g. meliqiSvili. saqarTvelos, kavkasiisa da maxlobeli
aRmosavleTis uZvelesi mosaxleobis sakiTxisaTvis. Tbilisi, 1965.
meliqiSvili 1970 = g. meliqiSvili. qarTli (iberia)
Zv. w. VI-IV saukuneebSi, qarTlis samefos warmoqmna. _ wgn.: saqarTvelos istoriis narkvevebi, t. I.
Tbilisi, 1970.
meliqiSvili 1970a,
g. meliqiSvili. kolxeTi Zv. w. VI-IV saukuneebSi. _ wgn.: saqarTvelos istoriis narkvevebi, t. I. Tbilisi, 1970.
meliqiSvili 1970b
= g. meliqiSvili. skviTebisa da kimerielebis Semosevebi, Zveli kolxuri samefos
ganadgureba. _ wgn.: saqarTvelos istoriis
narkvevebi, t. I. Tbilisi, 1970.
meliqiSvili 1983 = g. meliqiSvili. makronebi.
– wgn.: qarTuli sabWoTa enciklopedia,
t. 6, 1983.
meliqiSvili 1984 = g. meliqiSvili.
mosinikebi. – wgn.: qarTuli sabWoTa
enciklopedia, t. 7, 1984.
meliqiSvili 1984a
= g. meliqiSvili. mosxebi. – wgn.: qarTuli
sabWoTa enciklopedia, t. 7, 1984.
mircxulava 1975 = g. mircxulava. samSvilde /1968-70 ww. arqeologiuri
gaTxrebis Sedegebi/. Tbilisi, 1975.
miqelaZe 1955 = T. miqelaZe.
fasianebis sadaurobisa da adgilsamyofelis garkvevis sakiTxisaTvis, _ masalebi saqarTvelosa da kavkasiis
istoriisaTvis, nakv. 32. Tbilisi, 1955.
miqelaZe 1957 = T. miqelaZe.
samxreT-aRmosavleTi SavizRvispireTis uZvelesi mosaxleobis istoriisaTvis
(skviTinebi). – saqarTvelos mecnierebaTa akademiis moambe, t. XIX,
1957.
miqelaZe 1958 = T. miqelaZe. qsenofontis `anabasisSi~ daculi erTi cnobis
Sesaxeb, _ saqarTvelos mecnierebaTa
akademiis moambe, t. XXI, 1958.
miqelaZe 1967 = T. miqelaZe.
samxreT-aRmosavleTi SavizRvispireTis uZvelesi meliTone tomebis istoriis
zogierTi sakiTxi. – macne, 1967, № 1, (34).
miqelaZe 1967a = T. miqelaZe. qsenofontis `anabasisi~ (cnobebi qarTveli tomebis
Sesaxeb).
Tbilisi, 1967.
miqelaZe 1974 = T. miqelaZe. Ziebani kolxeTisa da samxreT-aRmosavleTi
SavizRvispireTis uZvelesi mosaxleobis istoriidan (Zv. w. II_I aTaswleulebi). Tbilisi, 1974.
miqelaZe 1976 = T. miqelaZe. mesxTa sakiTxisaTvis.
– wgn.: ivane javaxiSvilis dabadebis 100
wlisTavisadmi miZRvnili saiubileo krebuli. Tbilisi, 1976.
miqelaZe 1978 = T. miqelaZe. drilebi. – wgn.:
qarTuli sabWoTa enciklopedia, t. 3,
1978.
mogzauri 1901 = beltis cixe. – mogzauri, 1901, № 1.
moqcevaჲ qarTlisaჲ = wgn.: Satberdis
krebuli X saukunisa. gamosacemad moamzades b.
gigineiSvilma
da vl. giunaSvilma. Tbilisi, 1979.
musxeliSvili 1977 = d. musxeliSvili. saqarTvelos istoriuli geografiis ZiriTadi
sakiTxebi, I. Tbilisi, 1977.
musxeliSvili 1980 = d. musxeliSvili.
kambeCovani. – wgn.: qarTuli sabWoTa
enciklopedia, t. 5, 1980.
orbeliani 1966 = sulxan-saba orbeliani. Txzulebani, t. IV-2 (avtografuli
nusxebis mixedviT gamosacemad moamzada i. abulaZem). Tbilisi, 1966.
orbeliani 1966a
= sulxan-saba orbeliani. leqsikoni
qarTuli, wigni 1. Tbilisi, 1966.
papuaSvili 1963 = T. papuaSvili.
hereT-albaneTis istoriidan (qarTul-somxuri wyaroebis mixedviT). _ masalebi saqarTvelosa da kavkasiis istoriisaTvis,
nakv. 35. Tbilisi, 1963.
papuaSvili 1970 = T. papuaSvili. hereTis istoriis sakiTxebi. narkvevebi
socialur-ekonomiuri da politikuri istoriidan. Tbilisi, 1970.
papuaSvili 1982 = T. papuaSvili. ranTa da kaxTa samefo (VIII-XI ss.).
Tbilisi, 1982.
ramiSvili 1973 = r. ramiSvili. Jinvalis
arqeologiuri eqspedicia 1972 wels. – macne, istoriis, arqeologiis, eTnografiisa da xelovnebis istoriis
seria, 1973, № 1.
ramiSvili 1980 = r. ramiSvili. mTisa da baris
urTierTobis zogierTi sakiTxi aragvis xeobis axali arqeologiuri masalebis
mixedviT. – wgn.: Jinvalis eqspedicia
(meore samecniero sesiis masalebi). Tbilisi, 1980.
rcxilaZe 1971 = r. rcxilaZe. babilonis axali
samefo. – wgn.: Zveli aRmosavleTis xalxTa
istoria. Tbilisi, 1971.
JRenti 1953 = s. JRenti. Wanur-megrulis fonetika. Tbilisi, 1953.
Rlonti 1971 = al. Rlonti. toponimikuri Ziebani, I. Tbilisi, 1971.
Rlonti 1982 = al. Rlonti. qiziyis toponimia (toponimikuri Ziebani,
IV).
Rlonti 1984 = al. Rlonti. qarTul kilo-TqmaTa sityvis kona.
sixaruliZe 1958 = i. sixaruliZe. samxreT-dasavleT saqarTvelos toponimika
(aWara),
siWinava 1953 = vl. siWinava. Zveli
kolxeTis kulturis istoriidan (kolxuri `kirbebis~ adgilisaTvis qarTuli
damwerlobis istoriaSi). – baTumis saxelmwifo pedinstitutis Sromebi, t. III,
1953.
sumbat daviTis Ze 1955 = sumbat daviTis
Ze. cxovreba da uwyeba bagratonianTa. – wgn.: qarTlis cxovreba, t.
tovari 1983 = a. tovari. baskuri da
kavkasiuri enebi: tipologiuri maCveneblebi. – iberiul-kavkasiuri enaTmecnierebis weliwdeuli, X.
uruSaZe 1969 = a. uruSaZe. Zveli berZnuli ena.
uruSaZe 1964 = a. uruSaZe. Zveli kolxeTi argonavtebis TqmulebaSi.
uruSaZe 1975 = apolonios rodoseli. argonavtika (Targmani da Sesavali werili
a. gelovanisa. redaqcia, narkvevi, SeniSvnebi da saZiebeli a. uruSaZisa).
qavTaraZe 1981 = g. qavTaraZe. `samefo
akldamebis~ sociologiuri interpretaciisaTvis. – wgn.: masalebi saqarTvelosa da kavkasiis arqeologiisaTvis, VII.
qavTaraZe 1981 = g. qavTaraZe. saqarTvelos eneoliT-brinjaos xanis
arqeologiuri kulturebis qronologia axali monacemebis Suqze.
qavTaraZe
1985 = g.
qavTaraZe. anatoliaSi qarTvelur tomTa
gansaxlebis sakiTxisaTvis.
xazaraZe 1971 = n. xazaraZe. herodote da
matienebis lokalizaciis sakiTxi. –saqarTvelos
mecnierebaTa akademiis sazogadoebriv mecnierebaTa ganyofilebis macne,
istoriis, arqeologiis, eTnografiisa da xelovnebis istoriis seria, 1971, № 2.
xazaraZe 1978 = n. xazaraZe. aRmosavleT mcire aziis eTnikuri da
politikuri gaerTianebebi Zv. w. I aTaswleulis pirvel naxevarSi.
xazaraZe 1984 = n. xazaraZe. strabonis
erTi cnobis interpretaciisaTvis /`geografia~, XI, 2, 17/. – macne, istoriis, arqeologiis,
eTnografiisa da xelovnebis istoriis seria, 1984, № 1.
xazaraZe 1984a = n. xazaraZe. saqarTvelos Zveli
istoriis eTnopolitikuri problemebi (mosxebi).
xidaSeli 1982 = m. xidaSeli. centraluri amierkavkasiis grafikuli
xelovneba adreul rkinis xanaSi.
xinTibiZe 1969 = e. xinTibaZe. bizantiur-qarTuli literaturuli urTierTobani.
xinTibiZe 1982 = e. xinTibaZe. qarTul-bizantiuri literaturuli urTierTobis
istoriisaTvis.
xornauli 1983 = g. xornauli. aragvis
xeobis zogi toponimi. – wgn.: Jinvali,
yauxCiSvili 1955 = T. yauxCiSvili.
herodotes zogierTi cnobis Sesaxeb. – wgn.: masalebi saqarTvelosa da kavkasiis
istoriisaTvis, nakv. 32.
yauxCiSvili 1957 = T. yauxCiSvili. strabonis geografia, cnobebi saqarTvelos
Sesaxeb.
yauxCiSvili 1960 = T. yauxCiSvili. herodotes cnobebi saqarTvelos Sesaxeb.
yauxCiSvili 1965 = T. yauxCiSvili.
fsevdo-skilaqsis zogierTi cnobis Sesaxeb. – wgn.: – qarTuli wyaroTmcodneoba, I. Tbilisi, 1965.
yauxCiSvili 1967 = T.
yauxCiSvili. berZeni mwerlebis cnobebi saqarTvelos
Sesaxeb, I. Tbilisi, 1967.
yauxCiSvili 1969 = T. yauxCiSvili.
heraklide da misi cnobebi saqarTvelos Sesaxeb. – wgn.: aRmosavluri filologia, I. Tbilisi, 1969.
yauxCiSvili 1975 = T. yauxCiSvili.
herodote da misi `istoria~. – wgn.: herodote. istoria, t. I. Tbilisi, 1975.
yauxCiSvili
1976 = T. yauxCiSvili. saqarTvelos istoriis Zveli berZnuli wyaroebi.
yauxCiSvili
1980 = T. yauxCiSvili. kavkasiis tomebis
sakiTxisaTvis antikuri wyaroebis mixedviT, 1. aqaÁebi. –
macne, istoriis, arqeologiis,
eTnografiisa da xelovnebis istoriis seria, 1980, № 3.
yauxCiSvili
1980a = T. yauxCiSvili. kavkasiis tomebis
sakiTxisaTvis antikuri wyaroebis mixedviT, 2. henioxebi. – macne, istoriis,
arqeologiis, eTnografiisa da xelovnebis istoriis seria, 1980, № 4.
yauxCiSvili
1983 = T. yauxCiSvili. berZeni mwerlebis cnobebi saqarTvelos Sesaxeb, V.
yauxCiSvili 1936 = s. yauxCiSvili.
misimianTa tomi. – tfilisis saxelmwifo
universitetis Sromebi (sazogadoebaTmecnierebani), I, 1936.
yauxCiSvili 1963 = georgika, bizantieli mwerlebis cnobebi saqarTvelos Sesaxeb, t. V.
s. yauxCiSvilis Targmani da gamocema.
yauxCiSvili 1965 = georgika, bizantieli mwerlebis cnobebi saqarTvelos Sesaxeb, t. II.
teqstebi qarTuli TargmaniTurT gamosca da ganmartebebi daurTo s. yauxCiSvilma.
canava 1984 r. canava. oqros sawmisi, muxa, gveleSapi
argonavtebis miTsa da qarTul folklorSi. – wgn.: qarTuli folklori, XIV (masalebi da gamokvlevebi).
wereTeli 1954 = k. wereTeli. qarTuli
eTnikuri terminis `mesx~-is istoriisaTvis. saqarTvelos
mecnierebaTa akademiis moambe, t. XV, 1954.
wereTeli 1979 = k. wereTeli. `ebraelis~
aRmniSvneli eTnikuri terminebi qarTulSi. – aRmosavleTmcodneoba,
Tbilisis universitetis Sromebi, t. 206, 1979.
wereTeli 1924 = m. wereTeli. xeTis qveyana, misi xalxebi da kultura.
konstantinepoli,
1924.
CarTolani 1976 = S. CarTolani. masalebi svaneTis arqeologiisaTvis, I.
Tbilisi, 1976.
Ciqobava 1938 = a. Ciqobava. Wanur-megrul-qarTuli SedarebiTi leqsikoni.
Tbilisi, 1938.
Ciqobava 1951 = qarTuli enis ganmartebiTi leqsikoni (arn. Ciqobavas saerTo
redaqciiT), t. II. Tbilisi, 1951.
Ciqobava 1955 = qarTuli enis ganmartebiTi leqsikoni (arn. Ciqobavas saerTo
redaqciiT), t. IV. Tbilisi, 1955.
Ciqobava 1958 = qarTuli enis ganmartebiTi leqsikoni (arn. Ciqobavas saerTo
redaqciiT), t. V. Tbilisi, 1958.
Ciqobava 1964 = qarTuli enis ganmartebiTi leqsikoni (arn. Ciqobavas
saerTo redaqciiT), t. VIII.
Ciqobava 1976 = baskuri ena da baskur-kavkasiuri hipoTeza (arn. Ciqobavas
winasityvaobiTa da redaqciiT).
CubinaSvili 1877 = d. CubinaSvili.
etnografiuli ganxilva ZvelTa da axalTa kapadokiis an WaneTis mkvidrTa
mosaxleTa. – gaz. iveria, 1877 w., № 14.
ZqalZ 1971 = Zveli qarTuli agiografiuli
literaturis Zeglebi, III. Tbilisi, 1971.
Wyonia 1976 = a. Wyonia. oqros mxatvruli
damuSaveba Zvel vanSi. – wgn.: vani,
II, arqeologiuri gaTxrebi. Tbilisi, 1976.
javaxiSvili 1913 = iv. javaxiSvili. qarTveli eris istoria, I. tfilisi, 1913.
javaxiSvili 1950 = iv. javaxiSvili. saqarTvelos,
kavkasiisa da maxlobeli aRmosavleTis istoriul-eTnologiuri problemebi. – wgn.:
javaxiSvili, iv. qarTveli eris istoriis
Sesavali, I. Tbilisi, 1950.
javaxiSvili 1950a
= iv. javaxiSvili. eqskursebi da amonawerebi. – wgn.: javaxiSvili, iv. qarTveli eris istoriis Sesavali, I.
Tbilisi, 1950.
javaxiSvili 1960 = iv. javaxiSvili. qarTvelTa
sxvadasxva satomo saxelebi, samSoblo da uZvelesi binadroba. – wgn.:
javaxiSvili, iv. qarTveli eris istoria,
I. Tbilisi, 1960.
javaxiSvili 1960a
= iv. javaxiSvili. qarTveli eris istoria, I. Tbilisi, 1960.
javaxiSvili 1965 = iv. javaxiSvili. qarTveli eris
istoria, II. Tbilisi, 1965.
javaxiSvili 1979 = masalebi saqarTvelos Sinamrewvelobisa da wvrili xelosnobis
istoriisaTvis (iv. javaxiSvilis saerTo redaqciiT), t. II, naw. 1.:
meWurWleoba. Tbilisi, 1979.
janaSia 1937 = s. janaSia. Tubal-Tabali,
tibareni, iberi. – akad. n. maris
saxelobis enis, istoriisa da materialuri kulturis institutis moambe, t. I,
1937.
janaSia 1952 = s. janaSia. uZvelesi erovnuli
cnoba qarTvelTa pirvelsacxovrisis Sesaxeb maxlobeli aRmosavleTis istoriis
sinaTleze. _ wgn.: janaSia, s. Sromebi, t. II.
janaSia 1952a = s. janaSia. saqarTvelos istoria uZvelesi droidan me-13 s-mde. . _
wgn.: janaSia, s. Sromebi, t. II.
janaSia 1952b = s. janaSia. kavkasieli eTnarq-eponimebis antikuri sqema. _ wgn.:
janaSia, s. Sromebi, t. II.
janaSia 1952c = s. janaSia. iberiis (qarTlis) samefos politikuri geografiisaTvis
uZveles periodSi. – wgn.: janaSia, s. Sromebi,
t. II.
janaSia 1952d = s. janaSia. pariadri, skidisi, mosxuri mTebi. – wgn.: janaSia, s. Sromebi, t. II.
janaSia 1952e = s. janaSia. fasidi. – wgn.: janaSia, s. Sromebi, t. II.
janaSia 1959 = s. janaSia. xetebis
istoriisa da enis sakiTxisaTvis. – wgn.: janaSia, s. Sromebi, t. III.
janaSia 1966 = l. janaSia. `cxovreba
qarTvelTa mefeTas~-s wyaroebisaTvis. – wgn.: kavkasiis xalxTa istoriis sakiTxebi.
janaSvili = m. janaSvili. saqarTvelos istoria, t.
juanSeri 1955 = juanSeri. cxovreba vaxtang
gorgasalisa. – wgn.: qarTlis cxovreba,
t.
jafariZe 1961 = o. jafariZe. qarTveli
tomebis istoriisaTvis liTonis warmoebis adreul safexurze.
Абаев 1949 = В. И.
Абаев.
Мегрелизмы в
осетинском. – В
кн.: Осетинский
язык и
фольклор.
Москва, 1949.
Абаев 1970 = В. И.
Абаев.
Типология
армянского и
осетинского
языков и
кавказский
субстрат. – В
кн.: Sprache und Gesellschaft.
Абаев
1978 = В. И. Абаев. Armeno-Ossetica.
Типологические
встречи. – Вопросы
языкознания,
1978, № 6.
Адонц
1908 = Н. Адонц. Армения в
эпоху
Юстиниана.
Политическое
состояние на
основе
нахарарского
строя. С.
Петербург, 1908.
Адонц
1915 = Н. Адонц. Дионисий
Фракийский и
его
армянские
толкователи.
Петроград, 1915.
Анчабадзе
1964 = З. В.
Анчабадзе. История
и культура
древней
Абхазии.
Москва, 1964.
Ардзинба
1982 = В. Г.
Ардзинба. Ритуалы и
мифы древней
Анатолии.
Москва, 1982.
Атлас
1961 = Атлас
Армянской
ССР.
Ереван-Москва,
1961.
Бардавелидзе
1957 = В. В.
Бардавелидзе.
По
этапам
развития
древнейших
религиозных
верований и
обрядовое
графическое
искусство
грузинских
племен.
Тбилиси, 1957.
Бендукидзе
1973 = Н. А.
Бендукидзе.
Хеттский миф
о Телепину и
его сванские
параллели. – В
кн.: Вопросы
древней
истории
(Кавказско-ближневосточный
сборник, IV).
Тбилиси, 1973.
Болтунова
1947 = А. И.
Болтунова.
Описание
Иберии в
«Географии»
Страбона. – Вестник
древней
истории, 1947, № 4.
Болтунова
1949 = А. И.
Болтунова. К
вопросу об
Армази. – Вестник
древней
истории, 1949, № 2.
Брун
1875 = Ф. К. Брун.
Путешествие
турецкого
туриста
вдоль по
восточному
берегу
Черного моря.
– В кн.: Записки
императорского
Одесского
общества
истории и
древностей, т. IX,
Одесса, 1875.
Волкова
1973 = Н. Г. Волкова. Этнонимы
и племенные
названия
Северного Кавказа.
Москва, 1973.
Георгиев
1960 = В. Георгиев.
Передвижение
смычных
согласных в
армянском
языке и
вопросы этногенеза
армян. – Вопросы
языкознания
1960, № 5.
Гиндин
1967 = Л. А. Гиндин. Язык
древнейшего
населения
юга Балканского
полуострова.
Москва, 1967.
Гиоргадзе
1956 = Г. Г.
Гиоргадзе. Из
истории
племен
проживавших
к северу и северу-востоку
от хеттского
государства
(Кашки). –
Автореферат
диссертации.
Тбилиси, 1956.
Гиоргадзе
1961 = Г. Г.
Гиоргадзе. К
вопросу о
локализации
и языковой
структуре
каскских этнических
и
географических
названий. – В кн.: Переднеазиатский
сборник.
Вопросы
хеттологии и
хурритологии.
Москва, 1961.
Гололева
1978 = Л. М.
Гололева.
Царство Алзи
во второй
половине II тыс. до
н. э. – В кн.: Древний
Восток, 3.
Ереван, 1978.
Гордезиани
1975 = Р. В.
Гордезиани.
Кавказ и
проблемы
древнейших
средиземноморских
языковых и
культурных
взаимоотношений.
– В кн.: Всесоюзная
конференция
«Античные,
византийские
и местные
традиции в
странах
Восточного
Черноморья».
Тбилиси, 1975.
Деянов
1976 = А. Ф. Деянов.
Комментарий.
– В кн.: Тайны
древних
письмен. Проблемы
дешифровки
(сборник
статей).
Москва, 1976.
Деянов
1976а = А. Ф. Деянов.
Линейное
письмо А. – В кн.: Тайны
древних
письмен. Проблемы
дешифровки
(сборник
статей).
Москва, 1976.
Джавахишвили
1950 = И.
Джавахишвили.
Основные историко-этнологические
проблемы
истории
Грузии,
Кавказа и
Ближнего
Востока
древнейшей
эпохи. – В кн.: javaxiSvili, iv. qarTveli eris istoriis Sesavali, I. Tbilisi, 1950.
Дирр 1909 = А. М.
Дирр.
Современные
названия
кавказских
племен. – В кн.: Сборник
материалов
для описания
местностей и
племен
Кавказа, вып.
40, отдел. 3.
Тифлис, 1909.
Доватур
1965 = А. И. Доватур.
Политика и
политии
Аристотеля.
Москва-Ленинград,
1965.
Доманский
1984 = Я. В.
Доманский. Древняя
художественная
бронза
Кавказа в собрании
Государственного
Эрмитажа.
Москва, 1984.
Дьяконов
1951 = И. М.
Дьяконов.
Ассиро-Вавилонские
источники по
истории
Урарту. – Вестник
древней
истории, 1951, № 2.
Дьяконов
1951a = И. М.
Дьяконов.
Заметки по
урартской
эпиграфике, I. –
В кн.: Эпиграфика
Востока, т. 4, 1951.
Дьяконов
1961 = И. М.
Дьяконов.
Хетты,
фригийцы и армяне.
Проблема
армянского
языка. – В кн.: Переднеазиатский
сборник.
Вопросы
хеттологии и
хурритологии.
Москва,
1961.
Дьяконов
1968 = И. М.
Дьяконов. Предыстория
армянского
народа.
Ереван, 1968.
Дьяконов
1980 = И. М.
Дьяконов.
Фригийский
язык. – В кн.: Древние
языки Малой
Азии. Сборник
статей, под
редакцией И.
М. Дьяконова
и Вяч. Вс.
Иванова.
Москва, 1980.
Дьяконов
1981 = И. М.
Дьяконов.
Малая Азия и
Армения
около 600 г. до
н.э. и
северные
походы
вавилонских
царей. – Вестник
древней
истории, 1981, № 2.
Еремеев
1971 = Д. Е. Еремеев.
Этногенез
турок
(происхождение
и основные
этапы
этнической
истории).
Москва, 1971.
Еремян
1935 = С. Г. Еремян. Феодальные
образования
Картли в
период марзбанства
(532-627 гг.). Тезисы
диссертации.
Ленинград, 1935.
Еремян
1939 = С. Г. Еремян.
Моисей Каланкатуйский
о посольстве
албанского князя
Вараз-Трдата
к хазарскому
хакану Алп-Илитверу.
– Записки
института
Востоковедения
Академии
наук СССР, т. VII, 1939.
Еремян
1967 = С. Г. Еремян.
Страна
«Махелония»
надписи
Кааба-и-Зардушт. – Вестник
древней истории,
1967, № 4.
Иванов
1977 = Вяч. Вс.
Иванов.
Древние
культурные и
языковые
связи
южнобалканского,
эгейского и
малоазийского
(анатолийского)
ареалов. – В кн.: Балканский
лингвистический
сборник.
Москва, 1977.
Иванов
1980 = Вяч. Вс.
Иванов.
Анатолийские
языки. – В кн.: Древние
языки Малой
Азии.
Сборник
статей, под
редакцией И.
М. Дьяконова
и Вяч. Вс.
Иванова.
Москва, 1980.
Иессен
1935 = А. А. Иессен. К
вопросу о
древнейшей металлургии
меди на
Кавказе. – В кн.: Из
истории
древней
металлургии
Кавказа.
Москва-Ленинград,
1935.
Инал-ипа
1976 = Ш. Д. Инал-ипа. Вопросы
этно-культурной
истории
абхазов.
Сухуми, 1976.
Иосселиани
1845 = Пл.
Иосселиани.
Туземные
города,
существовавшие
и
существующие
в Грузии. – Журнал
министерства
народного
просвещения,
1845, № 6.
Иосселиани
1845 = Пл.
Иосселиани. Различные
наименования
грузинов.
Тифлис, 1846.
Какабадзе
1928 = С. О.
Какабадзе. О
племени
цанар. – saistorio krebuli III, tfilisi, 1928.
Камменхубер
1980 = А.
Камменхубер.
Хаттский язык.
– В кн.: Древние
языки Малой
Азии.
Сборник
статей, под
редакцией И.
М. Дьяконова
и Вяч. Вс.
Иванова.
Москва, 1980.
Капанцян
1947 = Гр.
Капанцян. Хайаса –
колыбель
армян.
Этногенез
армян и их
начальная
история.
Ереван,1947.
Капанцян
1956 = Гр.
Капанцян.
Суффиксы и
суффигированные
слова в
топонимике
Малой Азии. – В
кн.: Капанцян,
Гр. Историко-лингвистические
работы к
начальной к
истории
армян.Древняя
Малая Азия. Ереван,
1956.
Капанцян
1956а = Гр.
Капанцян.
Малоазийские
боги у армян. –
В кн.:
Капанцян, Гр. Историко-лингвистические
работы к
начальной к
истории
армян. Древняя
Малая Азия. Ереван,
1956.
Капанцян
1975 = Г. А.
Капанцян. О
взаимоотношениях
армянского и
лазо-мегрельского
языков. – В кн.:
Капанцян, Г. А. Историко-лингвистические
работы, т. II.
Ереван, 1975.
Капанцян
1975 = Г. А.
Капанцян. Историко-лингвистические
работы, т. II.
Ереван, 1975.
Каухчишвили
1979 = Т. С.
Каухчишвили.
Некоторые вопросы
истории
Колхиды и
Иберии по
данным греческих
источников. –
В кн.: Проблемы
античной
истории и
культуры
(доклады XIV
международной
конференции
античников
социалистических
стран
«Эйрене»), т. I. Ереван,
1979.
Каухчишвили
1980 = Т. С.
Каухчишвили.
О некоторых сведениях
Ликофрона и
его
схолиастов. –
В кн.: Кавказ
и
Средиземноморье.
Тбилиси, 1980.
Климов
1964 = Г. А. Климов. Этимологический
словарь
картвельских
языков. Москва,
1964.
Климов
1973 = Г. А. Климов.
Дополнения к
этимологическому
словарю
картвельских
языков. – В кн.: Этимология,
1971. Москва, 1973.
Климов
1979 = Г. А. Климов.
Картвельские
языки. – В кн.: Языки
Азии и Африки,
т. III.
Москва, 1979.
Кондратов/Шеворошкин
1970 = А. М.
Кондратов/В.
В. Шеворошкин.
Когда
молчат
письмена.
Москва, 1970.
Крачковский
1963 = И. Ю.
Крачковский. Коран.
Перевод и
комментарии
И. Ю.
Крачковского.
Москва, 1963.
Куфтин
1941 = Б. А. Куфтин. Археологические
раскопки в
Триалети.
Тбилиси, 1941.
Латышев
= В. В. Латышев.
Известия
древних писателей
о Скифии и
Кавказе. – Вестник
древней
истории, 1947, № 1-4; 1948,
№ 1-4; 1949, № 1-4.
Линч
1910 = Х. Ф. Б. Линч. Армения.
Путевые
очерки и
этюды.
Тифлис, 1910.
Ломоури
1979 = Н. Ломоури. К
истории
Понтийского
царства.
Тбилиси, 1979.
Лордкипанидзе
1965 = Г. А.
Лордкипанидзе.
Некоторые
вопросы
истории
Колхиды II-I вв. до н.
э. – Мацне,
1965, № 2.
Лордкипанидзе
1970 = Г. А.
Лордкипанидзе. К
истории
древней Колхиды.
Тбилиси, 1970.
Лордкипанидзе
1979 = О.
Лордкипанидзе
Древнняя
Колхида.
Тбилиси, 1979.
Максимова
1951 = М. И.
Максимова.
Примечания. –
В кн.:
Ксенофонт. Анабасис.
Перевод,
статья и
примечания М.
И. Максимовой.
Москва-Ленинград,
1951.
Максимова
1956 = М. И.
Максимова. Античные
города
юго-восточного
Причерноморья.
Москва-Ленинград,
1956.
Манандян
1940 = Я. А.
Манандян.
Маршруты
понтийского
похода
Помпея и путь
отступления
Митридата в
Колхиду. – Вестник
древней
истории, 1940, № 3-4.
Манандян
1944 = Я. А.
Манандян. О некоторых
проблемах
истории
древней Армении
и Закавказья.
Ереван, 1944.
Марр
1908 = Н. Я. Марр.
Основные
таблицы к
грамматике
древнегрузинского
языка с
предварительным
сообщением о
родстве
грузинского языка
с
семитическими.
С. Петербург, 1908.
Марр
1913 = Н. Я. Марр. К
истории
термина
«абхаз». – Известия
императорской
Академии
наук, 1913.
Марр
1913 = Н. Я. Марр. К
истории
передвижения
яфетических
народов с юга
на север
Кавказа. – Известия
императорской
Академии
наук, 1916.
Марр
1911-1919 = Н. Я. Марр.
Яфетические
элементы в
языках Армении.
– Известия
Российской
Академии
наук, С.
Петербург/Петроград,
1911-1919.
Марр
1922 = Н. Я. Марр.
Надпись Русы II из
Маку. – Записки
Восточного
отделения
Русского археологического
общества, т. XXV, 1922.
Марр
1922a = Н. Я.
Марр.
Кавказские
племенные
названия и местные
параллели. –
Труды
комиссии по
изучению
племенного
состава
населения
России, 5.
Петроград, 1922.
Марр
1938 = Н. Я. Марр.
История
термина
«абхаз». – В кн.: Марр,
Н. Я. О языке и
истории абхазов.
Москва-Ленинград,
1938.
Масальский
1895 = В. М.
Масальский.
Карсская
область. – Энциклопедический
словарь, т. XIVA (28).
Издатели: Ф. А.
Брокгауз, И. А.
Ефрон. С.
Петербург, 1895.
Меликишвили
1950 = Г. А.
Меликишвили.
Клинообразная
надпись
урартского
царя Русы
II
из
Адылджеваза.
– Сообщения
Академии
наук
Грузинской
ССР,
т. XI, 1950.
Меликишвили
1954 = Г. А.
Меликишвили. Наири-Урарту.
Тбилиси, 1954.
Меликишвили
1959 = Г.
А.
Меликишвили. К
истории
древней
Грузии.
Тбилиси, 1959.
Меликишвили
1960 = Г.
А.
Меликишвили. Урартские
клинообразные
надписи.
Москва, 1960.
Меликсет-Бек
1957 = Л. М.
Меликсет-Бек.
К истории появления
гуннов в
Восточном
Закавказье. – Доклады
Академии
наук
Азербайджанской
ССР, т. XIII, 1957.
Молев
1983 = Е. А. Молев. К
вопросу о
происхождении
династии
понтийских
Митридатидов.
– Вестник
древней
истории, 1983, № 4.
Мусхелишвили
1978 = Д. Л.
Мусхелишвили.
К вопросу о
связях
Центрального
Закавказья с
Передним
Востоком в
раннеантичную
эпоху. – В кн.: saqarTvelos arqeologiis sakiTxebi, I. Tbilisi,Y1978.
Невская
1953 = В. П. Невская. Византий
в
классическую
и
эллинистическую
эпохи.
Москва, 1953.
Новосельцев
1976 = А. П.
Новосельцев.
К вопросу о македонском
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http://www.geocities.com/komblege/kavta.html
[1] /gv. 142/ moqcevaჲ qarTlisaჲ,
328-330. Sen. 1: moqcevaჲ qarTlisaჲ 1979.
[2] Gen.,
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[3] leonti mroveli, I, 3-4. Sen. 2: leonti mroveli 1955, 1-71.
[4] Sen. 3: ix. javaxiSvili 1950,
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[5] moqcevaჲ
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[6] leonti mroveli, I, 23.
[7] Const.
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[8] Sen.
4: ingoroyva 1954, 81-82.
[9] Gen., 10:2,
23-24; 1 Chr., 1:5; Isa., 66:19; Ezek., 27:13; 32:26; 38:2-3; 39:1; da sxv.
[10]
Josephus, Antiq., I, 124-125. Sen. 5: gamyreliZe/yauxCiSvili 1961, 271.
[11] Sen. 6: ix. kekeliZe 1941,
286-287.
[12] Sen. 7: gamyreliZe/yauxCiSvili
1961, 34, Sen, 3; 272-273. ix., agreTve, Migne XXVIII, 998. gamyreliZe/yauxCiSvili 1961,
[13] Sen. 8: yauxCiSvili 1963,
3-4.
[14] Sen. 9: gamyreliZe/yauxCiSvili
1961, 35; Migne XXVIII, 753b.
[15] Sen. 10: ix. xinTibiZe 1969,
79; xinTibiZe 1982, 233.
[16] Her., III,
94.
[17] Sen. 11: qarTvel tomTa
anatoliaSi gansaxlebis Sesaxeb ix.: CubiniSvili 1877; Хаханов 1903; javaxiSvili 1913; Сванидзе 1937; janaSia 1937; Меликишвили 1959; /gv. 143/ gozaliSvili 1962; miqelaZe 1974; da sxv.
[18] Her.,
VII, 78.
[19] Hec.,
fr. 188. Sen. 12: hekateos mileteseuli fragmentebis numeracia ocemulia T. miuleris
gamocemis mixedviT (Mülleri 1885).
berZnul-laTinuri wyaroebis numeracia, ZiriTadad, aRebuli gvaqvs v. latiSevis
naSromidan, ix. Латышев 1947, № 1-4; Латышев 1948, № 1-4; Латышев 1949, № 1-4.
[20] Sdr. Her., III, 97.
[21] Hec.,
fr. 189.
[22] Her.,
I, 72.
[23] Her.,
VII, 72.
[24] Pomp.
Mela, I, 2, 13.
[25] Sen. 13: xazaraZe 1971,
123-132; Хазарадзе 1973,
11-119; Хазарадзе 1973а, 200-210; Хазарадзе 1979,
308-312. a. ieseni, herodotes cnobebis
gaTvaliswinebiT (Her., III, 94-97),
gamoTqvamda mosazrebas, rom mosxebSi unda igulisxmebodes kavkasiis mTebidan
kolxebze ufro daSorebuli da SavizRvispireTSi mcxovrebi tomi (Иессен 1935,
197). mosxebis SedarebiT Sors, dasavleTiT
gansaxlebaze, is garemoebac unda migvaniSnebdes, rom isini mecxramete
aqemenidur satrapiaSi Semaval samxreT-aRmosavleT SavizRvispireTis tomebidan _
tibarenebidan, makronebidan, mosinikebidan da marebidan (Her.,
III, 94) _ yvelaze ufro dasavleTiT mosaxle
tibarenebTan erTad erTi mxedarTmTavris winamZRolobiT iyvnen gaerTianebulni
sparsul laSqarSi (Her., VII, 78).
[26]
Ps.-Scyl., 86.
[27] Sen. 14: Хазарадзе 1973,
115; Хазарадзе 1973а, 207.
[28] Sen. 15: ix. Migne
XXVIII, 998.
[29] Sen. 16: bagrationi 1848, 10,
23; Иосселиани 1845,
408; St.-Martin 1847, 50ff.; Хаханов 1903,
37-39. Tumca terminebi `mcxeTa~ da `samcxe~
erTmaneTTan dakavSirebuli hqonda jer kidev vaxuSti bagrations, ix. qvemoT
SeniSvna 357.
[30] Sen. 17: Меликишвили 1959,
112, 229.
[31] Sen. 18: Меликишвили 1959,
229-230; meliqiSvili 1970b, 395-396. /gv. 144/
[32] Sen. 19: Budge & King 1902, 35; Дьяконов 1951,
270.
[33] Sen. 20: Меликишвили 1959,
112, 229-230; meliqiSvili 1970b, 396; Toumanoff 1963, 100-101n.151.
[34] Sen. 21: Болтунова 1949,
228-240.
[35] Sen. 22: wereTeli 1924, 84; Tseretheli
1935, 45-50.
[36] Sen. 23: Tseretheli 1935, 50-54.
[37] Strabo,
XI, V, 4.
[38] Sen. 24: gargarevelebis (Γαργαρεῖς) saxelwodebas aaxloeben CeCnebis TviTdasaxelebasTan _ `galgai~ (Прим. ред. – Латышев 1947, №
4, 222, прим. 4).
[39] Strabo,
XI, V, 1.
[40] Strabo,
XI, V, 2.
[41] Sen. 25: gordeziani 1970, 217-241;
Furneée 1982.
[42] Sen. 26: gordeziani 1980;
gordeziani 1976; brauni 1981, 201-208; kintana 1981, 216-221; tovari 1983,
363-376; Dzidzigouri 1983.
[43] Sen. 27: Mellaart 1975, 281-282.
[44] Sen. 28: Encyclopaedia Britannica 1964, vol. 18, 213 (
[45] Sen. 29: Еремеев 1971,
224.
[46] Sen. 30: ix. uruSaZe 1964,
166; janaSia 1959, 193; Toumanoff 1963, 301n.99.
[47] Sen. 31: Поуп 1976,
89-90; Перруци 1960,
26; Чэдуик 1976, 248;
Packard 1974, 26-27. /gv. 145/
[48] Sen. 32: ix. Климов 1964,
106, 116.
[49] Sen. 33: Перруци 1960,
26.
[50] Sen. 34: Чэдуик 1976,
248.
[51] Sen. 35: ix. Климов 1964,
106.
[52] Sen. 36: Поуп 1976,
90.
[53] Sen. 37: ix. Климов 1973,
346; Rlonti 1984, 578.
[54] Sen. 38: Rlonti 1984, 764;
abulaZe 1973, 564; Ciqobava 1964, 1489.
[55] Sen. 39: Packard 1974, 27; Neumann 1960/961, 172-178; Чэдуик 1976,
219.
[56] Sen. 40: Neumann 1960/961, ix.
Деянов 1976,
99-100.
[57] Sen. 41: ix. Климов 1964,
113; ix., agreTve, Rlonti 1984, 297.
[58] Sen. 42: Gordon 1966; Packard 1974, 27.
[59] Sen. 43: ix. Климов 1964,
31; javaxiSvili 1979, 190, sur. 114; Rlonti
1984, 561, Ciqobava 1051, 1465; abulaZe 1973, 94.
[60] Sen. 44: Перруци 1960,
25; Поуп 1976,
91.
[61] Sen. 45: analogiuri sityva dadasturebulia
palekastros sakurTxevelzec (Pugliese Carratelli 1957, 171; Перруци 1960,
25).
[62] Sen. 46: Pope 1956, 132-135, fig. 76; Перруци 1960,
25.
[63] Sen. 47: ix. Климов 1964,
94.
[64] Sen. 48: Hutchison 1956, 76-77, fig. 10; ix. Перруци 1960,
25, прим. 21.
[65] Sen. 49: Gordon 1962, 207-208.
[66] Sen. 50: ix. Климов 1964,
198.
[67] Sen. 51: Gordon 1966, 28; Packard 1974, 27; Поуп 1976,
90.
[68] Sen. 52: ix. Климов 1964,
185.
[69] Sen. 53: Поуп 1976,
90.
[70] Sen. 54: imnaiSvili 1953, 313;
/gv. 146/ Shanidze 1982, 35-49.
[71] Sen. 55: Нойман 1976,
98-99; Деянов 1976,
99-100; Деянов 1976a,
84.
[72] Sen. 56: ix. Климов 1964,
116.
[73] Sen. 57: ix. Климов 1964,
127.
[74] Sen. 58: ix. Гордезиани 1975,
21. i. brauni, qarTul marwyvTan (←
*marwu) akavSirebs baskur martu-ts-s, martsu-ka-s _ `TuTa~,
`mayvali~ (brauni 1981, 205).
[75] Sen. 59: Rlonti 1984, 88, 499.
[76] Sen. 60: ix. Климов 1973,
365.
[77] Sen. 61: orbeliani 1966, 87;
abulaZe 1973, 388; Климов 1964,
156.
[78] Sen. 62: Benselers 1981, 450. rogorc
Cans, aRniSnuli sityvis arakeTilxmovanebsac unda hqonoda garkveuli mniSvneloba
md. mtkvris Zveli saxelwodebis _ Κόρος-is axliT _ Κύρος-iT Secvlilas (Sdr. Strabo,
XI, III, 2).
[79] Sen. 63: ix. Климов 1964,
209.
[80] Sen. 64: Packard 1974, 114; gamyreliZe/maWavariani
1965, 367; Гордезиани 1975,
15-16.
[81] Strabo,
VII, VII, 10.
[82] Her.,
VI, 137.
[83] Sen. 65: Paradissis 1972, 8, fig. 1.
[84] Her.,
VII, 94; VIII, 44.
[85] Her.,
VII, 95.
[86] Strabo,
V, II, 4.
[87] Hom.,
Il., II, 681-684.
[88] Strabo,
VIII, VI, 5, 7, 9.
[89] Hom.,
Il., XVI, 233-235.
[90] Her.,
II, 52.
[91] Strabo,
VII, VII, 10.
[92] Strabo,
V, II, 4.
[93] Strabo,
V, II, 4.
[94] Her.,
II, 56.
[95] Hom.,
Od., XIX, 175-177.
[96] Hom.,
Il., II, 840-843; X, 429; Her., I, 57; II, 51; IV, 145; V, 26; VI, 137; VII,
94-95; Strabo, V, II, 4; XIII, III, 3.
[97] Strabo,
V, II, 2, 4.
[98]
[99] Her.,
I, 57.
[100] Strabo,
XIII, III, 3.
[101] Hom.,
Il., II, 840; Strabo, XIII, III, 2-3.
[102] Sen. 66: Paradissis 1972a, 134-135, fig. 43.
[103] Sen. 67: ix. uruSaZe 1964, 49-50,
294. amasve iuwyeboda ax. w. I s. istorikosi da gramatikosi kanonic (uruSaZe
1964, 144).
[104] Strabo,
XIV, V, 23.
[105]
Apollod., I, 9, 18.
[106] Apoll.
Rhod., I, 1024. Sen. 68: uruSaZe 1975, 70.
[107] Schol.
ad Apoll. Rhod., I, 1024.
[108]
Ps.-Orph., 747. Sen. 69: uruSaZe 1964, 132, Sen. 66.
[109] Apoll.
Rhod., I, 1112.
[110] Apoll.
Rhod., II, 392-397; 1242-1244.
[111] Xen., Anab.,
IV, VIII, 8; V, V, 18; VII, VIII, 25.
[112] Strabo,
XII, III, 18.
[113] Plin., NH,
VI, 11.
[114] Arr., PPE,
11.
[115] Schol.
ad Apoll. Rhod., I, 1024.
[116] Hec.,
fr. 190.
[117]
Ps.-Scyl., 84-85.
[118] Pomp.
Mela, I, 19, 107.
[119] Apoll.
Rhod., II, 394, 1242; Dion. Per., 766.
[120] Sen. 70: uruSaZe 1964, 129,
133, 135; Sdr. yauxCiSvili 1976, 23, Sen. 1.
[121] Hec.,
fr. 191; Strabo, XII, III, 18.
[122] Eust.
ad Dion. Per., 765.
[123] Sen. 71: Eust. ad Dion. Per., 765, ix. javaxiSvili 1960, 404-405; uruSaZe
1964, 128; yauxCiSvili 1976, 94, 99-100.
[124] Sen. 72: uruSaZe 1964,
136-139.
[125] Sen. 73: uruSaZe 1964, 137.
[126] Sen. 74: Benselers 1981, 104; uruSaZe
1964, 139. /gv. 147/
[127] Sen. 75: Paradissis 1972a, 134.
[128] Sen. 76: miqelaZe 1974, 91-92;
uruSaZe 1964, 139, Sen. 98.
[129] Schol.
ad Apoll. Rhod., II, 392.
[130] Strabo,
XII, III, 5.
[131] Strabo,
VIII, III, 17.
[132] Strabo,
VIII, III, 9, 17; XII, III, 5.
[133] Strabo, XII, III, 5, 8.
[134] Strabo,
I, III, 2, 21; XII, III, 8, 25, XIII, I, 53. Sen. 77: Sdr.
[135] Hom.,
IL., II, 851-855. Sen. 78: gordeziani 1970, 262. v. alenis azriT, saxelwodeba `enetSi~,
ponto-xmelTaSuazRvis samyaroSi arcTu iSviaTad Semonaxuli qarTuli -eT sufiqsi
gamoiyofa (Allen 1964, 172).
[136] Strabo,
XII, III, 25.
[137] Strabo,
XII, III, 25.
[138] Her.,
II, 104.
[139] Sen. 79: miqelaZe 1974, 78.
[140] Hom.,
IL., II, 853-855.
[141] Strabo,
XII, III, 5.
[142]
Ps.-Scyl., 88.
[143] Apoll. Rhod., II,
378; ix. iqve, `genetuli zevsis koncxi~, II, 1009.
[144] Strabo,
XII, III, 17. Sen. 80: ix. miqelaZe 1974, 78; uruSaZe
1964, 499, Sen. 32; inaZe 1966, 52.
[145] Sen. 81: ingoroyva 1954,
135.
[146] Sen. 82: uruSaZe 1964, 499,
Sen. 32.
[147] Sen. 83: ix., mag., Орбели 1963,
494-511; miqelaZe
1974, 103-110.
[148] Sen. 84: miqelaZe 1974, 78,
118.
[149]
Ps.-Scyl., 76-77.
[150] Dion.
Per., 682-687.
[151] Strabo,
XI, II, 14.
[152] Strabo,
II, V, 31; XI, II, 1, 12-14; XI, V, 6; XVII, III, 24.
[153] Cl.
Ptol., V, VIII, 25.
[154] Sen. 85: Доватур 1965,
134, 137; yauxCiSvili 1969, 189-191; Инадзе 1968,
58-69.
[155] Heracl.
Pont., De reb. Publ., XVIII.
[156] Steph.
Byz., s. v. Χαριμάται.
[157] Steph.
Byz., s. v. Χαριμάται.
[158]
Ps.-Scyl., 83.
[159] Arr.,
PPE, 7.
[160] Sen. 86: javaxiSvili 1950a,
264-265; Прим. ред. – Латышев 1948, № 1, 267;
yauxCiSvili 1967, 33, ASen. 51.
[161] Sen. 87: helanikesa da palefatis
cnobaTa sandoobis Sesaxeb sawinaaRmdego azrebia gamoTqmuli, ix. miqelaZe 1974, 21-22; Хазарадзе 1979,
311-312.
[162] Amm.
Marc., XXII, 23-24.
[163] Plin., NH,
VI, 12, 26.
[164] Plin., NH,
VI, 16, 30.
[165] Arr., PPE, 7,
11.
[166] Anon., PPE, XLII, 8.
[167] Sen. 88: Меликишвили
1959, 87, прим. 190.
[168] Sen. 89:
Ушаков 1946, 37-38;
Меликишвили
1959, 93, прим. 202; inaZe 1955, 13-20.
[169] Sen. 90: yauxCiSvili 1980a, 74-76. /gv. 148/
[170] Strabo,
XI, II, 12-14.
[171] Sen. 91: yauxCiSvili 1980, 33-36.
sxva adgilas straboni aqaielebad orqomenel (beotiel) kolonistebs miiCnevs,
romlebic pontoSi trios dacemis Semdeg gadmosaxlebulan (Strabo, IX, II,
42) (yauxCiSvili 1980, 34).
[172] Sen. 92: Орбели 1963,
509-510; Марр 1913,
327; Меликишвили 1959,
91-92; miqelaZe 1974, 18, Sen. 46; 72.
[173] Sen. 93: javaxiSvili 1960, 410; janaSia 1937, 190, 197; ingoroyva 1954, 135; inaZe 1955, 20; inaZe 1960, 150-151.
[174] Sen. 94: Анчабадзе 1964,
134-137, 169-176; Инал-ипа 1976,
187-188.
[175] Sen. 95: Орбели 1963,
509; i. orbeli, hēn- fuZis paralelur formad, h~s
bgeraTmonacvleobis daSvebiT, sēn-s
miiCnevda da am ukanasknels sanebisa Tu svanebis saxelwodebasTan akavSirebda (Орбели 1963,
509).
[176] Sen. 96: gigineiSvili 1975,
115-124.
[177] Sen. 97: yauxCiSvili 1980a, 73-74, 76.
[178] Sen. 98: miqelaZe 1974, 20.
Sdr.
[179] Val.
Flacus, V, 357.
[180] Sen. 99: miqelaZe 1974, 20;
yauxCiSvili 1980a, 68, Sen. 11.
[181] Pomp.
Mela, I, 19, 111.
[182]
[183] Iust.,
XLII,
[184] Char.,
Hell., fr. 15; Eust. ad Dion. Per., 687.
[185] Amm.
Marc., XXII, 24.
[186] Sen. 101: yauxCiSvili 1980a, 59.
[187] Sen. 102: yauxCiSvili 1976, 139, 222; Меликишвили 1959,
87, 308, 365.
[188] Strabo,
XII, III, 17; Steph. Byz., s. v. Ζυγοί. Sen. 103: Меликишвили 1959,
82.
[189] Sen. 104: ix. Меликишвили 1959,
370, прим. 107;
387-392; yauxCiSvili
1976, 257-258.
[190]
Ps.-Scyl., 73-74; Dion. Per., 682; Pomp. Mela, I, 19, 110; Cl. Ptol., V, VIII,
25; Strabo, XI, II, 12.
[191]
Ps.-Scyl., 83.
[192] Cl.
Ptol., V, IX, 4.
[193] Plin., NH,
VI, 14.
[194] Sen. 105: Sdr. yauxCiSvili
1976, 257-258.
[195] Strabo, XII,
III, 18.
[196] Sen. 106: javaxiSvili 1960, 404-405; Меликишвили 1959, 82.
[197] Sen. 107: yauxCiSvili 1936, 277-280; Меликишвили 1959, 100.
[198] Sen. 108: miqelaZe 1974, 13-14.
[199] Xen., Anab.,
V, V, 1.
[200] Xen., Anab.,
V, V, 4.
[201] Sen. 109: Меликишвили 1959, 82. /gv. 149/
[202] Sen. 110: Меликишвили 1959, 89-90; yauxCiSvili 1976, 257-258. miTumetes, rom,
rogorc ukve aRvniSneT, arg || erg Ziris Semcveli eTno- toponimebi egeosuri
warmomavlobis mqoned iTvlebian.
[203] Schol.
[204] Sen. 111: Schanz 1911, 128; ix. uruSaZe 1964, 135. aRsaniSnavia, rom amJamadac kunZ. evbeaze aris qalaqi
xalkisi (Χαλκίς).
[205] Strabo,
XII, III, 19.
[206] Sen. 112: Патканов 1877,
19(39).
[207] Մովս. Խոր., II,
76. Sen. 113: abdalaZe 1984, 162.
[208] Sen. 114: Марр 1922,
41; Пиотровский 1959,
120.
[209] Sen. 115: miqelaZe 1974, 98-99,
Sen. 113.
[210] Sen. 116: miqelaZe 1974, 99,
Sen. 113.
[211] Pomp.
Mela, I, 19, 105.
[212] Sen. 117: ix. Rlonti 1971, 78,
88-89.
[213] Sen. 118: Rlonti 1971, 78.
[214] Sen. 119: yauxCiSvili 1965, 36, Sen. 2; 220-221, Sen. 1-2.
[215] Strabo,
XII, III, 9.
[216] Sen. 120: rogorc Cans, eTiopiis
gaigivebiT libiasTan; Tumca, am ukanasknelSi, SesaZloa, sulac ar igulisxmeboda
afrikis libia (ix. qvemoT; Sdr. de Jonnés 1861,
197-198, 215). ix., agreTve, cnobebi kolxeTSi
eTiopelTa binadrobis Sesaxeb (janaSia 1952e, 271-272; ingoroyva 1954, 223).
[217] Sen. 121: ix. uruSaZe 1964, 21-23.
[218] Sen. 122: Меликишвили 1960,
46, 278-279, 294-295, 301, 437-438.
[219] Sen. 123: ix. uruSaZe 1964, 19-20,
186. hesiodes es cnoba aaSkaravebs, rom kolxeTi igulisxmeboda argonavtTa
laSqrobis obieqtad.
[220] Sen. 124: ix. Budge
& King 1902, 48, 112, 117; Schroeder 1922, №№
71-71a, 73. satomo saxeli `abeSla~ asurul wyaroebSi
`qasqis~ sinonimad ixmareba (Ebeling 1928, 6).
[221] Xen., Anab.,
IV, VI, 4-5.
[222] Xen., Anab.,
V, VI, 36.
[223] Her.,
I, 2, 104; II, 103; IV, 37-38, 45, 86.
[224] Her.,
VI, 84.
[225]
Ps.-Scyl., 81; Cl. Ptol., V, VI, 6; Plin., NH, VI, 12: Arr., PPE, 6-7; Anon.,
PPE, XLII, 1-2, 7, 11.
[226] Sen. 125: ix. janaSia 1952e, 271-272.
[227] Sen. 126: Меликишвили 1959,
218, 236; miqelaZe 1974, 84-87.
[228] Her.,
I, 2; VII, 193, 197.
[229] Xen.,
Anab., IV, VIII, 22. Sen. 127: miqelaZe 1974, 83-84. Tumca, aRsaniSnavia, rom qsenofontisaTvis kolxeTs,
trapezuntis mxaris garda, fasisic warmoadgenda. `anabasisis~ cnobiT,
qsenofontis xanaSi fasianTa qveyanaSi (Φασιανῶν
χώραν) aietesis SviliSvili
mefobda (Xen., Anab., V, VI, 37). xolo, rogorc zemoT
iTqva (qavTaraZe 1985, 31). dadasturebulia, rom ukve Zv. w. VIII s. aietesis saxeli
kolxeTTan aris dakavSirebuli. /gv. 150/
[230] Sen. 128: ix. Прим. ред. – Латышев 1949, № 1, 206; Откупщиков 1980,
69. g. meliqiSvilis azriT, eTnonimi `xalibi~,
SesaZloa, piriqiT, rkinis Zveli berZnuli saxelwodebidan, χάλυψ-idan iyos warmomdgari (Меликишвили 1959,
71). v. ivanovi, Tavis mxriv, rogorc berZnul
terminebs χάλυψ-s da χαλκός-s,
aseve satomo saxel `xalibs~, rkinis aRmniSvneli xaTuri sityvidan _ apalki (fonetikurad haflk) _ nawarmoebad
miiCnevs (Иванов 1977,
28, прим. 76).
[231] Sen. 129:
Откупщиков 1980,
69; Sdr. Иванов 1977, 28,
прим. 76.
[232] Sen. 130: ix. Прим.
ред. –
Латышев 1949, № 1, 201, прим. 1.
[233] Hom.,
Od., XII, 69-70.
[234] Sen. 131: Haas 1977, ix.
giorgaZe 1982, 287-293.
[235] Sen. 132: ix. giorgaZe 1982, 288-289. dadgenilia, rom sawmiss, romelic xeTebis
dedaqalaqSi da zogierT sxva qalaqSi inaxeboda, ara marto simboluri mniSvneloba
hqonda, aramed, Cveulebriv, TviT warmoadgenda damcvel RvTaebas (ix. Otten
1959, 351-361; Popko 1975, 65-70; Popko 1976, 309-311; Ардзинба 1982,
10).
[236] Sen. 133: ix. giorgaZe 1982, 288-289. dadgenilia, rom wminda sawmisis kulti xaTuri
warmomavlobisaa (ix. Otten 1959, 357-358; Popko 1976, 310ff.; Ардзинба 1982,
10). yuradRebas ipyrobs fonetikuri msgavsebiT
argonavtebis miTis `aiasTan~ (Apoll. Rhod., II, 417, 422, etc.), Telepinus miTis sawmisiani xis saxelwodeba _ ea (ix. KUB, XVII, 10, IV, 28; Бендукидзе 1973,
97, 99).
[237] Apoll.,
Rhod., II, 400-403; Apollod., I, 9, 6; Diod., IV, 48.
[238] Paus.,
III, 19, 7.
[239] Her.,
IV, 59, 62.
[240] Diod.,
II, 45; IV, 16; Filost., XIX, 19; Eust. ad Dion. Per., 653; Schol. ad Hom.,
Il., III, 189; Val. Flac., V, 140-146; Schol. ad Apoll. Rhod., II, 373; da sxv.
[241] Hom.,
Il., V, 29-39.
[242] Sen. 134: ix. giorgaZe 1982, 289-290. sayuradReboa, rom
qalRmerTi inara xeTur ritualSi, sxva damcvel RvTaebebTan erTad, sawmisis saxiT
iyo warmodgenili (Kammenhuber 1976, 68-88; Ардзинба 1982,
10; ix. giorgaZe 1982, 289-290). /gv. 151/
[243] Sen. 135: ix. giorgaZe 1982, 289-291.
[244] Sen. 136: ix. giorgaZe 1982, 290.
[245] Sen. 137: ix. King
1983, pl. 55, fig. 3.
[246] Verg., Aen.,
II, 225-227.
[247] Hom., Il.,
II, 446-449.
[248] Sen. 138: King 1983, 386, pl. 55, fig. 1-2.
[249] Sen. 139: ix. giorgaZe 1982, 290.
[250] Sen. 140: xinTibiZe 1982,
228-229.
[251] Sen. 141: ix. xinTibiZe 1982,
230. xom ar iyo ganpirobebuli es azri
argonavtebis miTis `aiasa~ da basilis mamulis _ `anisis~ saxelwodebaTa
msgavsebiT? sayuradReboa, rom pliniusi `aias~ adgilmdebareobas, TiTqos, msgavsi
JReradobis mqone Tanamedrove q. vanis maxloblobaSi unda gansazRvravdes (Sdr.
[252]
Lycophr., Alex., 1312.
[253] Apoll.
Rhod., II, 724; IV, 131-135.
[254] Cl.
Ptol., V, VI, 6.
[255] vaxuSti, 657, 680 da sxv. Tumca, ufro adreul wyaroebSi igi nigalis
saxelwodebiTaa dadasturebuli, ix. matiane qarTlisa, 251; sumbat daviTis-Ze,
377-378. Sen. 142: yauxCiSvili 1955,
249-317; yauxCiSvili 1955, 372-386; es saxelwodeba dResac gamoiyeneba md.
Woroxis qvemo welis aRsaniSnavad (ix. sixaruliZe 1958, 29-30, 134-137, 175, Smd.).
sayuradReboa, rom samxreT amierkavkasiaSi mdebare likes qveyana moixsenieba Zv.
w. VIII s. urartus mefis sardur II-is lursmul warweraSi (ix. Меликишвили 1960, 273, 433).
[256] Sen. 143: xinTibiZe 1982,
231, Smd.
[257]
Themistii, XXVII.
[258] Xen.,
Anab., V, V, 8-10; V, VI, 25.
[259] Sen. 144: Дьяконов 1981,
61-62.
[260] Sen. 145: gamyreliZe 1984, 151;
Sdr. Климов 1964,
183-184.
[261] Sen. 146: Бендукидзе 1973,
99; gamyreliZe 1984, 151.
[262] Sen. 147: ix. Popko
1976, 309-311; Friedrich 1952, 119; siWinava 1953,
81-101; uruSaZe 1964, 153-154; Климов 1964, 115. zanurisaTvis ჳ~ი bgeraTmonacvleoba damaxasiaTebeli movlenaa
(ix. Ciqobava 1938, 21).
[263] Sen. 148: ix. Rlonti 1984, 315.
sityba `kurati~ kaxeTSi dasturdeba verZisa (mamali cxvris) da xatisadmi
Sewiruli mamakacis(ZiriTadad biWis) mniSvnelobiT (abakelia 1982, 122-124).
qarTuli sityva `kurati~ sayuradRebo msgavsebas avlens berZnuli miTologiis
`kuretebTan~ (Κοὐρῆτες), didi dedis, rea-kibelas qurumebTan. aRmosavleT saqarTvelos mTaSi termini
`kurati~ `kuretis~ formiT ixmareba (ix. Rlonti 1984, 316). diodores cnobiT,
kuretebi xalxs sasargeblo saqmianobas aswavlidnen (Diod., V, 65); aRmosavleT saqarTvelos kuratebs socialuri da yofiTi saqmeebis
mogvareba evalebodaT (abakelia 1982, 127). strabonTan Semonaxuli cnobiT,
kuretebs RvTaebaTa msaxurebad miiCnevdnen (Strabo, X, III, 7) da misi azriT saxelwodeba `kureti~ /gv. 152/ `Wabukis~ aRmniSvneli berZnuli sityvidan aris nawarmoebi (X, III, 8,
11). aRsaniSnavia, rom svidas ganmartebiT, kuretebi igive koribantebia, xolo
koribantebi, strabonis cnobiT, an baqtriidan arian wamosulni, an kolxeTidan (X,
III, 19) (ix. uruSaZe 1964, 161-162, 480). Tumca, sakuTriv kuretebis Sesaxeb, straboni
iuwyeba, rom maT kretidan an evbeadan gamosulebad miiCneven (X, III, 1);
strabonis cnobiT, kretelebma pirvelebma daiwyes evbeaze spilenZis abjris tareba
da amis gamo maT `xalkidelebi~ Searqves (X, III, 19).
[264] Sen. 149: `kuratis~ paralelur
formad qarTulSi `kuraki~ gamoiyeneboda; `ti~ da `ki~ daboloeba kninobiTobis
niSania (ix. orbeliani 1966a, 395-396;
abakelia 1982, 123; Furneée 1982,
40).
[265] Strabo,
XII, III, 13.
[266] Sen. 150: ix. Wertime
1980, 18.
[267] Sen. 151: ix. yauxCiSvili 1976,
69; Wyonia 1976, 209-214; Лордкипанидзе 1979, 98-100.
[268] Strabo,
XI, II, 19.
[269]
Palaeph., XXX, 31.
[270] Ovid.,
Met., VII, 155-158.
[271] Sen. 152: ix. giorgaZe 1982, 288. aRsaniSnavia, rom brinjaos diskoebi, rogorc Cans,
Standartebad gamoyenebuli, gvxvdeba Zv. w. III aTaswleulis anatoliaSi (Koşay
1944, Taf. LXXXIII, oben; LXXXIX, oben).
[272] Tzetzae
ad Lycophr., Alex., 615, 630.
[273] Sen. 153: ix. giorgaZe 1982, 289, 291-292. berZnuli wyaroebis mixedviT, sawmisi keTili
Zalis mqone, bednierebisa da siuxvis ganmasaxierebelia fetiSia, romelic
batonobis, kerZod, samefo xelisuflebis miRebas uwyobs xels. Telefinus xeTuri
Tqmulebis Tanaxmad ki verZis tyavi sikeTis momgvreli RvTaebrivi sagania, zogjer
igi ganixileba, rogorc ganayofierebis RvTaeba; samefos exmareba siuxvis Seqmnis
misi Zala (giorgaZe 1982, 288-289; canava 1984, 93-98).
[274] Sen. 154: Wertime 1980, 21.
[275] Sen. 155: Wertime 1980, 18; Özğüç
1980, 305-309, pl. 37, fig. 8.
[276] Sen. 156: ix. Максимова 1956,
41, прим. 2.
[277] Sen. 157: Evans 1935, 768, fig. 749 a, b. mikenur samyarosa da mcire azias Soris urTierTobis arqeologiuri monacemebis
Sesaxeb, ix., agreTve, Bossert 1942, 18, N 5-8; Mee 1978,
121-156.
[278] Strabo,
XII, III, 11; Plut., Luc., XXIII.
[279] Sen. 158: Carpenter 1948, 1-10.
/gv. 153/
[280] Sen. 159: Невская 1953,
22.
[281] Hom.,
Il., II, 681-715. Sen. 160: uruSaZe 1964, 492, Sen. 2. sayuradReboa, apolodores cnoba, rom
aTena-paladam `
[282] Apoll.
Rhod., I, 580, 906; II, 1239; IV, 243, 265.
[283] Ovid.,
Met., VII, 50, 120, 131.
[284] Sid.,
Paneg., VII, 65-75; Epith., XXIII, 272-276. Sen. 161: uruSaZe 1964, 101. antikuri xanis avtorebi argonavtebs xSirad `miniebs~
uwodeben (Pind., Pyth., IV, 69; Strabo, VIII, III, 19; IX, II,
40; Serv. ad Verg., Buc., IV, 34; Pomp. Mela, I, 103).
herodotes cnobiT, `miniebi~ argonavtebis STamomavlebi iyvnen (Her.,
IV, 145; VII, 193).
[285] Sen. 162: ix. janaSia 1952b, 238-248.
[286] Pomp.
Mela, I, 19, 103.
[287] Strabo,
XII, III, 10.
[288] Strabo,
XII, III, 11.
[289] Plut.,
Luc., XXIII.
[290] Strabo,
XI, II, 12.
[291] Plin.,
NH, VI, 38.
[292] Iust.,
XLII, 3, 4.
[293] Her.,
VII, 62.
[294] Strabo,
XI, XIII, 10.
[295] Hec.,
fr. 171.
[296] Strabo,
XI, IV, 8; XI, XIV, 12.
[297] Strabo,
XI, IV, 8; XI, XIV, 12.
[298] Strabo,
XI, IV, 8; XI, XIV, 12; XI, XIII, 10.
[299] Strabo,
XI, XIV, 13. Sen. 163: janaSia 1952b, 245.
[300] Tac.,
An., VI, 34. Sen. 164: sagulisxmoa, rom evsebi kesarielis cnobiT, Tobeli _ iberTa mamamTavari,
TesalielTa winaparicaa. s. yauxCiSvilisa da al. gamyreliZis SeniSvniT, evsebis
wyaros scodnia, rom Tesalielebi (Zveli pelasgebis teritoriaze mcxovrebni)
Tobelisagan iyvnen warmoSobilni (ix. gamyreliZq/yauxCiSvili 1961, 35).
strabonis azriT, Sexeduleba misielTa da armenielTa naTesaobis Taobaze
TesalielebTan da iasonisa da medeas STamomavlebTan, emyareba, erTi mxriv,
cnobebs Tesalieli enianebis kaspiispireTSi, vitiaSi da armenTa zemoT _ tavrosis
mTebSi, xolo Trakieli saraparebis guraniebTan da midielebTan mezoblad, armeniis
zemoT dasaxlebis Sesaxeb da, meores mxriv, armenia-midiaSi argonavtTa laSqrobis
Sesaxeb (Strabo, XI, VII, 1; XI, VIII, 8; XI, XIV, 12-15).
[301] Sen. 165: janaSia 1952b, 243-246; janaSia 1952, 71-74.
[302] Sen. 166: janaSia 1952b, 239, 242-246; janaSia 1952, 71-78. jer kidev d. baqraZem `qarTlis cxovrebis~ azons, berZnuli mwerlobis
gavlenis Sedegad, qarTvel mematianeTa mier miTvisebulad miiCnevda da aRniSnavda
mis msgavsebas argonavt iasonTan (baqraZe 1889, 78). g. meliqiSvilis varaudiT,
`qarTlis cxovrebis~ variantebSi forma `azonis~ arseboba cxadyofs, rom `moqcevaჲ qarTlisaჲs~ `azoSi~ argonavti `iasoni~ unda yofiliyo gaazrebuli (Меликишвили 1959,
277).
[303] Sen. 167: p. ingoroyvas
koniuqturiT: `...warmoiyvana [aTasi] saxli [mdabioჲ
uflisaჲ] da aTni saxlni mamamZuZeTani~. Esworebisas p. ingoroyva eyrdnoboda arsen
beris `ninos cxovrebis~ teqsts: `maSin azon [warvida] qarTlad arian mamisa Tჳsisa, da wamoiyvana muniT aTasi saxli
mdabi[oჲ]
uflisa[ჲ],
da kualad aTi saxli mTavarTagan, da yovliT deda-wuliT maTiT moiyvana da
daaSenna qarTls, da Tana hyves kerpni maTni RmerTad da ese azon pirvel[i] mefe
iyo qarTvelTa[ჲ]
(ingoroyva 1941, 269-270; Sdr. ZqalZ 1971, 80). /gv. 154/
[304] Sen. 168: wminda ninosadmi
miwerili sityvebiTac, kerpebi gaci da ga `RmrTad hqondes mamaTa TquenTa
arian-qarTliT~ (moqcevaჲ qarTlisaჲ, 335).
[305] Sen. 169: ix. ingoroyva 1941, 283. p. ingoroyvas varaudiT, arsen bers usargeblia IV s.
qarTveli istorikosis (warmoSobiT qarTveli ebraelis) abiaTaris dakarguli
naSromiT, `cxoreba da moqceva qarTlisa da moTxroba naTesavobisa, da Tu romelni
romelTa tomTani varT, anu viTar moviqeciT da miviReT sjuli qristeanobisa~; es,
misi azriT, arsen beris Txzulebis teqstisa da abiaTaris matianis zedwerilis
gamonaTqvamebis zusti damTxvevidan irkveva (ingoroyva 1941, 283-284).
[306] Sen. 170: leonti mrovelis
mixedviT, aleqsandre didma azons asi aTasi kaci dautova, romelnic romaelni
(hromni) an, ufro zustad, frotaToselni yofilan (leonti mroveli, I, 18, 20).
[307] leonti mroveli, I, 18.
[308] Sen. 171: meliqiSvili 1965, 17.
[309] Sen. 172: Меликишвили 1959,
278, прим. 197.
[310] leonti mroveli, I, 23.
[311] Sen. 173: g. mamulias varaudiT,
klarjeTi _ arian-qarTlis, anu oZrxis mefis Zis _ azos `samkvidrebels~
warmoadgenda da farnavazis mier jer klarjeTis samxreT-dasavleTiT mdebare
Woroxis xeobis sanaxebis (arian-qarTlis) dalaSqvra da Semdeg klarjeTis dapyroba,
am ukanasknelis miudgomlobiT unda aixsnas (mamulia 1979, 103, 112). klarjeTSi
arian-qarTlis lokalizebis TvalsazrisTan dakavSirebiT, yuradRebas ipyrobs
biZerTa mxaris mdinareebi daraanoni da arioni (Ps.-Scyl., 82) da maT maxloblad mdebare navsadguri kordula (Plin., NH, VI, 11; ix., agreTve, Anon., PPE, XLII, 39 da Cl.
Ptol., V, VI, 10).
[312] Cl.
Ptol., V, VI, 18.
[313] Sen. 174: Toumanoff 1963, 90n. 124.
[314] Sen. 175: Toumanoff 1963, 55n. 49, 88n.120, 89-90n.124.
[315] Sen. 176: Меликишвили 1959,
278-279, прим. 197; meliqiSvili 1965, 16; meliqiSvili 1970, 440. m. janaSvili
`arian-qarTlSi~ Suaaziur `arianas~ hgulisxmobda (janaSvili 1906, 52-53, 57-62;
Sdr. abulaZe 1973, 9, 401).
[316] Xen., Anab., V.
[317] Sen. 177:
Меликишвили
1959, 278, прим. 197; Tumca, xarsianis olqis adgilmdebareoba aq, iseve rogorc n.
adoncTan, SecdomiT aris gansazRvruli _ md. halisis (kizil-irmakis) marcxena napiriT (ix. Адонц 1908,
83); n.
adonci `xarsians~ qemisisa da zaras CrdiloeTiT, ifsalasTan (Tanamedrove dasaxlebuli punqti ifsile) aTavsebs da miuTiTebs, rom v.
tomaSeki mas koC-hisars da ifsilas Soris eZebda
(Адонц 1908, 83, прим.
2). es garemoeba cxadyofs, rom igulisxmeba teritoria md. kizil-irmakis marjvena napirze q.
sivasis Crdilo-aRmosavleTiT, kizil-irmalis, koCis, ToqaTisa da ieSil-irmakis SuamdinareTSi.
[318] Sen. 178: Otten 1973; ix. Mellink 1974, 108. /gv. 155/ vinaidan, calfaSi Zv.
w. III-II aTaswleulebis mijnaze Zvelasuruli savaWro kolonia arsebobda (ix. giorgaZe 1962, 21), naTeli xdeba, rom Zv.
w. III aTaswleulis dasasrulisaTvis asurelTa savaWro interesebis sferoSi SavizRvispireTic eqceoda.
[319] Sen. 179: Otten 1980, 486; Otten 1980a, 455; KBo 1916, 2, KBo 1955, passim, II31. amave dros,
aRsaniSnavia, rom sakuTriv qarTuli wyaroebis urTierTSejereba arian-qarTlis gansxvavebuli lokalizaciis varaudis SesaZleblobas iZleva (ix. qvemoT).
[320] Strabo,
XII, III, 37.
[321] Sen. 180: ix. Ломоури 1979,
18.
[322] Sen. 181: meliqiSvili 1965, 16.
[323] Sen. 182: meliqiSvili 1965, 16;
Меликишвили 1959,
48. g. mamulias mosazrebiT, iberTa mmarTvelad
dadgenil miTridateSi q. sardesis sparsuli garnizonis Tavi, Semdeg aleqsandre
makedonelis mier armeniis satrapad dadgenili, miTreni unda igulisxmebodes,
romelTanac arian-qarTlis mmarTvel saxls vasaluri urTierToba unda daemyarebina
da, amdenad, azo (azoni) aleqsandres mfarvelobaSi miTrenis `Svilobis~
saSualebiT Sevidoda (mamulia 1979, 104-107).
[324] Մովս. Խոր., II,
8, 11.
[325] Մովս. Խոր., II,
8.
[326] Sen. 183: meliqiSvili 1965, 16.
egeb, SesaZlebeli iyos `arianis~ dakavSireba egeidasa da pontospireTSi gavrcelebul
arg- Zirian terminebTan, miTumetes, rom g~i bgeraTmonacvleoba damaxasiaTebelia analogiuri toponimebisaTvis (ix. Kitchell
1983, 218). aRniSnuli SesaZleblobisa da azos
iasonTan dakavSirebis Sesaxeb gamoTqmuli varaudis gaTvaliswinebis Sedegad macdunebeli
xdeba termin `arianis~ daaxloeba pelasguri mxareebis aRmniSvnelad gamoyenebul
toponim `argosTan~, romelsac, amasTanave, homerosi zogjer mTel eladasac uwodebs
(Hom., Il., XII, 70; XIV, 70; Eust. ad Il., B. 738). ix. uruSaZe 1964, 138-139.
[327] Euseb.,
Praep. Evang., IX, 41, 1. Sen. 184: ix. meliqiSvili 1962, 231. libiidan da iberiidan nabuqodonosoris mier
xalxis pontos zRvis raionSi gadmosaxlebis ambis CamoyalibebisaTvis, g.
meliqiSvilis azriT, biZgi SeeZlo mieca herodotes cnobas, kolxebis egvipturi warmomavlobis
Sesaxeb (Her., II, 103-105) da evropeli da
kavkasieli iberebis saxelebis identurobas; xolo nabuqodonosors es ambebi imis
gamo miewereba, rom mas saxeli hqonda ganTqmuli dapyrobili xalxebis (kerZod,
ebraelebis) gadasaxlebiT (meliqiSvili 1962, 233). /gv. 156/
analogiuri cnoba, uSualod
abidenosisadmi miwerili, movses xorenacs auRia asureli istorikosis mir abas
katinas Txzulebidan (Մովս.
Խոր., II,
8-9).
[328] Sen. 185: ix. rcxilaZe 1971,
447-448.
[329] Sen. 186: Меликишвили 1959,
281. aRniSnuli cnobis gansxvavebuli
interpretaciis SesZleblobis Sesaxeb ix. Мусхелишвили 1978,
23-30.
[330] leonti mroveli, I, 15-16.
[331] Մովս. Խոր., I,
22. Sen. 187: abdalaZe 1984, 86-87.
[332] Const.
Porphyr., De adm. Imp., 45. Sen. 188: ingoroyva 1954, 81.
[333] Sen. 189: ix. Иосселиани
1846, 23-24; Хаханов 1903, 31,
прим. 149.
[334] Sen. 190: wereTeli 1979, 22.
[335] Sen. 191: ix. Иосселиани
1846, 25; St.-Martin 1847, 57-60;
Услар 1881;
Хаханов 1903, 22; javaxiSvili 1960, 431; meliqiSvili1965, 84; meliqiSvili 1970, 425. gamoTqmulia agreTve mosazreba saxelwodeba `iberiis~ warmomavlobis Sesaxeb, eTnonim `saspeჲrisagan~ (ix. qvemoT SeniSvna 479).
[336] Sen. 192: Меликишвили 1959,
313, 448-449.
[337]
Josephus, Antiq., I, 124-125.
[338] Sen. 193: ingoroyva 1954,
81-87. ix., agreTve, lorTqifaniZe 1966, 144-149.
[339] Const.
Porphyr., De adm. Imp., 45. Sen. 194: ix. ingoroyva 1954, 81, 83.
[340] moqcevaჲ
qarTlisaჲ~,
320.
[341] leonti mroveli, I, 15-16.
[342] leonti mroveli, I, 17.
[343] leonti mroveli, I, 17; moqcevaჲ qarTlisaჲ, 320.
[344] Sdr. leonti mroveli, I,
15-16.
[345] moqcevaჲ qarTlisaჲ, 321.
[346] Sen. 195: Меликишвили 1959,
56. amave dros sayuradReboa e. TayaiSvilis
mosazreba, rom `moqcevaჲ qarTlisaჲs~ dedanSi, qaldevelTagan `gamosxmuli~ `hurianni~
daqargmebuli unda yofiliyo rogorc `honni~ (TayaiSvili 1890, CI). l. janaSias es
mosazreba misaRebad miaCnia imis gamo, rom `honnebi~ qaldevelebTan, e. i.
babilonelebTan dakavSirebiT arian moxseniebulni (janaSia 1966, 137-138); ix.
iqve `cxovreba qarTvelTa mefeTas~ teqstis damokidebulebis Sesaxeb `moqcevaჲ qarTlisaჲze~ (janaSia 1966,
131-143).
[347] Agath.,
153.
[348] Ագաթ.,
120/842.
[349] Sen. 196: Peeters 1932, 21-23.
[350] Sen. 197: ix. Toumanoff 1963, 459-460n.98; Меликсет-Бек 1957,
709-713.
[351] Sen. 198: Орбели 1963,
509-510. /gv. 157/
[352] Sen. 199: ix. matiane qarTlisa,
285: `warvida da daizamTra queyanasa xaldisasa, maxlobelad qalaqsa
trapizonTasa; sumbat daviTis-Ze, 383: `da warvida da daizamTra xaldiasa,
qalaqsa trapizonTasa~.
[353] Sen. 200: ix. ingoroyva 1954,
285.
[354] Մովս. Խոր., II,
76.
[355]
[356] Cl.
Ptol., V, VIII, 25.
[357] Sen. 201: Эмин 1861,
126. mogvyavs T. papuaSvilis TargmaniT, ix.
papuaSvili 1982, 39-40. bolo nawilis sityva-sityviTi Targmania: `gardmanis
iSvanma mouyvana maT qorepiskoposi qarTuli enisaTvis~ (papuaSvili 1982, 47).
[358] Sen. 202: Марр 1916, 1397-1398;
Какабадзе 1928,
111. gansxvavebuli Sexeduleba ix. Allen
1964, 172.
[359] Sen. 203: gvasalia 1970,
753.
[360] Sen. 204: papuaSvili 1982, 43,
46.
[361] Sen. 205: janaSia 1937,
199; papuaSvili 1982, 45.
[362] Sen. 206: ix. Волкова 1973,
126-127.
[363] Sen. 207: xornauli 1983,
211-215; ramiSvili 1980, 132-133, 138-143; ramiSvili 1973, 184-187.
[364] Sen. 208: ramiSvili 1973, 185.
r. ramiSvili, Tu erTi mxriv, dasavlurqarTuli tomebis gamoCenas centraluri
kavkasionis CrdiloeT ferdobze kolxur-yobanuri kulturis matarebeli mosaxleobis
gavrcelebis xsnis (ramiSvili 1973, 186; ramiSvili 1980, 140-143), amave dros,
aRmosavleT saqarTveloSi dasavlurqarTuli mosaxleobis yvelaze gviandeli nakadis
SemoRwevas _ gvianantikuri da adreqristianuli xaniT aTariRebs
(ramiSvili 1980, 133; ramiSvili
1973, 185), sayuradReboa iv. javaxiSvilis mier SeniSnuli is garemoeba, rom
xevsureTsa da garekaxeTSi dadasturebuli nadirTmfarveli RvTaebis
oCopinte/oCopintres saxelwodeba Sedgeba megruli `oCisa~ (vaci) da berZnuli πάων-isagan (pani _ Zveli
mniSvnelobiT _ mwyemsi) (javaxiSvili 1960a, 84-88. ix., agreTve, kakabaZe 1928, 138).
[365] Sen. 209: ix. Абаев 1949,
323-330; /gv. 158/ Абаев 1970; Абаев 1978,
45-51.
[366] Sen. 210: ix. Услар 1889,
22; javaxiSvili 1950, 51; javaxiSvili 1960, 402; papuaSvili
1982, 67; wereTeli 1954, 114-118.
[367] Sen. 211: Цагаева 1971,
120.
[368] Sen. 212: papuaSvili 1982, 68.
[369] Sen. 213: papuaSvili 1982, 67-68.
[370] Sen. 214: miqelaZe 1974, 25-32.
[371] Sen. 215: Еремян 1967,
54; ix., agreTve, Тревер 1959,
193-194.
[372] Sen. 216: Еремян 1967,
53-54.
[373] Anon.,
PPE, XLII, 9.
[374] Tac.,
An., II, 68. Sen. 217: Еремян 1967,
49, 52-54, 58.s. eremianis dakvirvebiT, msgavsi
JReradobis toponimebi dasturdebian aRmosavleT saqarTvelosa da mis mimdebare teritoriebzec; kerZod, igi miuTiTebs daviTisa daTamaris istorikosebis mier moxseniebul
`Ranuჴze~
(es termini Semdgom
[375] Amm.
Marc., XXII, 23-24.
[376] Dion.
Per., 695-706. Sen. 218: sayuradReboa, rom maxelonebis saxelwodebas uaxlovdeba dionisios
periegetis teqstis sxva variantebSi `kamaritebis~ nacvlad dadasturebuli forma
`makaritebi~ (ix. yauxCiSvili 1976,
91-92, Sen. 1). amave dros, amianus marcelinusTan moxseniebuli kamaritebi,
rogorc iTqva, palefatis cnobis `xarimatebTan~ (Steph. Byz., s. v.
Χαριμάται) unda yofiliyvnen
dakavSirebuli (ix. qavTaraZe 1985, 24). msgavsi varaudis daSvebisa da
kamaritebis binadrobis adgilis maxloblad avilionis gamoqvabulisa da mdinare
kalaxoris mdebareobis gaTvaliswinebiT, romelTa adgilsamyofelic, apolonios
rodoselisada pliniusis monacemebze dayrdnobiT (Apoll. Rhod., II,
9, 12;
[377]
[378] Sen. 219: janaSia 1952b,
242.
[379] Tac.,
An., VI, 33-34.
[380] Iust.,
XLII, 3-4.
[381]
Violarum 478b. Sen. 220: ix. uruSaZe 1964, 124.
aRsaniSnavia, rom solinusis (ax. w. III s.) cnobiT, zRvis [sic]
sanapiroze mosaxle (Albani) Tavis Tavs
Tesalieli iasonis STamomavlebad Tvlian (ix. uruSaZe 1964, 104, 124).
[382] Sen. 221: Джавахишвили 1950,
251; javaxiSvili 1950, 58.
[383] Sen. 222: Джавахишвили 1950,
250-251.
[384] Plin., NH,
VI, 29.
[385] Tab. Peut.,
XI, 5.
[386] Anon.
Rav., II, 12.
[387] Cl.
Ptol., V, X, 2.
[388] Agath.,
169.
[389] Sen. 223: ix. papuaSvili 1963,
46-50; papuaSvili 1970, 72.
[390] Sen. 224: papuaSvili 1963, 46;
papuaSvili 1970, 72-73.
[391] leonti mroveli, I, 85.
[392] Sen. 225: papuaSvili 1963,
49-50; papuaSvili 1970, 76, 82-83.
[393] Sen. 226: ix. Еремян 1939,
148-149.
[394] Euseb.,
Praep. Evang., IX, 41, 1.
[395] Her.,
II, 103-105.
[396] Sen. 227: ix. zemoT ( =
qavTaraZe 1985), SeniSvna 184.
[397] Sen. 228: SesaZloa, swored
samxreTi da aRmosavleTi SavizRvispireTis eTno- toponimebis damTxveva Tu
msgavseba afrikisaTvis damaxasiaTebel saxelwodebebTan daedo, ZiriTadad,
safuZvlad antikur xanaSi gavrcelebul warmodgenas kolxTa da egviptelTa
naTesaobaze (herodotes garda ix. Apoll. Rhod., IV, 272-280; Diod., I, 55;
[398] Pal.,
Tr., VII, 2.
[399] Pollux,
II, 43.
[400]
Ps.-Scyl., 85.
[401] ix. Steph. Byz., s. v. Λιβυστῖνοι.
[402] Steph.
Byz., s. v. Κύτα.
[403] Hom.,
Il., II, 856-857.
[404] Sen. 229: uruSaZe 1964, 127,
500, Sen. 1.
[405]
[406] Liber
Generations, 25, 35.
[407] Apoll.
Rhod., II, 392.
[408] Amm.
Marc., XXII, 23.
[409] Sen. 231: s. janaSia
SeniSnavda, rom herakles msgavsad, pompous trogusis `filipikur istoriebSi~ naxsenebi
`aRmosavleTis mefe liberic~, kolxeTis mezobeli mxareebis mpyrobeli Cans
(janaSia 1952b, 239). xom ar aris mefe liberis
saxelwodeba xeTuri samefo titulis _ labarnas reminiscenciisa da romauli
nayofierebis RvTaebis _ liberis saxelwodebasTan kontaminaciis Sedegad
Camoyalibebuli? /gv. 160/
[410] Hom.,
Il., II, 857.
[411] Strabo,
XII, III, 19-20.
[412] Strabo,
XII, III, 20, 21-23.
[413] Sen. 232: ix. uruSaZe 1964, 124.
[414] Sen. 233: ix. Гиоргадзе 1961,
203; Камменхубер 1980,
89; Schuler 1965, 105. Tumca, am eTnonimSi
Tavkidura ḫa-s fuZeul xasiaTze SeiZleba migvaniSnebdes centraluri anatoliis
CrdiloeTiT, q. neriqis maxloblad mdebare sakulto mTis xaxarvas saxelwodeba (ix. Garstang & Gurney 1959, 7, 20n. 4; 22, 117), romelic, rogorc fiqroben, kizil-irmakisa da devrezis SeerTebis adgilas
mdebare adadaRis mTas unda warmoadgendes (ix. Dinçol & Yakar 1974, 578, maps 1, 3).
[415] Sen. 234: ix. Schuler
1965, 105; Камменхубер 1980,
40, 45.
[416] Sen. 235: ix. zemoT (= qavTaraZe
1985), SeniSvna 178.
[417] Sen. 236: ix. miqelaZe 1974,
78-79, 120-121; Адонц 1908,
59; Прим. ред. – Латышев 1949, № 1, 273, прим. 8.
[418] Arr.,
PPE, 14.
[419] Sen. 237: Дьяконов 1981,
61-62.
[420] Sen. 238: kekeliZe 1957, 294,
301, 325.
[421]
Lycophr., Alex., 1312.
[422] Sen. 239: Каухчишвили 1980,
102-104; Каухчишвили 1979,
116.
[423] Tzetzae
ad Lycophr., Alex., 1312.
[424] Steph.
Byz., s. v. Κύτα.
[425] Eust.
ad Dion. Per., 76.
[426] Schol.
ad Lycophr., Alex., 1312, 1356. Sen. 240: Каухчишвили 1980,
102.
[427] Sen. 241: ix. Нойман 1980,
331. gamoTqmulia mosazreba, rom qveynis
saxelwodeba `luka~ winaluviuri, araindoevropuli, warmoSobisaa (Нойман 1980,
331). egeidasa da mcire aziaSi farTod
gavrcelebul analogiurZiriani toponimebis Sesaxeb ix. Гиндин 1967, 99-108.
[428] Sen. 242: ix. Schuler 1965, 101.
[429] Ael. Her., I,
28.
[430] Sen. 243:
Kretschmer 1934, 152ff.n. 2; ix. Lehmann-Haupt
1937, 70-71.
[431] Sen. 244: ix. Прим.
ред. –
Латышев 1947, № 4, 268, прим. 6;
Прим. ред. –
Латышев 1948, № 3, 322, прим. 6. j.
maqqvinis azriT, berZnebma levkosirebs TeTri sirielebis saxeli uwodes, vinaidan isini imave ieroglifur-luviur enaze metyvelebdnen, romelzedac siriis axalxeTuri saxelmwifoebis mosaxleoba (Macqueen 1975, 60). /gv. 161/ Tumca, arc is aris gamoricxuli, rom `ligistikur kჳტაჲაSi~, md. Woroxis auzSi mdebare punqti ivaraudebodes; rogorc viciT,
Woroxis (fasisis, afsarosis) erT-erT Senakads likosi ewodeboda (Apoll. Rhod., IV, 131; Cl. Ptol., V, VI, 6).
[432] Tzetzae
ad Lycophr., Alex., 887.
[433] Steph.
Byz., s. v. Χαλδαϊοι.
[434] Her.,
VII, 72.
[435] Apoll. Rhod.,
II, 999.
[436] Pomp.
Mela, I, 19, 105; Plin., NH, VI, 9-10.
[437] Hom.,
Il., II, 647; Strabo, X, IV, 14.
[438] Apoll. Rhod.,
II, 139, 752, 759 da sxv.
[439] Apoll.
Rhod., II, 724.
[440] Strabo,
XI, XIV, 7; XII, III, 15.
[441] Isig. Nic.,
LXV, 1.
[442] Porph., IV,
21.
[443] Euseb.,
Praep. Evang., I, 47.
[444] Theod.,
HTP, IX, 1045.
[445] Strabo,
II, V, 31; VI, IV, 3; XI, XIV, 1; XII, III, 1; Ps.-Orph., 741.
[446] Sen. 245: pontoSi mosaxle
tomebis qarTveluri kuTvnilebis sakiTxi safuZvlianad aris Seswavlili samecniero
literaturaSi, ix., mag., meliqiSvili 1961, 87-119; miqelaZe 1967, 86-109;
miqelaZe 1974, 114-149.
[447] Xen., Anab.,
V, V, 8-10.
[448] Xen., Anab.,
V, VI, 25.
[449] Ezek.,
27:10-15, 30:5; Isa., 66:18-27; Jer., 25:24, 46:9.
[450] Sen. 246: Дьяконов 1981, 61-62. dionisios periegetis gansazRvrebiT, pontoeli tomebi ewodebaT samxreT
SavizRvispireTSi kolxebidan da fasisidan Trakiis srutemde da qalkidis miwebamde
mcxovreblebs (Dion. Per., 762-764). es cneba
SedarebiT ufro dakonkretebuli, rogorc Cans, strabons hqonda (Strabo, XI,
VIII, 4).
[451] Xen., Anab.,
V, VI, 25; V, VII, 15.
[452] Hec.,
fr. 193.
[453] Sen. 247: ix. gamyreliZe/yauxCiSvili
1961, 26, Sen. 2.
[454] Sen. 248: janaSia 1937,
229-232.
[455] Sen. 249: javaxiSvili 1960,
402-404.
[456] Sen. 250: ix. yauxCiSvili 1983,
53.
[457] Cl.
Ptol., V, XII, 9.
[458] Steph.
Byz., s. v. Ώτηνή.
[459] Cl.
Ptol., V, XII, 9.
[460] Steph.
Byz., s. v. Ωβαρηνοί.
[461] Sen. 251: ix. Прим.
ред. –
Латышев 1947, № 3, 274, прим. 1. sagulisxmoa, rom `warmomavlobis wignSi~ moxseniebul `libranebs~ (Liber Generations, 25), amave Txzulebis sxva adgilas, imave konteqstSi, `birranebi~ enacvleba (Liber Generations, 35). CamoTvlil tomTa TanmimdevrobaSi erTaderTi gansxvavebaa isaa,
rom bosforanebsa da sanebs adgili aqvT Secvlili; es imiT aris ganpirobebuli, rom tomTa CamoTvlis Semdeg, meore SemTxvevaSi, sanebis SedarebiT vrceli daxasiaTeba aris mocemuli. xaTur-qasqur samyaroSi a- prefiqsis arsebobis Sesaxeb, ix. zemoT (= qavTaraZe 1985), SeniSvna 233.
[462]
Hippol., Liber Generations, 232.
[463] Eust.
ad Dion. Per., 730.
[464] Strabo,
XI, IX, 1; Eust. ad Dion. Per., 730.
[465]
Ps.-Scyl., 74; Dion. Per., 682.
[466] Prisc.,
Per., 660; Eust. ad Dion. Per., 683.
[467] Sen. 252: Tumca, mdinaris saxelwodeba _ Tergi, centraluri kavkasionis
regionSi gavrcelebul sxva analogiurZiriani hidronimebisagan _ aragvi, arRuni,
swored Tavkidura T-s arsebobiT gamoirCeva (Sdr. St.-Martin 1847,
103-104). yuradRebas ipyrobs agreTve, Tavkidura
d-s dakargvis SesaZlebloba qveynis saxelwodeba `daiaeneSi~ Tu ki igi `aiasTan~
aris dakavSirebuli (ix. miqelaZe 1974, 167) da pliniusTan dvalebis `valebad~
moxseniebis faqti (
[468] Sen. 253: Migne XVIII, 753; ix.
gamyreliZe/yauxCiSvili 1961, 35, Sen. 1.
[469] Sen. 254: Sdr. javaxiSvili 1960, 410; janaSia 1937,
208. es garemoeba, SesaZloa, mosxTa qarTveluri kuTvnilebis samtkicebel erT-erT
sabuTad gamodges. /gv. 162/
[470] Sen. 255: javaxiSvili 1960a,
133-137. Tavkidura dentalis meryeobis TvalsazrisiT,
egeb, yuradRebas ipyrobdes mcxeTis RvTaebebis aჲninas da daninas saxelebi (moqcevaჲ
qarTlisaჲ, 320; aininas da danana _ leonti mroveli, I, 27).
[471]
Josephus, Antiq., I, 124-125.
[472] Mous.,
I:10, 2Smd.
[473] Sen. 256: ix. Lenormann
1880, 448-451; Иосселиани 1846,
2-6; Хаханов 1903,
1-3; javaxiSvili 1960, 402-403; Сванидзе 1937,
94-97; janaSia 1937, 237-241; meliqiSvili 1961,
103; Toumanoff 1963, 51-57. SavizRvispireTis
metalurgi tomebis SesaZlo kavSirze `TubalTan~ da `meSexTan~ is garemoebac unda
miuTiTebdes, rom es ukanasknelni spilenZis WurWliT movaWreebad arian
daxasiaTebulni (Ezek., 27: 13),
xolo `Tubal-kaini~ spilenZisa da rkinis nivTebis mwarmoeblad (Gen.,
41 22).
[474] Hec.,
fr. 193.
[475] Pomp.
Mela, I, 19, 106.
[476] Pomp.
Mela, I, 2, 13.
[477] Euseb.,
Preaep. Evang., I, VI, 181.
[478]
[479] Sen. 258: Меликишвили 1959,
76; miqelaZe 1974, 131. k. Tumanovis
mixedviT, qristianobis miRebis Semdeg da `SesaqmeTa wignis~ gavleniT,
dev-gmirad qceuli qarTvelTa RvTaeba _ qarTlosi, somexTa eponimis mibaZviT,
genealogiurad daukavSirda `SesaqmeTa wignis~ tabula popularom-s da gadaiqca Togormis Zed (igulisxmeba `qarTlis cxovrebis~ Targamosi,
ix. leonti mroveli, I, 3-5); k. Tumanovis sityviT, es iRbliani mixvedra iyo,
vinaidan qalaqi Til-garimu mdebareobda TabalSi, saidanac iyvnen
tibarebi-iberebi warmoSobiT (Toumanoff 1963, 88n. 120; Sdr. Kekelidze 1964, 91-92).
[480] Proc.,
De aed., III, 6.
[481] Sen. 259: xazaraZe 1978, 83-84.
aRsaniSnavia, rom pliniuss kaenarebis tomi (gentes Caenarum) xalibebis mezoblad hyavs moxseniebuli (
[482] Sen. 260: xazaraZe 1978, 67-70,
77-82.
[483] Sen. 261: Дьяконов 1981,
58-59. i. diakonovi somexi xalxis warmoSobis
mxared Tvlis zemo evfratis orive napirs, iq, sadac /gv. 163/ Zv. w. XII-IX ss.
`aRmosavleli muSqebi~ Canan; xaTe anu melid-kamanu, arme, iSua, cupa, suxma,
misi azriT, im xanebSi ukve somxurenovani olqebia, Tumca, rogorc missive
sityvebidan Cans, Zv. w. VI saukunemde SegviZlia mxolod vivaraudoT somxuri
mosaxleobis arseboba aRniSnul mxareebSi (Дьяконов 1981,
58-59).
[484] Sen. 262: meliqiSvili 1961,
119; meliqiSvili 1965, 23.
[485] Sen. 263: ix. Дьяконов
1961, 360, 367; Дьяконов 1968,
236-237, 241-242; Дьяконов
1981, 55, 58.
[486] ix. Մովս.
Խոր., I, 5, 10, 12. Sen. 264:
Дьяконов 1968, 135, 233,
235-236; Дьяконов 1981, 59. aRsaniSnavia, rom cnoba armenielTa Togormasagan warmomavlobis Sesaxeb daculia 334 wlis qronikaSi (Liber Generations), ix. gamyreliZe/yauxCiSvili 1961, 12.
[487] Ez.,
38:2.
[488] Sen. 265: ix.
Toumanoff 1963, 55n. 49; Дьяконов 1981,
50.
[489] Sen. 266: ix. Марр
1911-1919; Капанцян 1975,
342-379; Абаев 1970; Абаев 1978,
45-51; Климов 1979,
103. herodotes cnobiT, armeniaSi, romelic kilikielebsa
da matienebs Soris mdebareobda, saTaves iReben mdinareebi halisi, evfrati da
tigrosi (Her., I, 72, 180, 194; V, 49, 52).
rogorc Cans, halisisa da CrdiloeT evfratis saTaveebis mxareSi, Tu maT maxloblad,
aris saZebari somxuri enis zanuri substratis sacxovrisi. aRsaniSnavia, rom
qsenofontis `kiropediis~ Tanaxmad, dasavleT armeniaSi mosaxle armenielebis
mezoblad cxovrobdnen xaldebi (Xen., Cyrop., III, 1-3), romelTagan unda hqonodaT warTmeuli nayofieri miwebi armenielebs (Sdr. Lehmann-Haupt
1937, 58). g. meliqiSvilis azriT, Zv. w. VII
saukuneSi dasavlurqarTuli (megrul-Wanuri) tomebis gaerTianebas _ xalitus, md.
[490] Sen. 267: ix.
Капанцян 1947, 9-18, 39;
Меликишвили
1954, 85; Георгиев 1960, 39;
Дьяконов 1968, 236-237,
прим. 119;
Дьяконов 1981, 55. imave l da i bgerebis monacvleoba, SesaZloa xalibebis saxelwodebis `xaiasas qveynis~ saxelwodebasTan dakavSirebis saSualebas iZleodes; aRsaniSnavia, rom termin `xaiasas~, zogierTi mecnieri, `argonavtebis miTis~ kolxeTis aRmniSvnel _ `aias~ prototipad miiCnevs (ix. Hüsing 1933, 51; Allen 1960). /gv. 164/ gamoTqmulia mosazreba, rom xeTur wyaroebSi xaiasas sinonimad gamoyenebuli Azzi-s (Garstang & Gurney 1959, 36) saxelwodeba Semonaxulia md. kara-sus
(CrdiloeTi evfrati) zemo welze dadasturebul samxur toponimebSi: erezi, erzurumi, erzinka, arwni (Safrastian 1937, 276). Tumca, gr.
Rafancianis azriT, somxur toponimebSi dadasturebuli Ariza || Eriza, SesaZloa ukavSirdebodes `TavSesafaris~ mniSvnelobis mqone megrul sityvas `orenji~ (Капанцян 1947, 44,
прим. 1). rac Seexeba qveynis saxelwodebas _ xaiasa-azi,
gr. Rafancianis azriT, misi Semadgeneli tomebis personificirebul saxelebs warmoadgenen somxuri da qarTuli tradiciebis haჲqi da azo (Капанцян 1975,
342-343).
sakuTriv termin `haჲqis~
warmomavlobis sakiTxi dakavSirebuli Cans aRmosavleT anatoliaSi armenielebis mosvlis TariRTan; Tu es,
i. diakonovis azriT, unda momxdariyo Zv. w.
XII s. (Дьяконов
1981, 52Smd.), k. Tumanovis SexedulebiT, frigielebi _ armenielebis indo-evropeli winaprebi, midiis gaZlierebamde da kimerielTa Semosevebamde unda gamoCeniliyvnen armeniis zeganze (Toumanoff 1963, 54n. 49).
[491] Sen. 268: meliqiSvili 1961, 109.
[492] Sen. 269: Otten 1972, 59. Sdr., agreTve, toponimi Ḫalenzuwa || Ḫatenzuwa (Schuler
1965, 101)
[493] Euseb.,
Praep. Evang., I, VI, 18.
[494] Sen. 270: fiqroben, rom termin
`xalibSi~ mocemuli ib- sufiqsi Seesabameba
eTnonim `xaldis~ d- sufiqss (Адонц 1908,
58; Марр 1922,
41; Меликишвили 1959,
71). xalibebisa da xaldebis igiveobas jer kidev
straboni aRniSnavda (Strabo, XII, III, 19-20).
[495] Sen. 271: Sdr. Иессен
1935, 199; Иванов 1977, 27-28,
прим. 76; Иванов
1980, 134; Камменхубер
1980, 32; Frisk
1970, 1071.
[496] Sen. 272: Адонц
1908, 59; kekeliZe 1968, 265.
[497] Sen. 273:
Иванов 1977, 28,
прим. 76; Иванов
1980, 134-135; Sdr.
Камменхубер
1980, 32. antikur samyaroSi farTod gavrcelebuli Sexedulebis Tanaxmad, xalibebi ewodeba xalxebs, romelTa wiaRSic rkina ibadeba (Serv.
in Verg. Aen., VIII, 421, 466).
[498] Sen. 274:
Иванов 1977, 28,
прим. 76; Иванов
1980, 134;
Откупщиков 1980,
69. aRsaniSnavia, agreTve, rom kolxebs qasqebTanac aigiveben (ix.
javaxiSvili 1960, 405; Toumanoff 1963, 60n. 58).
[499] Xen., Anab., V, V, 1.
[500] Xen., Anab., VII, VIII, 25.
[501] Sen. 275: ix.
Максимова
1951, 286, прим. 33; /gv. 165/ miqelaZe 1967a, 128, 145; yauxCiSvili 1976, 58.
[502] Xen., Anab., IV, VI, 4-5; IV, VII, 15-18.
[503] Xen., Anab.,
V, V, 1-3 Xen., Anab., V, V, 1..
[504]
[505] Hom.,
Il., II, 853.
[506]
Lycophr., Alex., 1312.
[507] Sen. 276: yauxCiSvili 1976, 59. Sdr. Κυταίδος (Apoll. Rhod., II, 399). pliniusi ixseniebs
agreTve frigiul qalaqs _ kotaions da md. parTeniosis maxloblad mdebare mTa
kitoruss (
[508] Hom.,
Od., XI, 521.
[509] Strabo,
XIII, I, 69-70; XIII, III, 2; Sdr. XIV, V,
23.
[510] Sen. 277: ix. gamyreliZe/yauxCiSvili 1961, 13. amave TxzulebaSi kiTiebi (Cithii/Cythii/Kith) romaelebisa Tu laTinebis winaprebad arian miCneulni
(gamyreliZe/yauxCiSvili 1961, 12).
xom ar exmianeba es cnoba herodotes Sexedulebas etruskebis (tirsenebis) mcire
aziidan (lidiidan) gadasaxlebis Sesaxeb (Her., I, 94). aRsaniSnavia, rom homerosis mier naxseneb `keteჲebs~ (Hom., Od., XI,
521) _ misiaSi mcxovreb tomsa Tu sulac
misielTa metsaxels _ xeTebis saxelwodebasTan akavSireben (Gladston
1876, 169; Andreus 1955, 18). sagulisxmoa
klavdios ptolemaiosis cnobac, rom ketisi (Κητις)
[511] Sen. 278: ix. Garstang & Gurney 1959, 32, 50.
[512] Sen. 279: ix. Дьяконов 1968,
193, прим. 11; Дьяконов 1981,
52.
[513]
[514] Sen. 280: SavizRvispireTSi libiis arsebobis SesaZleblobis TvalsazrisiT,
yuradRebas ipyroben is Zveli berZnuli Tqmulebebi, romlebic libiisa da kavkasiis
siaxloveze miuTiTeben. mag., apolodores mixedviT, arabeTidan libiaSi Casuli
herakle naviT sapirispiro napirze _ kavkasiaSi gadadis (Apollod.,
II, 5, 11), xolo esqiles cnobiT, herakle
kavkasiidan ligiaSi midis (Aesch., Prom. Vinct., 199); straboni am ligias ligurebis qveyanasTan aigivebs (Strabo,
IV, I, 7), magram, gasaTvaliswinebelia Zvel
wyaroebSi `libistikesa~ da `ligistikes~ aRrevis SemTxvevebi (ix. zemoT,
qavTaraZe 1985, 52-56). `libiasa~ da kavkasiis siaxlovis Sesaxeb arsebuli
warmodgenis anarekli SesaZloa Candes `argonavtebis miTSic~, rodesac samSobloSi
ukan dabrunebisas, argonavtebi jer libiaSi aRmoCndebian; Tumca, apolonios
rodoseli am garemoebas Zlieri qaris mier xomaldis gatacebiT xsnis (Apoll.
Rhod., IV, 1225-1314). sayuradReboa, isic, rom
apolodores mixedviT, kavkasia md. Termodontsa da kolxebis miwaze mimdinare
fasiss Soris mdebareobda (Apollod., I, 9, 23),
anu aRmosavleT pontos mTebis adgilas.
[515] Sen.
281: Sommer & Falkenstein 1938, 20ff.; Starke 1983, 405. ix., agreTve, zemoT, qavTaraZe 1985, SeniSvna 269.
[516] Sen.
282: ix. Heubeck 1957, 149-153; Packard 1974, 116; Откупщиков 1980, 68; Марр 1908, 7-9; Орбели 1963a, 489.
[517] Sen.
283: ix. Garstang & Gurney 1959, 22-25, 50, 101; Güterbock 1961,
95-96. aRsaniSnavia, rom qasquri xanis
Crdilomcireaziuri toponimebisaTvis damaxasiaTebelia a~e(i) xmovanTa monacvleoba (Schuler 1965, 101; ix.,
agreTve, zemoT ( = qavTaraZe 1985), SeniSvna 64).
[518] Apoll.
Rhod., II, 999.
[519] Pomp.
Mela, I, 19, 105;
[520] Sen. 284(gv. 167): ix., mag., qarTuli enciklopedia: miqelaZe 1978, 639;
meliqiSvili 1983, 376-377; meliqiSvili 1984, 134; meliqiSvili 1984a, 146. agreTve, meliqiSvili 1970a, 400; meliqiSvili 1961; Меликишвили 1959; miqelaZe 1967; miqelaZe 1974; miqelaZe 1955, 23-25.
[521] Xen., Anab.,
IV, VIII; V, II.
[522] Arr.,
PPE, 11.
[523] Strabo,
XI, XIV, 1, 4.
[524] Xen.,
Anab., IV, VIII, 22; V, III, 2; trapezuntis mimarT
amas diodore sicilielic SeniSnavs _ Diod., XIV, 31.
[525] Xen., Anab.,
V, VI, 26.
[526] Xen., Anab.,
V, IV, 1-2.
[527] Xen., Anab.,
V, V, 1-3
[528] Xen., Anab.,
V, V, 3.
[529] Anon.,
PPE, XLI, 33-35.
[530] Hec.,
fr. 193; Ps.-Scyl., 87.
[531]
Ps.-Scyl., 88; Apoll. Rhod., II, 374-378; Dion. Per., 767-772; Pomp. Mela, I,
19, 105-106;
[532] Xen.,
Anab., IV, VI, 4-5; IV, VII, 15-18.
[533] Sen. 285: xalitus
adgilmdebareoba daaxloebiT ganisazRvreba mdinareebis dasavleT evfratis
(kara-su), elmalisa da arezis zemo dinebebs Soris (ix. Атлас
1961, карта:
Государство
Урарту и
сопределеные
страны в VIII-VII вв. до н. э.).
[534] Hom.,
Il., II, 856-857. Sen. 286: meliqiSvili 1961, 99-101.
[535] Strabo, XI,
XIV, 5.
[536] Strabo, XII,
III, 19-20.
[537] Xen., Anab.,
V, V, 17.
[538] Xen., Anab.,
VII, VIII, 25
[539] Hec., fr.
195.
[540] Hec., fr.
196.
[541] Ps.-Scyl.,
88.
[542] Sen. 287: Максимова 1956, 28-29. m. maqsimovas azriT, gansxvaveba xalibTa dajgufebebs Soris jer kidev stefane
bizantionels unda SeeniSna (Максимова 1956, 29).
[543] Pomp.
Mela, I, 19, 105. Sen. 288: gamyreliZe 1965, 29.
[544] Sen. 289: ix. Хазарадзе 1973а, 203-204.
[545] Her.,
I, 6, 72; Sdr. Strabo, XIII,
III, 9.
[546] Her.,
II, 104.
[547] Her.,
III, 90.
[548] Sen. 290: ix. Стратановский 1972,
516. sirielTa lokalizaciis TvalsazrisiT
gasaTvaliswinebelia herodotes kidev erTi cnoba, romlis Tanaxmadac,
paflagonielTa msgavsad aRWurvili sirielebi mariandinebTan da ligiebTan erTad
yofilan gaerTianebuli aqemenidTa laSqarSi (Her., VII, 72). aRsaniSnavia, rom pliniusis cnobiT md. rebassa da md. sangariuss
Soris moedineboda sirosi (
[549] Marc.,
Epit., 9; Anon., PPE, XLI, 20.
[550] Strabo,
XII, III, 14.
[551] Eust.
ad Hom., Il., B 52. Sen. 291: cм. Максимова 1956,
55.
[552] Her., I,
72, V. 49, VII, 72; Sdr. Strabo, XII, III,
5;
[553]
Josephus, Antiq., I, 125.
[554] Sen. 292: Дьяконов 1981,
56-57, прим. 104; Sdr. Toumanoff 1963, 56-57.
[555] Sen. 293: Дьяконов 1981,
57, прим. 106.
[556] Sen. 294:
Дьяконов 1981, 57,
прим. 106; Дьяконов
1980, 362-363.
[557] Sen. 295:
Дьяконов 1968, 223,
прим. 87;
Дьяконов 1981, 58;
Георгиев 1960, 38.
[558] Sen. 296:
Дьяконов 1981, 58. terminebis Μοσχοι da Muški-s identurobas i.
diakonovi adre uaryofda, vinaidan am saxelwodebebSi asaxuli x da k daboloebebis Sesatyvisoba sadavod miaCnda (Дьяконов
1968, 223-224). aRniSnuli eTnonimis qarTuli, berZnuli, asuruli da ebrauli formebis Sesatyvisobis Sesaxeb ix, wereTeli 1954, 111-118; miqelaZe 1976, 113-116; Меликишвили
1959, 105, прим. 231;
Хаханов 1903, 2-3.
[559] Sen. 297: ix. Марр 1938, 44-52; javaxiSvili 1960, 401-402; (gv.168:) miqelaZe 1976, 114-115; Tofuria 1970, 118-122.
[560] Sen. 298: ix. SeniSvna 210, ix., agreTve, Schwarz 1894; Дирр 1909, 4.
[561] Sen. 299: Дьяконов 1968, 299.
[562] Sen. 300: Дьяконов 1981, 58.
[563] Hec., fr.
188.
[564] Sen. 301: ix. miqelaZe 1974,
9-75; miqelaZe 1976, 17-119; Tofuria 1968, 167-171; Tofuria 1970, 118-122.
[565] Sen. 302: Дьяконов 1981,
58.
[566] Strabo,
XI, XIV, 5.
[567] Xen., Cyrop.,
III, 1-3; Anab., IV, VI, 45; IV, VII, 15-18; VII, VIII, 25.
[568] Her.,
I, 28.
[569] Sen. 303: Дьяконов 1981,
58; Дьяконов 1968,
218.
[570] Xen.,
Cyrop., III, 1-3; Anab., IV, VI, 4-5; IV, VII, 15-18; VII, VIII, 25; Strabo,
XI, XIV, 15.
[571] Xen., Anab.,
IV, VI.
[572] Plin., NH,
VI, 29.
[573] Strabo, XI,
II, 18.
[574] Plin., NH,
VI, 29.
[575] Sen.
304: ix. musxeliSvili 1977, 75.
[576] Strabo, XI,
II, 18.
[577] Plin., NH,
VI, 13.
[578] Plin., NH,
VI, 29.
[579] Sen. 305: ix. ingoroyva 1954, 467; Меликишвили 1959, 104. iv. javaxiSvili pliniusis region Thasie et Thriarie-s TezTan da TrialeTTan aigivebda (javaxiSvili 1960, 431). safiqrebelia,
xom ar igulisxmeba pliniusiseul kolxur udabnoSi koli?
[580] Plin., NH,
VI, 29. Sen. 306: sakasene (SakaSene) gogarenes
aRmosavleTiT mdebareobda (ix. meliqiSvili 1955, 94; Тревер 1959, 49,
52). es saxeli am mxares sakebis (skviTebis) aq
dafuZnebis Semdeg SerCenia (Strabo, XI, VIII, 4).
[581] Strabo,
XI, II, 18.
[582] Plin.,
NH, VI, 29.
[583] Hec.,
fr. 196.
[584] Hec.,
fr. 188.
[585] Sen. 307: cм. Меликишвили
1950;
Меликишвили
1960; Дьяконов 1951a, 111-112.
[586] Sen. 308: Дьяконов
1981, 58.
[587] Strabo,
XI, II, 14.
[588] Strabo,
XII, III, 18-19.
[589] Strabo,
XI, XIV, 5.
[590] Strabo,
XI, II, 18.
[591] Her.,
II, 104.
[592] Sen. 309: ix. Yakar 1976, 121; de Jesus 1980, 98; Wertime 1980, 1-24. gamoTqmulia mosazreba, rom termini `xalibi~ zogad mniSvnelobasac
iZenda meliToneTa daxelovnebuli jgufis aRsaniSnavad (ix. Шмидт 1931,
30-31). levkosirebisa da xalibebis erTmaneTTan
dakavSirebis SesaZleblobis TvalsazrisiT, sayuradReboa is garemoeba, rom levanteli
xalibebi sirielebad arian miCneulni. g. stratanovskis komentariT, herodotesTan
moxseniebuli, xmelTaSuazRvispireTis mcxovrebi palestineli sirielebi (Her.,
II, 104; III, 5; VII, 89), igive qalaq alepos
(xalebis) maxloblad mcxovrebi semiti xalibebi arian (ix. Стратановский 1972,
588).
[593] Sen. 310(gv. 169): ix. qavTaraZe 1985, 67-68.
[594] Her.,
I, 28.
[595] Her.,
VII, 76.
[596] Sen. 311: yauxCiSvili 1955, 6;
yauxCiSvili 1960, 34; Sdr. miqelaZe 1974, 145-146, Sen. 147.
[597] Schol.
ad Apoll. Rhod., II, 373.
[598] Her., I,
28.
[599] Sen. 312: Stein 1883, 33.
[600] Sen. 313: Ломоури 1979,
121.
[601] Strabo,
XII, III, 20; Hom., Il., II, 856-857.
[602] Her.,
II, 143; V, 36, 125-126; VI, 137.
[603] Her.,
II, 23; IV, 36. Sen. 314: ix. yauxCiSvili 1975, 17.
[604]
Aeschylus, Prom. vinct., 740ff.
[605] Her.,
III, 94; VII, 78.
[606] Sen. 315: gamonakliss
warmoadgenen mxolod makronebi, romlebic damatebiT arian sirielebTan erTad
moxseniebulni, kolxebisagan winadacveTis wesis gadmoRebasTan dakavSirebiT (Her.,
II, 104). niSandoblivia, rom aRniSnul paragrafSi,
herodote _ SavizRvispireTSi mcxovreb tomTagan _ mxolod sirielebs, makronebs da
kolxebs ixseniebs.
[607] Her., III,
94; VII, 79.
[608] Sen. 316:
Lehmann-Haupt 1937, 63, 65.
[609] Sen. 317: ix. gozaliSvili
1962, 62; gozaliSvili 1980, 176.
[610] Sen. 318: ix. lomouri 1982,
168, Sen. 4, 171.
[611] Schol.
ad Lycophr., 1109.
[612] Pomp.
Mela, I, 19, 104-105. Sen. 319: ix.
gamyreliZe 1965, 28-29.
[613] Pomp.
Mela, I, 19, 106.
[614]
Ps.-Scymn., 941-943; Apoll. Rhod., II, 946-947; Plut., Luc., XXIII.
[615] Sen. 320: Томсон 1953,
321-322. adreul xanebSi xalibTa SedarebiT farTo
gansaxlebaze, SesaZloa migvaniSnebs, apolonios rodoselis sityvebic, rom
polifems aRsasruli uweria xalibTa vrceli qveynis miwaze (Apoll.
Rhod., I, 1323).
[616] Sen. 321: ix. gamyreliZe 1965,
22-25; Хазарадзе 1973а, 203. pomponius melas Txzuleba, ZiriTadad, dafuZnebulia Zvelioniur wyaroebze,
romlebic mniSvnelovanwilad Sevsebulia ufro gviani xanebis, Tu sulac melas
Tanadrouli, cnobebiT (ix. Прим. ред. – Латышев 1949, № 1, 270).
[617] Sen. 322: Ломоури 1979,
124-125; lomouri 1982, 172.
[618] Pomp.
Mela, I, 13. Sen. 323: ix. gamyreliZe 1965, 22-25.
[619] Pomp.
Mela, III, 5, 39. Sen. 324: s. eremianis SexedulebiT, pirvelwyaroebi mowmoben, rom dasavleT
kaspiispireTSi, iseve rogorc aRmosavleT SavizRvispireTSi, erTidaimave
warmomavlobis tomebs unda ecxovraT (Еремян 1967, 58). ix. qavTaraZe 1985, 49.
[620] Agath.,
153.
[621]
[622] Sen. 325: Марр 1922а, 35-36.
[623] Sen. 326: Дирр 1909,
9.
[624] Sen. 327: gamyreliZe 1965, 16.
[625] Sen. 328: ix. gamyreliZe 1965,
14.
[626] Sen. 329(gv. 170): ix.
Марр
1922а, 33.
[627] Sen. 330: ix. Дирр 1909,
9.
[628] Strabo,
XIV, V, 23. Sen. 331: ix. yauxCiSvili 1957, 220.
[629] Strabo,
XIV, V, 24. Sen. 332: lomouri 1982, 172.
[630] Plin.,
NH, VI, 7.
[631] Strabo,
XIV, V, 22-23.
[632] Strabo,
XIV, V, 24.
[633] Strabo,
XIV, V, 24.
[634] Sen. 333: yauxCiSvili 1976,
147.
[635] Strabo,
XIV, V, 24.
[636]
Ps.-Scymn., 921-939.
[637]
Ps.-Scymn., 109-127.
[638] Sen. 334: yauxCiSvili 1967, 65.
aRsaniSnavia, rom sinopis maxloblad naxevarkunZulis gansazRvra TiTqos mocemulia
herodotes `istoriaSi~ (Her., IV, 12).
[639] Ps.-Scymn.,
938-939.
[640] Her.,
I, 72; V, 49; VII, 72.
[641] Strabo,
XII, III, 24; XIV, V, 22-24.
[642] Strabo,
XIV, V, 24.
[643] Strabo,
XII, III, 24.
[644] Sdr. Strabo, XIV, V, 20.
[645] Strabo,
XIV, V, 24.
[646] Hom.,
Il., II, 856.
[647] Strabo,
XII, III, 23.
[648] Strabo,
XII, III, 20.
[649] ix. Strabo, XII, III, 21-24.
[650] Strabo,
XII, III, 21.
[651] Hom.,
Il., II, 856-857; Strabo, XII, III, 21.
[652] Ael.
Her., I, 28.
[653] Strabo,
XII, III, 22.
[654] Strabo,
XI, V, 4.
[655] ix. mag. Her., IV, 110; Dion. Per., 655; Ps.-Scymn., 880.
[656] Sen. 335: Sdr. meliqiSvili 1961,
114; uruSaZe 1969, 294. amaZonebis levkosirebTan da kapadokielebTan mezoblobis
Taobaze ix. Strabo, XII, III, 27.
[657] Hom.,
Il., II, 856-857.
[658] Sen. 336: miqelaZe 1974, 120.
Tumca pliniusi haliZonebis sacxovriss propontidis samxreT-aRmosavleT sanapirosTan
aTavsebda da Tvlida, rom am tomis saxelwodeba `zRviT SemozRudulebs~ niSnavda (
[659] Sen. 337: ix.
Garstang & Gurney 1959, 37-39.
[660] Sen. 338: Гиоргадзе 1961,
208. -sa sufiqsis gamoyofis SesaZlebloba saeWvos xdis
Sexedulebas, rom `arifsaSi~ da analogiurad nawarmoeb sxva anatoliur toponimebSi
Crdilodasavlurkavkasiuri enebis jgufebisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli psa/pša daboloebaa warmodgenili (ix. Меликишвили 1954,
84; Дьяконов 1968,
84). aRniSnuli daboloeba arc Takkupša-Si unda iyos warmodgenili, vinaidan es toponimi Takkumiša-s saxiTac aris dadasturebuli da masSi p- bgera, m~p bgeraTmonacvleobis
Sedegad Cans gaCenili (ix. Schuler 1965, 101).
xom ar warmoadgens `arifsas~ qarTvelur gaxmovanebas saxelwodeba `afsari~? aRsaniSnavia,
rom termin `arifsasagan~ nawarmoebad miiCnevs gr. Rafanciani msgavsi JReradobis
mqone mTel rig somxur toponimebs (Капанцян 1947,
55-57).
[661] Sen. 339: ix.
Garstang & Gurney 1959, 9, 19; Goetze 1957a, 92.
[662] Sen. 340: ix.
Garstang & Gurney 1959, 6, 8, 14, 18-19; Dinçol & Yakar 1974, 574. amave dros, TiTqos, moipoveba hekateos miletelTan moxseniebuli
levkosirebis qalaqis xadisiis (Steph. Byz., s. v.
Χαδσία; Sdr. Apoll. Rhod., II, 1000)
alisasTan daaxloebis SesaZlebloba (xadisiis adgilmdebareobisaTvis ix.
[663] Sen. 341: aRsaniSnavia, rom Zv.
w. IV s. berZeni filosofos-aTeistis evhemerosis principebze dafuZnebul
TxzulebaSi _ `daujerebelTa Sesaxeb~, gamoTqmulia mosazreba, rom amaZonebi
legendaruli qalebi ki ar iyvnen, aramed wvergaparsuli meomari barbarosebi,
romlebic, amasTanave, grZel Tmebsa da qitonebs atarebdnen (ix. uruSaZe 1964,
71). fiqroben agreTve, rom miTiur amaZonebSi xeTebi unda yofiliyvnen
nagulisxmevi (ix. Barnett 1975a, 418n2).
[664] Arr.,
PPE, 7.
[665] Anon.,
PPE, XLII, 2.
[666] Ps.-Scyl.,
81; Arr., PPE, 7; Anon., PPE, XLII, 2, 7; Plin., NH, VI, 12.
[667] Sen. 342: ix. janaSia 1952e, 271-272; ingoroyva 1954, 223-224.
[668] mag. leonti mroveli I, 5, 70.
[669] Sen. 343: ix. qvemoT SeniSvna
528.
[670] Xen., Anab.,
IV, VI, 4-27; VII, VIII, 25.
[671] Xen., Anab.,
V, VI, 36.
[672] Sen. 344: ix. Дирр 1909,
1.
[673] Sen. 345: Марр 1938,
44-52.
[674] Sen. 346(gv. 171): ix.
Гиоргадзе 1961, 208,
прим. 186; Schuler 1965, 101. Crdiloanatoliur topinimebSi m~p bgeraTmonacvleobis axsna xurituli enis zegavleniT (ix. Friedrich 1960, §14a) saeWvod aris miCneuli (Schuler 1965, 101).
[675] Sen. 347: lomTaTiZe 1980, 56-58. aRsaniSnavia, rom m~b bgeraTmonacvleobas adgili aqvs sakuTriv qarTvelur samyaroSic, kerZod, igi vlindeba qarTul da megrul enebs Soris (ix. javaxiSvili 1960a, 125).
[676] Ps.-Orph.,
754; Arr., PPE, 11; Anon., PPE, XLII, 10; Proc., Goth., VIII, 3; Const. Porph.,
De adm. imp., 42.
[677] Strabo,
XI, II, 14. Sen. 348: g. meliqiSvilis azriT mosxebis gamoCena CrdiloeT kolxeTSi unda aixsnas
Zv. w. I s. pirvel meoTxedSi momxdari tomTa gadaadgilebiT (Меликишвили 1959,
87-88).
[678] Arr.,
PPE, 11; Anon., PPE, XLII, 10; Agath., IV, 15; Proc., Goth., VIII, 2-3.
[679]
[680] Sen. 349:
Меликишвили
1954, 76;
Меликишвили
1959, 120, 168; Дьяконов 1981,
52-53.
[681] Sen. 350: muSqebisa da mosxebis igiveobaze ix. qavTaraZe 1985, 69 da Sen. 296.
[682] Sen. 351: ix. miqelaZe 1955, 30-31, Sen. 3; Sdr.
Меликишвили 1959,
218.
[683] Sen. 352: `mosxis mTis~
adgilmdebareobis Sesaxeb, ix. qavTaraZe 1985, 110-113.
[684] Strabo,
XI, II, 14.
[685]
Ps.-Scyl., 73-81.
[686] Sdr. Strabo, XI, II, 14; Ps.-Scyl., 79.
[687] Pomp.
Mela, I, 19, 110.
[688] Anon., PPE,
XLII, 3, 18; Plin., NH, VI, 15.
[689] Her.,
IV, 20.
[690] Dion.
Per., 309.
[691] Cl.
Ptol., III, V, 10.
[692] Cl.
Ptol., V, VIII, 21.
[693] Hec.,
fr. 154.
[694] Sdr. Her., IV, 20 da 107.
[695] Her.,
IV, 102; Dion. Per., 309-310; Ps.-Scyl., 80; Amm. Marc., XXII, 8, 31.
[696] Her.,
IV, 109.
[697] Arr.,
PPE, 18.
[698] Anon.,
PPE, XLII, 18.
[699] Sen. 353: Sdr., mag., janaSia
1952a, 419; janaSia 1937, 189; Сванидзе 1937,
133; uruSaZe 1964, 136. aRsaniSnavia, rom anonimur `periplusSi~ maqelonebi kidev erTxel arian
dasaxelebulni, ukve Tanamedrove viTarebis aRweris dros, henioxebTan erTad,
trapezunteli kolxebis zeviT (e. i. aRmosavleTiT) da Zidritebis dasavleTiT (Anon.,
PPE, XLII, 8, 10); SesaZloa, am SemTxvevaSi,
maTSi makronebi iyos nagulisxmevi.
[700] Strabo,
XI, II, 14.
[701] Hec.,
154; Her., IV, 107.
[702] Sen. 354: ix. Benseler
1981, 501-502; Климов 1964,
231.
[703] Eust.
ad Dion. Per., 309.
[704] Her.,
II, 104; Pind., Pyth., IV, 212. Sen. 355: melanqlainebis
kavSirs kolxur samyarosTan unda mowmobdes is garemoebac, rom antikuri xanis
avtorebisa da maTi sqoliastebis cnobiT. aietesis qaliSvilis qalkiopesa da
friqses Svili, argosTan, frontisTan da kitisoresTan erTad melasic yofila (Apollod.,
I, IX, 1 (6); Val. Flac., V, 460; Schol. ad Apoll. Rhod., II, 1122; Schol. ad
Pind., Pyth., IV, 212). gamoTqmulia varaudi, rom
melanqlainebis saxeliT manralebi (Cl. Ptol., V, IX, 4) anu megrelebi unda yofiliyvneen cnobilni (Mülenhoff 1892, 96;
ix. Прим. ред. – Латышев 1948, № 2, 248, прим. 12). melanqlainTa gansaxlebis sakiTxTan dakavSirebiT, ix. yauxCiSvili
1965, 5-9.
[705] Sidon.,
Carm., VII, 83-84.
[706] Verg.,
Georg., III, 461-463.
[707] Sen. 356: ix. qavTaraZe 1985,
10.
[708] Sen. 357: ix. Климов 1964,
239. *Zixe > cixe ganviTareba aixsneba qarTuli enisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli Tavkiduri
mJReri Tanxmovnis distanciuri dayruebiT momdevno x spirantis gavleniT (ix.
gamyreliZe/maWavariani 1965, 119, Sen. 4). yuradRebas ipyrobs am sityvasTan
garegnuli msgavsebiT `xis~, `tyis~, `SeSis~ aRmniS/(gv. 172)/vneli xaTuri
sityva ziar (ix. Friedrich 1952, 319; ix. Гиоргадзе 1961,
207. Tumca, Sdr. saerToqarTveluri _ `tye~,
`xe~, ix. Климов 1964,
184). aRsaniSnavia, rom vaxuSti batoniSvilis
gadmocemiT, saxelwodeba `samcxe~ nawarmoebia `mcxeTisagan~ an `cixisagan~:
`....aw oZraxos wils guriis mTamde da arsianis mTamde, uwodeben samcxes,
mcxeTosisa da qalaqis mcxeTis gamo, pirvelve wodebuls mcxeTis morCilebisaTჳs [kualad ityჳan:
odes aRaSena sumbat bivritianman cixe demoTs, samTa cixeTaTჳs lom(s)isa, oZraxesa mepirispired, ese
igi ars samcixeTa, amiT iwoda samcxe]… mesxni, igive Zueli saxeli samcxeTosi, da simoklisaTჳs mesxni iTqmis~ (vaxuSti, 657-658, ix.
qarTlis cxovreba, t. IV, 1973). Sexeduleba saxelwodeba `samcxis~ `sami cixidan~
warmomavlobis Sesaxeb gvxvdeba XVIII s. meore naxevarSi saqarTveloSi namyofi
frangi abates de la portis wignSic (ix. Порт 1800, 88). sayuradReboa, rom h. klarki qarTul sityvas _ `cixe~ gamoyofda
kapadokiur toponimSi _ `mazaka~ (Clarke 1870,
328), romelsac ioseb flaviusi `mosoxen/mesxinebis~ saxelwodebasTan akavSirebda
(Josephus, Antiq., I, 125). (ix. qavTaraZe
1985, 8). `mosxis mTebis~ Sesaxeb vaxuSti aRniSnavs: `amiT saCino ars,
mcxeTosisa da mcxeTisagan iwoda saxeli ese, da ars ZveliTve viTarca iwoda
bagrationobasa Sina~ (vaxuSti, 658, 2). vaxuSti iqve ganmartavs, rom jer kidev
makedonelamdisac, `Zvelsa ReoRrafiasa Sina~, `mesxis~ aRmniSvnelad
gamoiyeneboda termini `mosxi~.
[709] Sen. 358: ix. afaqiZe 1963,
159-221.
[710] leonti mroveli, I, 19, 23.
[711] Sen. 359: ix. meliqiSvili
1965, 237-240; meliqiSvili 1970, 427-429. amave Ziridan nawarmoebi msgavsi
Sinaarsis mqone sityvebi farTod arian gavrcelebuli indoevrpul enebSi, g.
meliqiSvili fiqrobs, rom es sityva qarTul-indoevropul leqsikur paralels unda
warmoadgendes (meliqiSvili 1965, 239-240). Tumca, gasaTvaliswinebelia
winaberZnulsamyarosa da eTruriaSi analogiuri toponimebis arseboba (ix. Гиндин 1967,
156-158); maT ukavSireben agreTve b-xazovan pilosur
teqstebSi gamovlenil toponimur Zirs ko-tu
(Sdr. qavTaraZe 1985, 62-63). qarTuli enis dasavlur dialeqtebSi `saqonlis
sadgomis~ mniSvnelobis mqone `qarTa~ sityva aRmosavleT saqarTveloSi dasturdeba
`qalta~ formiTac (Rlonti 1982, 6, Sen. 13), romelic uaxlovdeba eTnonims _ xaldi
|| qaldi (Χαλδαΐοι). es garemoeba mxolod lingvisturi TvalsazrisiT ar unda iyos saintereso,
vfiqrobT, gasaTvaliswinebelia misi mniSvneloba `qarTebisa~da `xaldebis~
erTmaneTTan dakavSirebis SesaZleblobis mxriv (Sdr. qavTaraZe 1985, 47-48; ix.,
agreTve, Меликишвили 1954,
411, прим. 3). albaT, `xald~ Zirs ukavSirdeba prokopi kesarielis mier moxseniebuli
`oke/(gv. 173)/niti Wanebis~ dabac _ xartoni (Proc., Aed., III, 6), dRevandeli xarTi, trabzonis qedis samxreTiT da q. baiburTis
Crdilo-dasavleTiT.
[712] Sen. 360: ix. beltis cixe, _
mogzauri 1901, 34-36.
[713] Sen. 361: ix. Дьяконов 1981,
39, прим. 48. aqadurad `cixe-simagres~ birtu ewodeba
(Ebeling 1938, 32). Amave dros gasaTvaliswinebelia is
garemoeba, rom gr. Rafanciani _ asuruli birt-u-dan cixe-simagris aRmniSvneli somxuri `berdis~ (բերդ) nasesxobis
Sesaxeb gavrcelebuli Sexedulebisada miuxedavad _ gamoTqvams varauds, rogorc
somxuri, aseve asuruli, `berd-birtu~ sityvebis urartuli, an romelime
`alarodiuli~ enidan SeTvisebis Taobaze da am terminebs ukavSirebda likiur Patara-s, urartul patari-s, kapadokiur Pteria-s, dasavlurqarTul petra-cixisZirs (Капанцян 1975а, 145-146).Kk. leman-haupti urartul patari-s
likielebis mier Semotanil terminad Tvlida (Lehmann-Haupt
1937, 72n.2).
[714] Cens.,
LG, 19, 6.
[715] Epiph.,
I, 1, 39, 8.
[716] Sen. 362: ix. qavTaraZe 1985,
Sen. 15.
[717] Sen. 363: ix. Benseler
1981, 524; Sdr. Strabo XI, III,
18; Eust. Ad Dion. Per., 760ff.; Steph. Byz., s. v. Μελάνχλαινοι. sayuradeboa, rom zogierTi avtori am toms `mosinebs~ an `masinebs~
uwodebs da ara `mosinikebs~ (ix., mag., Ruth., VI, 4, 17;
Pomp. Mela, I, 19, 106;
[718] Apoll.
Rhod., II, 379-381.
[719] Xen.,
Anab., V, IV, 26.
[720] Sen. 364: yauxCiSvili 1976, 133.
[721] Dion.
[722]
Josephus, Antiq., I, 125;
[723] Cl.
Ptol., V, VIII, 19; Steph. Byz., s. v. Βόνχαι.
[724] Sen. 366: aRsaniSnavia, rom
megrul-WanurSi SeimCneva n-bgeris ganviTareba ukanaenismieri xSulebis win (ix.
JRenti 1953, 99-101). Sityvis SigniT n-bgeris susti artikulacia
damaxasiaTebelia xeTurisaTvis, Sdr. Haana || Hanana, Taatarija || Taħantarija (ix. Schuler 1965, 101).
[725] Hec.,
fr. 188, 193.
[726] Her.,
III, 94; VII, 78.
[727] Strabo,
XII, III, 18; XI, XIV, 5.
[728] Strabo,
I, III, 21; XI, II, 1, 15, 17-18; XI, III, 17; XI, XII, 4.
[729] Strabo,
XII, III, 18.
[730] Sen. 367: javaxiSvili 1960,
419.
[731] Sen. 368: javaxiSvili 1960,
419-420.
[732] Strabo,
XI, XIV, 5.
[733] Sen. 369: ingoroyva 1954, 484
[734] Xen.,
Anab., IV, VII, 8; IV, VIII, 1.
[735] Strabo,
XII, III, 17.
[736] Sen. 370: ingoroyva 1954, 484.
aRsaniSnavia, rom biZerebis saxelwodeba, romelic, albaT, safuZvlad unda
dasdeboda elinTa qarTul saxelwodebas `berZens~ (ix. meliqiSvili 1961, 97-99; yauxCiSvili 1976,
84, Sen. 1), rogorc Cans, mxolod sufiqsuri gaformebiT gansxvavdeba bosforis
srutis evropul nawilze Zv. w. VII s. SuaxanebSi daarsebuli megaruli koloniis _
bizantionis (Βυζάντιον) saxelwodebisagan.
[737] Strabo,
XI, XIV, 1.
[738] Strabo,
XII, III, 18.
[739] Cl.
Ptol., V, VI, I; V, XII, 2.
[740] Strabo,
VII, IV, 3; XI, II, 14; XII, III, 17, 29. Sen. 371: Sdr. ingoroyva 1954,
202-215, 225.
[741] Xen., Anab.,
IV, VIII, 22; V, III, 2; Sdr. Diod.,
XIV, 30, 3.
[742] Strabo,
XI, XIV, 1.
[743] Schol.
ad Apoll. Rhod., II, 399; III, 1220. Sen. 372: sqoliastis cnobiT, `amarantuli mTebi~ igive kolxuri mTebia (Schol.
ad Apoll. Rhod., III, 1220); amave dros,
sqoliasti aRniSnavs, rom `amarantosi~ qalaqia pontoSi (Schol. ad Apoll.
Rhod., II, 399).
[744] Apoll.
Rhod., IV, 132-135.
[745] Apoll.
Rhod., II, 399; III, 1220. Sen. 373(gv. 174): Tumca, sayuradReboa akaki
wereTlis mosazreba, rom apolonios rodoseli amarantebis mTebad gulisxmobda
fasis-rionis saTaves _ raWis kavkasionis fasis mTas, romelsac zepirsityvaoba
amiranmTas uwodebs (ix. uruSaZe 1975, 208, Sen. 9).
[746] Schol.
ad Apoll. Rhod., II, 399.
[747] Sen. 374: ix. gordeziani 1968,
199-200; gordeziani 1970, 226-228; ix., agreTve,
qavTaraze 1985, 81. xom ar iZleva mariandinebis saxelis `marebTan~ dakavSirebis
saSualebas `orfikuli argonavtikis~ striqonebi (Ps. Orph., 740ff.), rom amazonebis, xalibebis, tibarenebis, beqirebisa da mosinebis
napirebis gavlis Semdeg _ kolxeTisaken mimavali argonavtebi, mcire xnis curvis
Semdeg im napirebs miadgebian, sadac mariandinebis mezobeli makronebi (ΜάκρωνεςvariantSia:
Μακριέες) cxovrobdnen (ix. melaSvili 1977, 104, 120, Sen. 11). Sdr. toponimi
makriali (sarfsa da xofas Soris). sakuTriv mariandinebi, rogorc cnobilia,
biTiniaSi, q. herakleias maxloblad cxovrobdnen (Sdr. Apoll. Rhod., II, 347-352).
[748] Hec.,
192; Her., III, 94; VII, 79.
[749] Schol.
ad Apoll. Rhod., III, 1220; Steph. Byz., s. v.
Άμαραντοί.
[750] ix. Apoll. Rhod., III, 1220.
[751] Hec.,
fr. 192; Her., III, 94.
[752] Her.,
VII, 79.
[753] Apoll.
Rhod., II, 400; III, 200; Sdr. Dion.
Per., 691-692.
[754] Schol.
ad Apoll. Rhod., II, 399.
[755] Sen. 375: aRsaniSnavia, rom
amave saxelwodebas atarebda mTa Tu kunZuli italiaSi (Strabo, V, III,
6; Diod., XLV, 5; Schol. ad Hom. Od., X, 135).
[756] Hom.,
Od., IX, 32; X, 135-139.
[757] Hom.,
Od., X, 210, 252.
[758] Cl.
Ptol., V, IX, 5.
[759]
[760] leonti mroveli, I, 5.
[761]
Ps.-Scyl., 83.
[762] Strabo,
XII, III, 18.
[763] Sen. 376: ix. javaxiSvili 1965,
63; Адонц 1908,
26, прим. 1.
[764] ix. vaxuSti, 792.
[765] Sen. 377: Адонц 1908,
26.
[766] Dion.
Per., 691-694; Sdr. Apoll. Rhod., II,
399, 1220.
[767] Dion.
Per., 695-699.
[768] Schol.
ad Apoll. Rhod., II, 399.
[769] Sen. 378: ix. qavTaraZe 94-95,
Sen. 394.
[770] Strabo,
XI, II, 17.
[771] Strabo, XI,
III, 4.
[772] Plin., NH,
VI, 12-13.
[773] Plin., NH,
VI, 12-13.
[774] Sdr. Plin.,
NH, VI, 13; Strabo, XI, II, 17; XI, III, 4.
[775] Sen. 379: mosxebs md. rion-fasisis xeobaSi sxva avtorebic aTavseben (ix., mag., Ann. Luc.,
III, 270; Solin., XV, 19). aRsaniSnavia, rom
pliniusTan dastrabonTan md. rion-fasisis Senakadad miCneuli glavkosi (Plin., NH, VI,
13; Strabo, XI, III, 4), klavdios ptolemaiosis cnobiT,
afsarosis anu Woroxis Senakadia (Cl. Ptol., V, VI, 6)
(ix. lomouri 1955, 51, Sen. 16; Sdr. yauxCiSvili 1976, 164, Sen. 1). ix. qavTaraZe 1985, Sen. 401.
[776] Strabo,
XI, XIV, 7.
[777] Strabo,
XI, XIV, 7.
[778] Strabo,
XII, III, 15.
[779] Cl.
Ptol., V, VI, 6.
[780] Xen.,
Anab., IV, VII, 18-19.
[781] Sen. 380: am saxelwodebam dRevandlamde
Semoinaxa Tavi `harpazonis mTis~ saxiT; md. Woroxis xeobaSi mdebare es mTa md.
wyalgvelas gasdevs (ix. lorTqifaniZe/miqelaZe 1960, 763; miqelaZe 1967a, 52).
[782] Sen. 381: miqelaZe 1967a, 42; Максимова 1951, 274-275, прим.32; yauxCiSvili 1976, 55.
[783] Xen., Anab.,
IV, VII, 18; Diod., XIV, 29, 2.
[784] Xen., Anab.,
IV, VII, 18; Sdr. Diod., XIV, 29, 1.
[785] Xen.,
Anab., I, IV, 9-11.
[786] Sen. 382: ix. Benseler 1981, 636, 869.
[787] mag. Xen., Anab.,
IV, III; IV, V, 2.
[788] Xen., Anab.,
IV, IV, 7-11; IV, V, 3-6, 35.
[789] Xen.,
Anab., I, IV, 19; IV, I, 3; IV, IV, 3. Sen. 383: ix., mag., Максимова
1951, 271,
прим. 14-15.
[790] Xen., Anab., IV, VII.
[791] Sen. 384: ix., mag.,
Манандян
1944, 50 и сл.; Максимова
1951, 275,
прим.32.
[792] Xen.,
Anab., IV, IV, 3-4.
[793] Sen. 385: ix. Benseler
1981, 597, 869; miqelaZe 1967a, 26-29. niSandoblivia, rom diodores `biblioTekaSi~ berZen molaSqreTa
manZilTa gza gazomilia ara manZilis, aramed dReebis mixedviT (Diod.,
XIV, 19-31).
[794] Xen.,
Anab., IV, VII, 19-20, 24. Sen. 386(gv. 175): ix. miqelaZe 1967a, 42-45; miqelaZe 1957, 634-635.
[795] Xen., Anab.,
IV, VII, 18-27; IV, VIII, 1.
[796] Xen., Anab.,
IV, VII, 20-27; IV, VIII, 1.
[797] Strabo,
XII, III, 18.
[798] Sen. 387: janaSia 1952d, 266.
[799] Sen. 388: janaSia 1952d, 266.
[800] Strabo,
XII, III, 18.
[801] Sdr. Strabo, XI, XIV, 1.
[802] Cl.
Ptol., V, VI, 1.
[803] Sen. 389: ix. Хазарадзе 1973а, 151-153; ingoroyva 1954, 485; ix. qavTaraZe 1985, 110-113.
[804] Strabo,
XII, III, 18.
[805] Strabo,
XI, XIV, 5.
[806] Sen. 390: ix. Адонц 1908,
52-54;
Меликишвили
1959, 301.
[807] Plin., NH, V, 83.
[808] Strabo, XI, III, 18. Sen. 391: qsenofonti msgavsi Tvisebebis Taflis arsebobas iuwyeba q. trapezuntis samxreTiT mdebare mTebSi mcxovrebi kolxebis soflebSi (Xen., Anab., IV, VIII,
20-21; Sdr. Diod., XIV, 30, 1-3), xolo pliniusis cnobiT, `cofiani~ Tafli moipoveboda pontospireTSi mcxovrebi sanebis qveyanaSi (Plin., NH, XXI, 77). rogorc Cans, momwamlavi Tu cudi Tafli damaxasiaTebeli iyo aRmosavleT SavizRvispireTisaTvis, mware Taflis arsebobas straboni rion-fasisis kolxeTSic aRniSnavs (Strabo, XI, II, 17).
[809] Plut.,
Pomp., XXXIII.
[810] Strabo,
XII, III, 18.
[811] Sen. 392: Меликишвили 1959,
115.
[812] Sen. 393: ix. ingoroyva 1954,
431.
[813] Hec.,
fr. 190.
[814] Strabo,
XI, XIV, 5. Sen. 394: ix. Меликишвили 1959,
50, 291, 299.
[815] Sen. 395: Marquart 1901, 116, 168-169; Marquart 1930,
21*-22*; Hübschmann 1904,
211-213, 354; Adontz 1946, 207-208).
[816] Cl.
Ptol., V, XII, 9.
[817] Sen. 396: Kiepert 1887.
[818] Sen. 397: Tumca, n. adomcs orive
es forma, `xolarZenec~ da `katarZenec~ urartul warwerebSi moxseniebuli
provinciis Katarza-s saxelwodebidan
gamohyavda (Адонц, 1915,
CLXXII; Adontz 1946, 207-208).
[819] Sen. 398: mag.
Toumanoff 1963, 10n.159, 322n.76, 345, 381, 383, 401, 413, 444, 446, 472n.152,
486n.215, 217, 488n.228.
[820] Sen. 399: ingoroyva 1954, 432.
[821] Strabo,
XI, XIV, 4-5.
[822] Strabo,
XI, XIV, 4.
[823] Sen. 400: kambeCovani moicavda
teritorias alaznis qvemo welsa dam d. mtkvars Soris (ix. musxeliSvili
1980, 343).
[824] Strabo,
XI, II, 18.
[825] Sen. 401: `mosxebis qveyanas~
straboni gansazRvravs mdinareebis fasisis (igulisxmeba rioni), glavkosis da
hiposis zemoT (Strabo, XI, II, 17);
magram, Tu gaviTvaliswinebT im garemoebas, rom fasisis saTave strabons
armeniaSi aqvs lokalizebuli, xolo erT-erTi Senakadis saxeli _ glaukosi imeorebs
/(gv. 176)/ klavdios ptolemaiosTan dasaxelebul md. afsaros-Woroxis Senakadis
sxels (Cl. Ptol., V, VI, 6), savaraudo xdeba, rom strabons erTmaneTSi aRreuli aqvs rion-fasisisa da Worox-fasisis
Sesaxeb arsebuli cnobebi da, amdenad, savsebiT dasaSvebad migvaCnia, rom
strabonis sityvebi: `moxseniebul mdinareebis zemoT mosxebis qveyanaSi
mdebareobs levkoTeas samlocvelo, friqses mier agebuli da misi samisno, sadac
verZs ar swiraven msxverplad. odesRac is mdidari iyo, xolo Cvens dros igi
farnakes mier da, cota mogvianebiT, miTridate pergamonelis mier iqna gaZarculi~
(ix. yauxCiSvili 1957, 124), exebodes Woroxis auzSi mdebare mosxebis qveyanas.
winamdebare naSromi ukve dawerili gvqonda, rodesac gamoqveynda n. xazaraZis
statia, romelSic mocemulia strabonis aRniSnuli cnobis kritikuli analizi,
naCvenebia misi winaaRmdegobrivi xasiaTi da gamoTqmulia mosazreba, rom
farnakesa da miTridate pergamonelis sabrZolo operaciebis arealSi mdebare da
friqses TqmulebasTan dakavSirebuli mosxebis qveyana istoriuli mesxeTis
teritoriazea saZiebeli (xazaraZe 1984, 105-115). friqses Tqmulebisa da mosxebis
qveynis kavSiri gvafiqrebinebs, rom strabonTan moxseniebuli friqsopolisic _
iberiaSi, kolxeTis sazRvarze mdebare kargad gamagrebuli patara qalaqi, romelsc
mis xanaSi ideesa ewodeboda (Ίδήεσσα _ Strabo, XI, II, 18),
mosxebis qveynis iberiul nawilSi mdebareobda. friqses qalaqis mosxebis
qveyanaSi gansazRvris saSualebas strabonis im cnobis gaTvaliswinebac unda gvaZlevdes,
romlis mixedviT, friqses samlocvelo kolxeTisa da iberiis sazRvarTan mdebareobda
(Strabo, I, II, 39), albaT im adgilas,
sadac iyo friqses qalaqi, strabonis xanaSi ideesad wodebuli (Strabo,
XI, II, 18), xolo, rogorc ukve iTqva, levkoTeas
samlocvelo, friqses mier agebuli da misive samisno _ mosxebis qveyanaSi
mdebareobda (Strabo, XI, II, 17-18).
amrigad, strabonis cnobebis urTierTSejereba saSualebas gvaZlevs ganvacxadoT,
rom friqsopolisi-ideesa saZiebeli unda iyos mosxebis qveynis iberiul nawilSi, amave
qveynis kolxuri nawilis maxloblad. yuradRebas ipyrobs amasTan dakavSirebiT
parxalSi, taoskarSi, Woroxis aRmosavleT napirze mdebare didi dabis saxelwodeba
_ idi; iqve yofila mTac _ idi (vaxuSti, 684). idis mTa, rogorc cnobilia, iyo
agreTve troadaSi da kretaze; am mTebze legendebis Tanaxmad, cxovrobdnen
daktilebi, rea-kibelas Tanamgzavrebi. anatoliaSi farTod gavrcelebuli
toponimiuri fuZe ida-, iTvleba winaberZnul-mcireaziuli warmomavlobis mqoned da
`tyiani mTis~ Tu `mTiani tyis~ aRmniSvnelad (ix. Гиндин 1967, 132-138). aRsaniSnavia, rom p. ingoroyva straboniseul ideesas aigivebda
aRmosavleT taoSi, basianis CrdiloeTiT, md. olTisis wylis zemo welze mdebare
qalaq idTan (ingoroyva 1954, 433, 438-439, 487).
[826] Sen. 402: straboniseuli
`xorZenes~ aseTi interpretaciisaTvis ix. ingoroyva 1954, 433.
[827] Sen. 403: Toumanoff 1963, 442n.22.
[828] Sen. 404: Toumanoff 1963, 442n.22.
[829] LG, 6. Sen. 405: gamoTqmulia
mosazreba, rom Corzini-s nacvlad aq unda
ikiTxebodes Chorzeni (ix. Прим. ред. – Латышев 1949, №
3, 249).
[830] Euseb.,
Chron., I, VI.
[831] Epiph.,
Agk., 113.
[832] Sdr.
Hec., fr. 185-186; Ps.-Scyl., 77-78; Ael. Her., VII, 186, 24; Cl. Ptol., V,
VIII, 14; Pomp. Mela, I, 19, 110;
[833] Sen. 406(gv. 177): iv. javaxiSvils gamoTqmuli aqvs mosazreba, rom SesaZloa es toponimi
kolxebis tomis saxelwodebisagan warmosdgebodes (javaxiSvili 1950, 12).
[834] ix. leonti mroveli, I, 24; vaxuSti, 674-675. Sen. 407: kolis olqi moxseniebulia movses xorenacis `somxeTis istoriaSic~ (Մովս. Խոր., II 6, 9).
[835] Plin., NH,
VI, 26, 39; Sdr. V, 99.
[836] Sen. 408: javaxiSvili 1950, 259. md. mtkvris saTaveebis adgilmdebareobis
pliniusiseuli gansazRvra Seesatyviseba pomponius melas cnobas, md. mtkvris (Cyrus) koraqsuli mTebis mezoblad mdebare mxaridan gamomdinareobis Sesaxeb (Pomp. Mela,
III, 5, 41). es garemoeba melas mier sxva adgilasac
moxseniebuli `koraqsuli mTebis~ (I, 19, 109) lokalizebis saSualebas iZleva
aseve mcire kavkasionis mTianTSi _ md. mtkvris saTaveebTan. p. ingoroyvas
varaudiT, TviT md. mtkvris saxelwodeba `d-*kori (>md-kori), `kori~-s
mdinare, dakavSirebulia provinciis saxelTan `kola~ || ~kora~ (ingoroyva 1954,
438, Sen. 1).
[837] LG, 6;
Euseb., Chron., I, VI; Epiph., Agk., 113.
[838] LG, 6;
Euseb., Chron., I, VI; Epiph., Agk., 113.
[839] Sdr. Ps.-Scyl.,
77-81; Anon., PPE, XLII, 3, 18; da sxv.
[840] Cl.
Ptol., V, XII, 9.
[841] Strabo,
XI,III, 2.
[842] Plin., NH, V,
99; VI, 26, 39.
[843] Cl. Ptol., V,
VIII, 14, 24.
[844] ix.
Plin.,
NH, V, 99.
[845] Plin., NH, V,
99.
[846] Plin., NH,
VI, 26.
[847] Pomp.
Mela, I, 19, 109.
[848] Pomp.
Mela, III, 5, 41.
[849] Pomp.
Mela, I, 19, 110.
[850] Strabo,
I, III, 21.
[851] Strabo,
XI, I, 5; XI, III, 2.
[852] Strabo,
I, III, 21.
[853] Strabo,
XI, XIV, 5.
[854] Sen. 409: ix. janaSia 1952c, 253-255. miCneulia, rom apolodores cnobis araqsSi, md. arezis zemo welia
gaTvaliswinebuli (Меликишвили 1959, 291).
[855] Sen. 410: ix. Манандян 1940,
98-100. aRsaniSnavia, rom plutarqes mixedviT,
mtkvari iberTa mTebidan gamoedineboda (Plut., Pomp., XXXIV), xolo qsenofontis cnobiT, dasavleT armeniis sparsuli satrapies sazRvari
md. arezis CrdiloeTiT did manZilze aRar vrceldeboda (Xen., Anab., IV,
V, 34). ix., agreTve, qavTaraZe 1985, 114-115.
[856] Strabo,
XI, XIV, 4. Sen. 411: ix. yauxCiSvili 1957, 188.
[857] Sen. 412: ix. Масальский 1895,
601.
[858] Cl.
Ptol., V, XII, 9. Sen. 413: ix. lomouri 1955, 49, Sen. 1.
[859] Sen. 414: ingoroyva 1954, 429.
[860] Sen. 415: ingoroyva 1954, 429-430, 484-485; Хазарадзе 1973а, 150-153.
[861] Sen. 416: ix. Адонц 1908, 25; Toumanoff 1963,
204, 458, n. 93.
eTnonimi `boxi~, rogorc Cans, uaxlovdeba md. Woroxis somxur saxelwodebas վոբ (ср. Адонц 1908, 25; Marquart
1901, 116; Hübschmann 1904, 212).
[862] Sen. 417: ix. ingoroyva 1954,
429; Хазарадзе 1973а, 152.
[863] Sen. 418: ix. ingoroyva 1954,
429, 518-519.
[864] Sen. 419: ingoroyva 1954,
430-431.
[865] Sen. 420: ix. Адонц 1908, 13-15,
21-22; Toumanoff 1963, 174, 457-458n. 93.
[866] Sen. 421: ix. Меликишвили 1954,
64; Харутджунян 1979,
146 и сл.; Salvini 1980,
486-487.
[867] Sen. 422(gv. 178): Меликишвили 1959,
114; Sdr. Адонц 1915,
CLXXII; ingoroyva 1954, 427-428.
[868] Sen. 423: Меликишвили 1959,
114.
[869] moqcevaჲ qarTlisaჲ, 320.
[870] Sen. 424: javaxiSvili 1950,
59-60; ix., agreTve, miqelaZe 1976, 118-119.
[871] Ps.,
119, 5. Sen. 425: javaxiSvili 1950, 60. fsalmunis berZnul, laTinur, somxur da qarTul
teqstebSi es adgili mcdarad aris naTargmni _ `davemkჳdre me myofTa Tana kedarisaTa~, _ mosoxis saxeli maTSi gamotovebulia
(ix. javaxiSvili 1950, 59-60) , iv. javaxiSvilis varaudiT, `moqcevaჲ qarTlisaჲs~
mematianes an romelime Zveli qarTuli wyaro unda gamoeyenebina, rodesac `kedarsa
mas queyanasa~ saqarTvelos garkveul adgilad miiCnevda, anda fsalmunis fsalmunis
ebrauli dedani, an ebraulidan naTargmni qarTuli teqsti unda hqonoda xelT
(javaxiSvili 1950, 60). Garda imisa, rom kedari fsalmunis berZnul, laTinur da
somxur teqstebSi geografiul saxelad aris miCneuli (Κηδάρ,
Cedar, կեդարսւ), sityva `kedaris~ sabasTan mocemuli ganmartebis _ `bneli saWmunavisagan~
gansxvavebiT (javaxiSvili
1950, 59; Sdr. orbeliani 1966a, 361),
vfiqrobT, mxedvelobaSia misaRebi urartul lursmul warwerebSi moxseniebuli
qveynis saxelwodeba `ki(n)dari~, md. evfratis CrdiloeTiTa da Savi zRvis
mimarTulebiT lokalizebuli (ix. Дьяконов 1951,
273, 277, прим. 45), romlis mefec TiglaT-fileser I-is warweraSi, qarTuli JReradobis mqone
`Tualis~ qveynis mefis Semdeg aris moxseniebuli (Дьяконов 1951,
273).
[872] Sen. 426: Ciqobava 1955, 1120;
Rlonti 1984, 278; Sdr..: `...arRara miuSva mravalJam sjad da daWirvad
samsxemosa amas kedarsa Sina mkჳdrobiTa...~ (daviT aRmaSeneblis istorikosi 1955, 362).
[873] Sen. 427: ix. javaxiSvili 1950,
59-60.
[874] Ps.-Callisth.,
lib., III, 29.
[875] Sen. 428: ix. kekeliZe 1923,
47-55; mamulia 1979, 152-155. Tavis mxriv `moqcevaჲ
qarTlisaჲs~ teqstis es siuJeti gadasuli Cans leonti mrovelis TxzulebaSi `cxovreba
qarTvelTa mefeTa~ (ix. janaSia 1966, 131-136). sayuradReboa, rom V s.
ritorikosi da sofisti priske panioneli `guTebis istoriaSi~ kidritebis saxeliT (Κιδαρίτας) hunebs moixseniebs (Prisc. Pan., IV, 25, 31-33, 37). fiqroben rom es saxelwodeba ukavSirdeba wawvetebulTaviani qudebis
saxels κίδαρις–s (Прим. ред. – Латышев 1948, № 4, 263, прим. 3).
[876] moqcevaჲ qarTlisaჲ, 320.
[877] Sen. 429: javaxiSvili 1950, 60.
[878] moqcevaჲ qarTlisaჲ, 320.
[879] Sen. 430: musxeliSvili 1977, 60.
[880] Sen. 431: xom ar aris TviT
hidronimi `mtkvari~ termin `kedaris~ metaTezisis Sedegad miRebuli? Sdr. zemoT
(qavTaraZe 1985), SeniSvna 408.
[881] App.,
Mithr., 101. Sen. 432(gv. 178): Reinach 1890, 389;
ix. Лордкипанидзе 1970,
26.
[882] Sen. 433(gv. 179): janaSia 1952, 92.
[883] Sen. 434: straboni sinorias didi armeniis sazRvarTan aTavsebs
(Strabo, XII, III, 28; Sdr. Cl. Ptol.,
V, VI, 18).
[884] App.,
Mithr., 101; Plut., Pomp., XXXII.
[885] Cl.
Ptol., V, VI, 6. Sen. 435: ix. Хазарадзе 1973а, 152.
[886] Sen. 436: Sdr. Дьяконов
1961, 367; Дьяконов 1968, 236,
прим. 119.
[887] Diod., XIV, 29; Xen.,
Anab., IV, VII, 1, 18.
[888] Sen. 437: Pauly…, Bd. III,
181, 2356; Латышев 1947, 4, 260,
прим. 2; Ушаков
1946, 32 и сл.
[889] Hec.,
fr. 190.
[890] St.
Byz., s. v. Χο., Hec., fr. 190.
[891]
Ps.-Scyl., 83-84.
[892] Sen. 438: ingoroyva 1954, 202,
Sen. 1; miqelaZe 1967a, 127, Sen. 30. p.
kreCmeri da n. lomouri dasaSvebad miiCneven xoჲebis saxelwodebis termin `xaiasasTan~ dakavSirebas; p.
kreCmeri orive am saxelwodebas ukavSirebs somexTa TviTdasaxelebas `haჲ~-s (ix. Капанцян 1947, 15-17; lomouri 1963, 16.
[893]
Ps.-Scyl., 83.
[894] Anon.,
PPE, XLII, 1.
[895] Sen. 439: lomouri 1963, 15; Sdr.
yauxCiSvili 1967, 32-34; yauxCiSvili 1976, 84.
[896] Sen. 440 lazistanis qedis samxreTiT boxebis lokalizebis SesaZleblobaze
unda migvaniSnebdes md. Woroxis zemo welis Zveli somxuri saxelwodeba _ `vohi~
(ix. qavTaraZe 1985, SeniSvna 416).
[897] App.,
Mithr., 101.
[898]
Josephus, Antiq., XIII, 16, 4. Sen. 441: Лордкипанидзе 1965,
123; Лордкипанидзе 1970,
26-27.
[899] Strabo,
XI, XIV, 5.
[900] Sen. 442: musxeliSvili 1977, 56, Sen. 190.
[901] Strabo,
XI, II, 18.
[902] Strabo,
XI, XIV, 5.
[903] Sen. 443: musxeliSvili 1977, 58-59.
[904] Sen. 444: musxeliSvili 1977, 56.
[905] Sen. 445: janaSia 1952, 94.
[906] App.,
Mithr., 101; Strabo, XI, XIV, 5. Sen. 446:
musxeliSvili 1977, 55-56.
[907] Strabo,
XI, XIV, 5.
[908] Sen. 447: Toumanoff 1963, 451; musxeliSvili
1977, 58, Sen. 198.
[909] Sen. 448: janaSia 1952d, 246; musxeliSvili 1977, 58, Sen. 198.
[910] Strabo,
XII, III, 28; Sdr. App., Mithr., 101.
[911] Strabo,
XII, III, 18.
[912] Strabo,
XI, XIV, 5.
[913] Strabo,
XI, XII, 4.
[914]
[915] Sen. 449: Toumanoff 1963, 450. am
mTebs igi qarTul-somxur parxal ||
parxarad miiCnevs (Toumanoff 1963, 450-451).
aRsaniSnavia, rom a. xaxanaSvili antikuri wyaroebis `pariadris mTebs~ qarTul
`parxalTan~ aigivebda (Хаханов 1903, 5), xolo Sexeduleba `pariadrisa~ da somxuri `parxaris~ identurobis
Taobaze jer kidev h. kiperts hqonia gamoTqmuli, oRond igi maT daaxl.
Termodontidan kolxeTamde gansazRvravda, anu aRmosavleT pontos alpebis adgiliT (Kiepert
1887, 263; janaSia 1952d, 263).
[916] Strabo,
XI, II, 15; XI, XIV, 1: XII, III, 30.
[917] Sen. 450: k. Tumanovi SeniSnavs,
rom am mTebs Turqebi uwodeben parxal daRs (Toumanoff 1963,
451).
[918] Sen. 451: Toumanoff 1963, 451.
[919] Strabo,
XI, II, 15.
[920] Sdr. Strabo, VII, IV, 3; XI, II, 14; XII, III, 17, 18, 29.
[921] Strabo,
XI, XIV, 1.
[922] Sdr. Strabo, XII, III, 18, 29.
[923] Strabo,
XII, III, 30; Sdr., XII, III, 15.
[924]Sen. 452(gv. 180):
Toumanoff 1963, 452n.56, map: Armeno-Georgian marchland; Sdr. qavTaraZe 1985, Sen. 449.
[925] Sen. 453: ix.
beriZe/menabde/musxeliSvili 1984, 702-703. qarTuli wyaroebiT parxali igive taoa
(leonti mroveli, I, 48; vaxuSti, 684). vaxuSti aRmosavleTidan parxals mdinare
WoroxiT sazRvravs (vaxuSti, 684).
[926] Sen. 454: Атлас
1961, карты:
Армения в
эллинистическую
эпоху III-I вв. (до н. э.);
Армения в I-IV вв.
[927] Sen.
455: ix. Адонц 1908,
25; ingoroyva 1954, 519; Toumanoff 1963, 204. ix. qavTaraZe 1985,
99-100, Sen. 440.
[928] Cl.
Ptol., V, XII, 9.
[929] Strabo,
XI, XIV, 4.
[930] Sen. 456: ix. qavTaraZe 1985,
71, Sen. 306.
[931] Sen. 457: ix. javaxiSvili 1960,
431; janaSia 1952c, 258; ingoroyva 1954, 421,
467; Меликишвили 1959, 104;
Toumanoff 1963, 470-471. ix. qavTaraZe 1985,
Sen. 305.
[932]
[933] Sen. 458: ix. ingoroyva 1954,
421, Sen. 2; 467, 486.
[934]
[935]
[936]
[937] Strabo,
XI, XIV, 5.
[938] Strabo,
XI, XII, 4.
[939] Sdr. Cl. Ptol., V, XII, 9.
[940] Strabo,
XI, XII, 4.
[941]
[942] Sen. 460: ix., mag.,
javaxiSvili 1950, 23-24; musxeliSvili 1977, 147.
[943] Sen. 461: p. ingoroyvas azriT,
`somxuri geografiis~ avtors SecdomiT Sehyavs klarjeTi gogarenes SemadgenlobaSi
(ingoroyva 1954, 419-421; sawinaaRmdego Sexeduleba ix. Toumanoff 1963,
460n.98). aRsaniSnavia, rom klarjeTi Tundac
arasdros yofiliyo armeniis provincial, somxuri eTnikuri elementi masSi, rogorc
Cans, ZvelTaganve garkveuli raodenobiT iyo warmodgenili; vaxuSti bagrationis
sityvebiT: `xolo queyanasa klarjeTisasa ewodnen saxelni igini dabnebTa da
qalaqebTagan, mun myofebTa, anu Zis ZeTagan haosisaTa~ (vaxuSti, 658).
safiqrebelia, rom vaxuStis, pirvel rigSi, mxedvelobaSi unda hqonoda Satberdisa
da miZnaZoris saxelwodebaTa somxuri xasiaTi.
[944] vaxuSti, 658, 2; 687, 1.
[945] vaxuSti, 658, 2; 687, 1.
[946] vaxuSti, 659; 659, 1. Sen.
462: jer kidev a. xaxanaSvili SeniSnavda, rom
vaxuSti bagrationisa da strabonis cnobebi mosxuri mTebis Sesaxeb savsebiT
faraven erTmaneTs da miiCnevda, rom es mTebi md. arezis zemo welidan lixis
mTebamde iyvnen gadaWimulni (Хаханов 1903, 5).
[947] Cl.
Ptol., V, VI, 1; V, XII, 2, 9.
[948] Strabo,
XII, III, 18. Sen. 463: miuxedavad imisa, rom p. ingoroyva skidises parxalis (lazeTisa da md.
Woroxis urTierTgamyof) mTebTan aigivebda, skidisesTan mosxis mTebis SeerTebis
adgils igi Woroxis xeobis ukidures samxreTdasavleTis mijnasTan gansazRvravda
(ingoroyva 1954, 430, 484).
[949] Sen. 464: ingoroyva 1954,
428-430, 484-485.
[950] Strabo,
XI, II, 1.
[951] Sen. 465: musxeliSvili 1977,
57, 60.
[952] Strabo,
I, III, 21.
[953] Strabo,
XI, XII, 4. Sen. 466: musxeliSvili 1977, 59.
[954] Cl.
Ptol., V, XII, 9.
[955] Sen. 467: musxeliSvili 1977,
59-60.
[956] Sen. 468: Sdr. janaSia 1952d, 266.
[957] Sen. 469: musxeliSvili 1977,
56-57.
[958] Cl.
Ptol., V, VI, 1; Sdr. V, XII, 2. Sen. 470(gv. 181): Хазарадзе 1973а, 151-152. n. xazaraZe yuradRebas amaxvilebs im garemoebaze, rom antikuri xanis arc
erTi avtori mtkvars mosxis mTebSi ar aTavsebs da Tvlis, rom es mTebi mtkvris
saTaveebis samxreT-dasavleTiT aris saZebari (Хазарадзе 1973а, 150).
[959] Cl.
Ptol., V, VI, 6.
[960] Sen. 471: Хазарадзе 1973а, 152-153. mosxuri mTebis aseTi lokalizaciis SesaZlebloba, n. xazaraZis dakvirvebiT
dasturdeba ptolemaiosis im cnobiT, romelSic CamoTvlilia mdinareebis evfratis,
mtkvris da arezs Soris moTavsebuli armeniis olqebi da sadac mosxur mTebTan _
boxebis zemoT _ moxseniebuli katarZene, evfratis zemo welis CrdiloeTiT xdeba
saZebari, vinaidan or sxva mdinaresTan _ mtkvarTan da arezTan _ dakavSirebuli
sxva olqebi, am cnobaSi ukve CamoTvlilia (Cl. Ptol., V, VXII,
9) (Хазарадзе 1973а, 151-152; Sdr. ingoroyva 1954, 428 Smd.).
[961] Cl.
Ptol., V, VI, 1; V, XII, 2, 5.
[962] Cl.
Ptol., V, XII, 1.
[963] Cl. Ptol.,
V, XII, 1.
[964] Strabo,
I, III, 21.
[965] Sen. 472: Tumca, fiqroben, rom
mtkvris zemo weli mTlianad iberiis farglebSi unda yofiliyo moqceuli (ix.
janaSia 1952c, 254-256); p.
ingoroyvas azriT, somxebis mier iberTagan dapyrobili gogarene mdebareobda
mtkvris imier (samxreT) mxares (ix. ingoroyva 1954, 458, 466-468).Gg.
meliqiSvili gogarenes mtkvris zemo welis aRmosavleTiT aTavsebs (Меликишвили 1959,
137).
[966] Sen. 473: Tumca, Tu
gavivaliswinebT pliniusus cnobas, afsaris SesarTavTan aRmarTuli mTebis gadaRma
iberiis mdebareobis Taobaze (
[967] Strabo,
XI, II, 18.
[968] Sen. 474: orive am cnebaSi unda
igulisxmebodes mosxebiT anu mesxebiT dasaxlebuli mxare (musxeliSvili 1977,
57-58).
[969] Strabo,
XI, XIV, 4.
[970] Sen. 475: musxeliSvili 1977,
58-59.
[971] Sen. 476(gv. 181): ix. Toumanoff 1963, 321-322, n.76.
[972] Strabo,
XI, IV, 8; XI, XIV, 12.
[973] Strabo,
XI, XIV, 5.
[974] Sen. 477: ix. Markwart 1901, 159; Adontz 1946, 322; ingoroyva 1954, 506-511.
[975] Her.,
I, 104.
[976] Sen. 478: ix. Услар 1881,
298-305, 524-537; Хаханов 1903,
19; Линч 1910,
87; janaSia 1952, 56-59; Меликишвили 1959,
116, 232-233.
[977] Sen. 479(gv. 182): ix. Rawlinson 1875, 223; Хаханов 1903,
18-20; janaSia 1952, 60-65; meliqiSvili 1965,
84; meliqiSvili 1970, 426; Меликишвили 1959,
91, 102, 111, 172, 233. savsebiT
mosalodnelia, rom termini `iberi~ gaCeniliyo berZenTa mier `speris~ an `saspeჲris~
kontaminaciiT dasavleTis iberebis saxelwodebasTan (Sdr. meliqiSvili 1965,
84-85; meliqiSvili 1970, 426).
[978] Strabo,
XI, XIV, 9.
[979] Strabo,
XI, II, 19.
[980] App.,
Mithr., 101.
[981] Plut.,
Pomp., XXXIV. Sen. 480: mxedvelobaSi gvaqvs is
garemoeba, rom mosxuri mTebis saxelwodebiT cnobili unda yofiliyo maTi CrdiloeTi
ganStoeba _ saqarTvelos samxreT mTianeTis garkveuli nawili da mis samxreTiT
mdebare `mosxebis qveynis~ mTebi; Sdr. strabonis sityvebi, rom kolxeTi
mdebareobs kavkasionisa da mosxuri mTebis Ziras
(Strabo, XI, II, 1). amave dros aRsaniSnavia, rom plutarqe, imave paragrafSi, sadac mtkvris
saTaves iberiul mTebSi aTavsebs, iberiis dasavleT mijnas Savi zRviTa da mosxuri
mTebiT sazRvravs (Plut., Pomp., XXXIV); es ki albaT imas unda niSnavdes, rom
mosxur mTebSi igi lazistanis qeds gulisxmobda. Tumca, gasaTvaliswinebelia
plutarqes cnobis sakmaod zogadi xasiaTi. tacitusi mosxebs, marTalia, iberebTan
dakavSirebiT, magram calke tomad moixseniebs (Tac.,
Ann., XIII, 37); g.
meliqiSvilis azriT, mosxebis _ iberiis samxreT-dasavleTi olqebis qarTuli
mosaxleobis _ calke moxsenieba am xanaSi moulodnelia da igi tacitusis teqstSi
mocemuli Insochi-s `mosxebad~ wakiTxvis nacvlad, ufro misaRebad Tvlis im mkvlevarTa
konieqturas, romlebic aq `henioxebis~ saxels kiTxuloben
(Меликишвили 1959,
367).
[982] Strabo,
I, III, 21.
[983] Sdr. Xen., Anab., IV, V, 34; IV, VI, 4-5.
[984] Strabo,
XI, XIV, 5.
[985] juanSeri, 160. Sen. 481: juanSeri 1955.
[986] juanSeri, 160.
[987] leonti mroveli, I, 23.
[988] leonti mroveli, I, 23.
[989] moqcevaჲ qarTlisaჲ, 320.
[990] Sen. 482: ix. qavTaraZe 1985,
Sen. 169.
[991] Sen. 483: ix. Адонц 1908,
48.
[992] ix. Strabo, X, XIV, 16; Dion., XXXVI, 48. Sen.
484: ix. Адонц 1908,
52; Периханян 1952, 18;
Меликишвили
1959, 325, 410.
[993] Sen. 485: ix. Адонц 1908,
48.
[994] juanSeri, 160.
[995] Մովս. Խոր., II, 91.
[996] Sen. 486: ix. Адонц 1908,
48, 57; Капанцян 1947, 48; Меликишвили
1959, 325, 410.
[997] Sen. 487: Адонц
1908, 57.
[998] Sen. 488: Адонц
1908, 55. termin `daranalSi~ ali-sufiqsis gamoyofis SesaZ|leblobas iZleva is garemoeba, rom klavdios ptolemaiosTan es saxelwodeba dadasturebulia Δαρανισσα–s saxiT (ix. Капанцян
1947, 48-49).
[999] Sen. 489: ix. qavTaraZe 1985, 58-59, Sen. 252, 255.
[1000] juanSeri, 160.
[1001] leonti mroveli, I, 23.
[1002] Sen. 490:
Меликишвили
1959, 47-49, 282-283, 291.
[1003] Strabo,
XI, XIV, 9.
[1004] Plin.,
NH, IV, 39.
[1005] Solin.,
IX, 19.
[1006] ix. moqcevaჲ qarTlisaჲ, 320;
leonti mroveli, I, 17-20. Sen. 491: ix. baqraZe 1889, 76-79; Toumanoff 1963, 81-82n. 104; Новосельцев 1976,
104-109.
[1007] Sdr.
[1008] Sen. 492(gv. 183): ix., mag., qavTaraZe 1979, 88-92. ar unda scdebodes a. boltunova,
rodesac SeniSnavs, rom straboni, XI wignis III Tavis meoTxe paragrafs _
iberiaSi oTxi Sesasvlelis arsebobis Taobaze, Sinaarsobrivi TvalsazrisiT
ukavSirebs amave Tavis meeqvse paragrafs _ iberTa sazogadoebis socialuri
stratifikaciis Sesaxeb; strabonis sityvebiT: `aseve oTxi gvari mosaxleobs am
qveyanaSi: erTi [gvaria] da pirveli, romlisganac mefeebs sxamen maxloblobisa da
asakis mixedviT uxucess, xolo meore [am gvaridan] mosamarTleobs da
mxedarTmTavrobs. meore [gvari] aris qurumTa, romlebic zrunaven agreTve
mezoblebTan samarTalze, mesame [gvari] aris mxedarTa da miwaTmoqmedTa. meoTxe
[gvari] aris xalxisa, romlebic samefo monebi arian da akeTeben yvelafers, rac
cxovrebisaTvis aris saWiro. sazogado aqvT maT qoneba naTesaobisda mixedviT~
(ix. yauxCiSvili 1957, 129-130; Болтунова 1947,
152). ix., agreTve, strabonis cnoba, barisa
da mTis iberTa Soris arsebuli gansxvvebebis Sesaxeb (Strabo, XI, III, 2); Sdr. Меликишвили 1959, 316-317).
[1009] Cl.
Ptol., V, VIII, 16; Euseb. Hier., Epist., 77, 8. Sen.
493: ix. Migne XXX, 228.
[1010] Ezek., 38:2-6,
14-16; 39:1-6, 11; Apoc., 20,:7-9.
[1011] Sen. 494: ix. mamulia 1979, 151-155;
Пигулевская 1960,
423-426. aRsaniSnavia, rom analogiuri warmodgena
aleqsandre makedonelze asaxulia iseT, SedarebiT gviandel, ZeglSi (VII s.),
rogoric `yurania~ (Koran, 18: 82-98; ix.
Крачковский 1963,
237-238, 560, прим. 21).
[1012] moqcevaჲ qarTlisaჲ, 320; leonti mroveli, I, 17-18.
[1013] leonti mroveli, I, 18.
[1014] Մովս. Խոր., II, 9. Sen. 495: ix.
abdalaZe 1984, 110.
[1015] Մովս. Խոր., II, 6.
[1016] Մովս. Խոր., II, 6. Sen. 496: ix.
abdalaZe 1984, 104.
[1017] Sen. 497: gamoTqmulia mosazreba,
rom iberebi unda igulisxmebodes ioseb flaviusis mier moxseniebul im
hirkanelebSi, romelTa mefemac aleqsandre didis mier rkinis karebiT Caketili
gasasvlelidan gamoatara midiis dasarbevad wamosuli alanebi (Еремян 1935,
3; ix. Тревер 1959, 126; yauxCiSvili 1976,
213-214). magram is garemoeba, rom alanebi jer
midias Seesien da Semdeg ki dasavleTiT _ armeniaSi gadavidnen (Josephus,
[1018] Մովս. Խոր., II, 8, 11.
[1019] Մովս. Խոր., II, 11, 14-15.
[1020] Sen. 498: meliqiSvili 1962,
226. aRsaniSnavia, rom IV s. komentatoris servius honoratusis cnobiT,
[1021] Sen. 499: Меликишвили 1959,
47-50, 233.
[1022] Մովս. Խոր., II, 11.
[1023] Մովս. Խոր., II, 14-16, 18.
[1024] Sdr. Josephus, Antiq., I, 125. Sen.
500: ix. xinTibiZe 1982, 233-235; Sdr.,
agreTve, qavTaraZe 1985, 8.
[1025] Sen. 501: abdalaZe 1982, 141.
SesaZloa, uZvelesi cnoba miTridatidebis dinastiis erT-erTi winapris Sesaxeb
Semonaxuli iyos qsenofontis `kiropediaSi~, sadac naTqvamia, rom vinme miTridate
Tavisi mamis gacemis Sedegad dawinaurda sparseTis mefis karze (Xen.,
Cyrop., VIII, 88). miTridatidebis warmomavlobis
sakiTxisaTvis ix. Молев 1983,
131-138.
[1026] Sen. 502: Меликишвили 1959,
112, 229; meliqiSvili 1962, 223; ix. qavTaraZe 1985,
11. imereTSi, xanis-wylis xeobaSi, farnavazis mier agebulad miCneul dimnas
cixe-simagris saxelwodebas ukavSireben xeTur Timnia, Tumanna-s, xolo guriaSi dadasturebul toponims
`tolebs~ da lazikis samefos xanis qalaqis saxelwodebas _ telefiss, xeTuri
RvTaebis _ Telefinus saxels (ix. meliqiSvili 1970b, 396-397), SesaZloa, xeTuri xanis falas qveynis mezoblad mdebare,
mcireaziuli provinciis Tumanas saxels uaxlovdebodes qvemoqarTluri toponimi _
`dmanisi~. aRsaniSnavia, rom gr. Rafanciani amave toponim `dumaniss~ ukavSirebda
mcire armeniaSi mdebare qalaqis Δόμανα-s saxels (Cl. Ptol., V, VI, 18),
romelsac, Tavis mxric, xeTur TumanasTan aigivebda (Капанцян 1956,
421, прим. 1).
[1027] Sen. 503: ix. javaxiSvili 1960a, 133-137. aRsaniSnavia, rom mcireaziul RvTaebasTan _ Tarku-sTan, xeTur Tarun-Tan, etruskul Tarquinius-Tan
akavSireben movses xorenacTan moxseniebul legendarul torqs (Տռրք _ Մովս. Խոր., II, 8), haჲqis
STamomavals (Капанцян 1956а, 273-274).
[1028] Sen. 504(gv. 185): ix. bardaveliZe 1941; Бардавелидзе 1957,
107-109, 193-201, 258-259; kikviZe 1975 21-32;
kikviZe 1976, 152-220; Mellaart 1967a, 78-79, 82-84, 101-130,
137-149, 155-157, 171, 180-187, 201-202.
[1029] Sen. 505: ix. bardaveliZe 1941
98-103, 107-120; Бардавелидзе 1957,
14, 76, 171; lekiaSvili 1976, 458-462.
[1030] Sen. 506: Sdr. Климов 1964,
131; Камменхубер 1980,
64; Ciqobava 1958, 1489; xidaSeli 1982, 53.
[1031] Sen. 507: ix. Koşay
1944, Ta. XCVI-XCVII; Koşay 1951, Lev. CXXX, Res. 1; Lev. CL, Res.1; Lev.
CLXII, CLXXIII; Özğüç & Akok 1958, 17-19, Lev., II, 4; Lev. XI. yuradRebas ipyrobs msgavseba momcro rgolebiTa da samyura mcenareuli
ornamentiT Semkul, liTonisagan damzadebul mrgvali formis svanur xats
`girgedsa~, romelic mzis simboluri gamosaxuleba unda yofiliyo (ix. bardaveliZe
1941, 64-65, sur. 14), da anatoliis aRniSnul akldamebSi mopovbul e. w. `mzis
diskoebs~ Soris (Koşay 1944, Ta. LXIV, 1; XC-XCI, CI, 1;
Koşay 1951, Lev. CXXX, Res. 2; Lev., CLI-CLIV, CLXIII-CLXIV, CXCIII-CXCIV,
CCIII, s. 3; Özğüç & Akok 1958, Lev. VII, 2). anatoliur
Tavdafanjrul `mzis diskoebTan~ msgavsebas avlenen kavkasiSi mopovebuli aseTive
brinjaos qinZisTavebi (ix. gobejiSvili 1959, 116, tab. XII, 5; CarTolani 1976,
13, 79, tab. II, 2; Уварова 1900,
207, рис.
213-214, табл. XXXVI,
1). gansakuTrebiT gasaTvaliswinebelia is
garemoeba, rom msgavsad anatoliuri `mzis diskoebis~ erTi nawilisa, kavkasiuri
sakinZeebidan zogierTis disko centralur nawilsa Tu safuZvelTan Semkulia
cxovelebis skulpturuli gamosaxulebebiT (Sdr. Доманский 1984, рис.
76-81). aRsaniSnavia, rom kavkasiur masalebSi
paralelebi eZebnebaT alaja huiuqis akldamebSi gamovlenil sxva sakinZeebsac;
Sdr., mag., Koşay 1951, Lev. CLXXXVII; Доманский 1984, рис. 69; Куфтин 1941, табл. XCVII;
jafariZe 1961, 174-175; mircxulava 1975, tab. XL, 9).
[1032] Sen. 508(gv. 186): Sdr. Климов
1964, 131;
Камменхубер
1980, 65. Sdr., agreTve, xaTuri sityva kud(u) _ `suli~ (Камменхубер
1980, 59)
qarTul `kudoma~-s
(ix. abulaZe 1973, 204).
[1033] Sen. 509: meliqiSvili 1965, 180-182; miqelaZe 1974, 20; Sdr. Дьяконов
1968 23;
Кондратов/Шеворошкин
1970, 134. mcireaziuli da saerTod xmelTaSuazRvispireTuli toponimebis mawarmoebeli sufiqsebis qarTvelur enobriv samyaroSi dadasturebul paralelTa Sesaxeb ix.
gordeziani 1970, 225-230.
[1034] Sen. 510: ix., mag.,
CubinaSvili 1877; Брун
1875, 179, прим. 16; ingoroyva 1954, 165, Sen. 2; Clarke 1870, 326-328; Хаханов 1903,
25-29; Адонц 1908, 55-58 и др.
[1035] Sen.
511:
Andreas 1895, 213; ix. Lehmann-Haupt 1937,
74n.1.
[1036] Sen.
512:
Lehmann-Haupt 1937, 74n.1. calke Seswavlis sagans
warmoadgens pontospireTSi dadasturebuli eTnonimis _ `xaldisa~ da analogiuri
urartuli Teonimis SesaZlo urTierTkavSiris sakiTxi.
[1037] Sen.
513:
ix. Хаханов 1903, 24; Линч 1910, 87-88; Sdr. ingoroyva 1954, 203, Sen. 3; 273, Sen. 5,
276, 279, 285; Пиотровский 1959,
119-120. ix., agreTve, qavTaraZe 1985, Sen. 199.
[1038] Sen. 514: ix. Меликишвили
1954, 28-29;
Меликишвили
1960, 8;
Пиотровский
1959, 117-119.
[1039] Sen. 515: ix. Марр 1922, 41;
Пиотровский
1959, 119-121. aRsaniSnavia, rom qsenofontis `kiropediis~ cnoba, armenielebsa da xaldebs Soris warmoebuli brZolebis Sesaxeb (Xen., Cyrop., III,
1-3), moqmedebis asparezad dasavleT armeniis teritorias saxavs da ara vanis tbis midamoebs; es garemoebac mowmobs, rom xaldebSi dasavleT armeniis mezoblad mcxovrebi xaldi/xalibebi igulisxmebian da ara urartelebi
(Пиотровский
1959, 120; Линч 1910, 87).
[1040] Sen. 516:
Дьяконов 1951a, 111-112; ix., agreTve, Меликишвили
1954, 411;
Пиотровский
1959, 120.
[1041] Hom.,
IL., II, 852.
[1042] Sen. 517: meliqiSvili 1961,
90-92. ix. qavTaraZe 1985, Sen. 541.
[1043] Sen. 518: Меликишвили 1960,
341-342. yuradRebas ipyrobs agreTve xeTebis mefis
supiluliumas (Zv. w. XIV s.) erT-erT xelSekrulebaSi tavrosis qedis samxreTiT,
evfratis Sua dinebis maxlo/(gv. 187)/blad mdebare muSiSisa da xalpas qveynebis
erTad moxsenieba (Weidner 1923, 58-59, 70-71ff.;
ix. Safrastian , 1937 248).
[1044] Strabo,
XI, XIV, 5.
[1045] Sen. 519: ix. Адонц 1908,
52.
[1046] Xen.,
Anab., IV, VI, 4-5; IV, VII, 15-18; VII, VIII, 25; Cyrop., III, 1-3.
[1047] Strabo,
XI, II, 18.
[1048]
[1049] Sen. 520: ix. qavTaraZe 1985,
Sen. 528.
[1050] Xen., Anab.,
IV, VI.
[1051] Sen. 521: ix. Дьяконов 1981,
57; Barnett 1975a 427; xazaraZe 1984a, 172-194. winamdebare naSromi, Ziriadad, awyobili iyo, rodesac
gamoqveynda n. xazaraZis monografia.
[1052] Sen. 522: ix. qavTaraZe 1985,
Sen. 296.
[1053] Sen. 523: ix. qavTaraZe 1985,
69, Sen. 297.
[1054] Sen. 524: ix. qavTaraZe 1985,
8.
[1055] Sen. 525: ix. qavTaraZe 1985,
Sen. 19.
[1056] Sen. 526: Budge & King 1902, 62ff., 111ff.; Schroeder
1922, № 71-71a; Дьяконов 1951,
272, 278-279. i. diakonovis ganmartebiT, Subartu am dros
ukve ewodeba ara CrdiloeT mesopotamias, aramed zemo evfratis vels arawanis
SesarTavamde, an mis kidev ufro zemoT mdebare nawils (Дьяконов 1951,
276, прим. 25).
[1057] Sen. 527: Дьяконов 1968,
123; Дьяконов 1981,
51.
[1058] Sen. 528: Schroeder 1922, № 71a;
Budge & King 1902, 48, 112, 117; Дьяконов 1951,
278-279.
[1059] Sen. 529: ix. qavTaraZe 1985,
Sen. 124.
[1060] Sen. 530: ix. Меликишвили 1954,
76-77; Меликишвили 1959,
120, 168.
[1061] Sen. 531: ix. qavTaraZe 1985,
69, Sen. 295.
[1062] Sen. 532: ix. Schuler
1965, 104. gansxvaveba bolokidur xmovanSi ar unda
iyos arsebiTi, gasaTvaliswinebelia Tundac is, rom termini `Musku~ ieroglifur-xeTur warweraSi dadasturebulia Mu-s(a)-ka-i-s, xolo qveynis saxelwodeba Mu-s(a)-ka-n-is
formiT (Karkamiš, A6,3 _ ix. Schuler 1965, 104n.83).
[1063] Sen. 533: ix. Schuler
1965, 69, 104n.80. gansakuTrebiT mniSvnelovan
garemoebad unda CaiTvalos aseTi sufiqsebis mqone eTno- toponimebis gamovlenis
faqti Zv. w. XII s. ufro adreuli xanis anatoliaSi (ix. Гиоргадзе 1961,
200-201), anu im periodSi, rodesac i. diakonovis
TqmiT, somxuri jgufis indoevropuli ena mcire aziaSi jer kidev ar iyo gamoCenili (Дьяконов 1981,
54, 56).
[1064] Her., I, 28,
36 da sxv.
[1065] Sen.
534:
Schuler 1965, 69; Sdr. Дьяконов 1981, 56-58.
[1066] Sen.
535:
Schuler 1965, 69; Sdr. Goetze 1957, 178ff.; Камменхубер 1980, 37. k. Tumanovis SexedulebiT, qasqebi, xeTuri saxelmwifos CrdiloeTiT mdebare
pontos mxareSi Zv. w. XIV s. SuaxanebisaTvis unda gadmosaxlebuliyvnen
aRmosavleT propo/(gv. 188)/ntididan, xolo muSqebi amave xanebis dasavleT
anatoliis winaindoevropul mosaxleobas warmoadgendnen (Toumanoff 1963,
55-56). msgavsi azri aqvs gamoTqmuli muSqebis Sesaxeb
k. leman-hauptsac; igi Tvlis rom muSqebis aRmosavleT anatoliaSi SeWra,
dasavleTidan indoevropeli-frigielebis dawolas unda gamoewvia (Lehmann-Haupt
1937, 68-69).
[1067] Sen.
536:
Гиоргадзе 1961,
198-210; Гиоргадзе 1956, 3-12.
[1068] Sen.
537:
Schuler 1965, 100-101. e. Suleris azriT, miuxedavad im
garemoebisa, rom qasqebi xaTebis (protoxeTebis) adreuli gansaxlebis mxareebs ikaveben,
isini imdenad gvian Cndebian aq, rom xaTebTan uSualo kontaqti maT ar unda
hqonodaT, xolo qasquri onomastikonisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli xaTuri (protoxeTuri)
zegavlena, qasqurs xeTuri da falauri enebis saSualebiT unda SeeZina (Schuler
1965, 100).
[1069] Sen. 538: ix. Budge
& King 1902, 62ff., 111ff.; Schroeder 1922, № 71-71a;
Дьяконов 1951,
272, 278.
[1070] Sen. 539:
Дьяконов 1951, 279,
прим. 1a; Sdr. Дьяконов 1968,
235, прим. 117-118;
Дьяконов 1981, 59.
[1071] Sen. 540: mag. Garstang & Gurney 1959, 50, map
1; Cornelius 1973, 41.
[1072] Her.,
III, 94; VII, 78.
[1073] Hec.,
fr. 188-189; Her., I, 72; VII, 72; Pomp. Mela, I, 2, 13.
[1074] Xen.,
Anab., V, V, 17.
[1075] Sen. 541(gv. 188): xaldebisa da xalibebis erTmaneTTan gaigivebis
SesaZleblobas, garda strabonis zemomoyvanili cnobisa (Strabo, XII, III,
19), Tavad qsenofontis
`anabasisis~ monacemebic iZlevian, sadac xalibebi xaldebis saxelwodebiTac
moixseniebian (Sdr. Xen., Anab., IV, V, 34; IV, VII, 18; V, V, 17). ix. Меликишвили 1959,
258; Адонц 1908,
58; miqelaZe 1974, 124-128.
[1076] Xen.,
Anab., V, VI-VII.
[1077] Her.,
III, 97.
[1078] Her.,
III, 89-96; VII, 61-99.
[1079] Xen.,
Cyr., III, 2-3.
[1080] Sen. 542(gv. 188): ix.
Пиотровский
1959, 120; Дьяконов 1981, 59.
[1081] Xen., Anab., VII, VIII, 25.
[1082] Sen. 543(gv. 188): ix. qavTaraZe 1985, SeniSvna 275.
[1083] Xen., Anab., V, V, 13-21.
[1084] Xen.,
Anab., V, V, 17, 18.
[1085] Sen. 544: miqelaZe 1958, 249-255.
[1086] Sen. 545: ix. Gray & Cary 1964, 196.
[1087] Sen. 546: ix. Lehmann-Haupt 1926,
167; Lehmann-Haupt 1937, 47, 54, 64; Lehmann-Haupt 1921, § 27; Сванидзе 1937, 10-13.
[1088] Her., III,
91, 93-94.
[1089] Sen. 547(gv. 188-189): kapadokiis Sesaxeb ix. Franck 1966,
5-122; Schmitt 1980, 399-400.
[1090] Xen., Cyr.,
VIII, 6.
[1091] Xen.,
Cyr., VIII, 6, 8.
[1092] Her.,
III, 94.
[1093] Plut.,
Eum., III; Curtius, X, 8-10; Strabo, XII, I, 2, 4.
[1094] Sen. 548(gv. 189):
[1095] Sen. 549(gv. 189):
[1096] Her.,
III, 90. Sen. 550: fiqroben, rom aleqsandre didma
manamde arsebuli sistema gamoiyena, rodesac paflagonia helespontos frigiis
Tavis satraps dauqvemdebara (Arr., Anab., I, XVII, 1; II, IV, 2;
Curtius, III, I, 24; ix.
[1097] Xen.,
Anab., V, V, 12, 23; Sdr. VI, I, 15.
[1098] Sen. 551: Robinson 1920, 1-16; Harrison 1982, 181, 183, 188,
190.
[1099] Arr.,
Anab., III, 24, 4.
[1100]
Curtius, IV, I, 34-35; Sdr. Diod.,
XVII, 48, 5-6. Sen. 552: ix.
[1101] Strabo,
XII, III, 37. Sen. 553: anahitis taZari ZelaSi, semiramidis yorRanze yofila agebuli (Strabo,
XII, III, 37). es garemoeba anahitis iranuli kultis adgilobriv religiur
kultebTan Serwymaze unda miuTiTebdes. iqneb SemTxveviTi ar iyos Zelas (Ζῆλα) _ pontos erT-erTi religiuri centris
saxelwodebis msgavseba mtkvris Sua dinebasTan mikvleuli sakulto Zeglis
saxelwodebasTan _ `Zalisa~.
[1102] Diod.,
XIX, 40; Sal., II, 53; Polyb., V, 42, 2; V, 43, 2; App., Mithr., 91, 102.
[1103] Her., III, 94.
[1104] Sen. 554: herodoteseuli paqtiike, SesaZloa, xeTuri xanis qveynis _
faxuvas adgilas mdebareobda. faxuvas Sesaxeb ix. meliqiSvili 1961, 117-119; Дьяконов 1981,
57, прим. 105.
[1105] Her., III, 93.
[1106] Sdr. Xen., Anab., IV, V, 34; IV, VI, 5. Sen. 555: Sdr. miqelaZe 1958, 249-255; sawinaaRmdego Sexeduleba ix. Меликишвили 1959,
267-268.
[1107] Xen.,
Anab., V, V, 17; VII, VIII, 25.
[1108] Sdr. Xen., Anab., IV, IV, 18; IV, V, 34; V, VI, 5; IV,
VII, 1, 15-18; VII, VIII, 25. Sen. 556: g. meliqiSvilis TvalsazrisiT, taoxebi, xalibebi da fasianebi dasavleT
armeniis satrapiis SemadgenlobaSi iyvnen moqceuli
(Меликишвили 1959,
267-268).
[1109] Xen.,
Anab., IV, IV, 18.
[1110] Sen. 557: aRsaniSnavia, rom xaldebi, armenielebTan da mardebTan erTad
daqiravebulebi hyolia aRmosavleT armeniis mmarTvels oronts (Xen., Anab., IV, III, 4); am armenielebSi, SesaZloa, aRmosavleT armeniis satrapis mier
daqiravebuli dasavleT armeniis mcxovreblebi igulisxmebian.
[1111] Xen.,
Anab., IV, V, 34. Sen. 558: vfiqrobT, ar moipoveba
safuZveli xalibebisa da taoxebis or nawilad dayofisaTvis, romelTagan erTi
nawili dasavleT armeniis satrapiaSi iqneboda moqceuli, xolo meore _ Tavisufali
(Sdr. Меликишвили 1959,
267-268).
[1112] Sen. 559: ix. Меликишвили 1959,
117-118, 232-233.
[1113] Sen. 560: ix. qavTaraZe 1985, SeniSvnebi 478-479; Sdr. Salia 1983, 15, pl. 1.
[1114] Σσπειρεϛ _ Her., III, 94.
[1115] Xen.,
Anab., VII, VIII, 25. Sen. 561(gv. 190): ix. Адонц 1908,
394; Lehmann-Haupt 1928, 348; miqelaZe 1967a, 146, Sen. 75; miqelaZe 1955, 23-25;
Меликишвили 1959,
267. miCneulia,
rom `hesperitebi~ Tanamedrove ispiris (qarTuli speris) mosaxleoba unda yofiliyo
(ix. Benseler 1981, 311).
[1116] Sen. 562: ix. Меликишвили 1959,
268. fiqroben, rom taoxi/taoelebis winaprebi
igulisxmebian urartuli warwerebis `diauxis~ mosaxleobaSi (Капанцян 1975а, 89, 92; Меликишвили 1954,
411). g. meliqiSvilis azriT, Zv. w. VIII s.
pirvel naxevarSi, diauxis qveyanas cvlis kulxas gaerTianeba; zogierTi mxare,
romelic diauxis gaerTianebaSi Sedioda, am dros ukve kulxas SemadgenlobaSi Cans
moqceuli (Меликишвили 1954,
412).
[1117] Xen.,
Anab., IV, VIII, 18-27.
[1118] Sen. 563: miqelaZe 1967a, 145-146, Sen. 75; yauxCiSvili 1976, 59.
[1119] ΣuσπιρτιV _ Strabo, XI, IV, 8; XI, XIV, 12; ¢UspirtiV _ Strabo,
XI, XIV, 9. Sen. 564: ix. ingoroyva 1954, 505-511.
[1120] Sen. 565: Sdr. miqelaZe 1967a,
145, Sen. 75;
[1121] Xen.,
Anab., VII, VIII, 25. Sen. 566: ix.
miqelaZe 1967a, 113.
[1122] Sen. 567: Toumanoff 1963, 322, n. 76; ΠράξειV καὶ μαρτύρiον τοῡ ἁγἰον
καὶ ἐνδόξου ίερομάρτυρος
Γρηγορἱου τῆς
Μεγάλης Άρμενίας, 172: Garitte 1946.
[1123] Xen., Anab.,
VII, VIII, 25.
[1124] Xen., Anab.,
IV, IV, 4.
[1125] Xen., Anab.,
IV, IV-V.
[1126] Strabo,
XIV, I, 39. Sen. 568: Benseler 1981, 311-312; Стратановский 1964,
828б прим. 26;
Pape 1884, 395. aRsaniSnavia, rom m. papes leqsikonSi, miuxedavad
imisa, rom hesperitebi marTebulad dasavleT armeniis (Άρμενία
πρὸςὲσπὲραν) mcxovreblebad
arian dasaxelebulni (Xen., Anab., IV, IV, 4), maT
namdvil saxelad miCneulia herodoteseuli `saspeჲri~ da ganmartebulia,
rom maTSi (`anabasisis~ daskvniTi paragrafis hesperitebSi _ Xen., Anab., VII, VIII, 25) ufro gviandeli xanebis ispiritisis anu ispiris (igive speris) mosaxleoba
igulisxmeba (Pape 1884, 395; Sdr.
Lehmann-Haupt
1937, 75, n. 3).
[1127] Xen., Anab.,
IV, III, 1, 3-4, 2; IV, IV, 1-4.
[1128] Xen., Anab.,
III, V, 17; IV, III, 3; IV, IV, 4.
[1129] Strabo,
XI, IV, 8; XI, XIV, 9, 12.
[1130] Apoll.
Rhod., II, 395-397, 1242-1244. Sen. 569:
sayuradReboa, rom apolonios rodoselis sqoliasti saspeჲrebs, tibarenebTan, xalibebTan,
makronebTan, beqeirebTan da biZerebTan erTad, skviTur tomad miiCnevs (Schol. ad Apoll. Rhod., II, 373-396);
Sdr. qavTaraZe 1985, 20.
[1131]
Ps.-Orph., 750ff.
[1132] Amm.
Marc., XXII, 8, 21.
[1133] Steph. Byz., s.v. Σπειρεϛ.
[1134] Ael.
Her., II, 49, 20.
[1135] ix. Her., III, 94. Sen. 570: Sdr. janaSia1952, 56-57; meliqiSvili 1970, 434; Меликишвили 1959,
232-236; Toumanoff 1963, 321, n. 76.
[1136] Her.,
I, 104.
[1137] Sen. 571: ix. meliqiSvili 1955, 96;
Меликишвили 1959,
232.
[1138] Her.,
IV, 37.
[1139] Her.,
I, 110; IV, 40; VII, 79.
[1140] Her.,
I, 110.
[1141] Sen. 572: ix. Меликишвили 1959,
266; Gray & Cary 1964, 195.
[1142] Her.,
III, 93.
[1143] Sen. 573: Sdr. janaSia1952, 57; yauxCiSvili 1976, 49; ix. qavTaraZe
1985, SeniSvna 479. Sexedulebas saspeჲrTa qarTulenovnebis Sesaxeb (gv. 191) i. diakonovic iziarebs (Дьяконов 1981,
55).
[1144] Her.,
I, 104; IV, 37, 40.
[1145] Her.,
VII, 79. Sen. 574: aRsaniSnavia, rom herodotesTan
mocemul qserqses armiis siaSi, msgavsi SeiaraReba, upiratesad, erTmaneTis
mezobel tomebs aqvT (ix. Lehmann-Haupt
1937, 65-66); Sdr. Herod., VII, 73.
[1146] Sen. 575: ix. janaSia1952, 56; Меликишвили 1959,
117, 232-233.
[1147] Sen. 576:
ix. Гололева
1978, 73, прим. 4; 87.
[1148] Sen. 577: ix. Macqueen 1975, 53-54.
[1149] Sen. 578: ix.,
mag., Götze 1936, 155.
[1150] Sen. 579: ix.
qavTaraZe 1985, 69, Sen. 294, Sen. 521.
[1151] Sen. 580: Sdr.
qavTaraZe 1985, 137-138.
[1152] Sen. 581: Macqueen 1975, 56.
[1153] Sen. 582: Macqueen 1975, 54, 57-58.
[1154] Sen. 583: ix. Меликишвили 1959 Меликишвили 1959,
107-109; Barnett
1975a, 421.
[1155] Hec.,
fr. 188-189; Her., I, 72; III, 94; VII, 72, 78.
[1156] Strabo,
I, III, 21; XI, II, 1, 15, 18; XI, XII, 4; XI, XIV, 1; XII, III, 18; Cl. Ptol.,
V, VI, 1; V, XII, 2, 9.
[1157] Sen. 584: ix. Hübschmann 1904, 310-311; Forrer & Unger 1928, 88-90; Safrastian 1937,
248n.4; Меликишвили 1954,
52-53; Меликишвили 1960,
417; Гололева 1978,
71-79.
[1158] Sen. 585: Winn 1980, 156, 162; Loon 1980, 276-277.
[1159] Sen. 586: Hauptmann 1969/1970, 21-78; Loon 1973, 373; Winn 1980, 156.
[1160] Sen. 587: Winn 1980, 155, 162.
[1161] Sen. 588: Hauptmann 1969/1970, 58ff., Taf. 12, Abb. 16-19; Hauptmann 1971,
86-87, Taf. 59: 1-2; Hauptmann 1974, 93; Hauptmann 1976, 80-82, Taf. 54-55;
Esin 1970, Pl. 7; Esin 1971, 121; Loon 1973, 372-373; Winn 1980, 155-164, Pls.
51-63; Duru 1979, 39-44, 49, Lev. 61-66.
[1162] Sen. 589(gv.
192): Hauptmann 1969/1970, 63; Loon 1973, 373.
[1163] Sen. 590: Loon 1980, 277.
[1164] Sen. 591: kerZod,
jer kidev TiglaT-fileser I-is analebSi, ix. Budge & King
1902, 111ff.,, 116, 128ff.; Дьяконов 1951,
279, 281.
[1165] Sen. 592: Sdr.,
mag., Budge & King 1902, 35f., 111ff., 116; Дьяконов 1951,
270-272, 278-279.
[1166] Sen. 593: ix.
Özğüç 1980, 305,
308-309.
[1167] Sen. 594: ix.
qavTaraZe 1985, 124, Sen. 535.
[1168] Sen. 595: ix.,
mag., Loon 1980a, 178-179; Loon 1980, 277.
[1169] Sen. 596: Sdr.
Durbin 1971, 99-124.
[1170] Sen. 597: ganzraxuli
gvaqvs momavalSi am sakiTxs sagangebod SevexoT.
[1171] Sen. 598: ix.
Burney 1956, 179-203.
[1172] Sen. 599: aRsaniSnavia,
rom i. diakonovis varaudiT, daaxl. Zv. w. XII s. Crdilo-aRmosavleT mcire aziaSi
aRmosavleTidan qarTveluri tomebis gadaadgilebas unda gamoewvia qasqebis SeWra
centralur mcire aziasa da zemo evfratis velze (Дьяконов 1968,
120); Tu, amasTanave, gaviTvaliswinebT im
garemoebasac, rom Zv. w. VI saukunisaTvis qarTvelTa gavrcelebis samxreT-dasavleTis mijna, TviT i. diakonovis mier
CrdiloeT tavrosis qedis gayolebiTa da md. arezis zemo weliT ganisazRvreboda (Дьяконов 1968,
241, прим. 135), TiTqos logikuri unda yofiliyo, rom md. evfratis gadaRma qasqebTan erTad
SeWrili muSqebi qarTveluri warmomavlobis tomebad yofiliyvnen miCneuli (muSqebis
eTnikur kuTvnilebaze i. diakonovis Sexedulebis Sesaxeb ix. qavTaraZe 1985,
68-70, 123-124).
ufro gvian xanebSi, safiqrebelia,
rom adgili hqonoda piruku process, anatoliis Sida raionebidan mosaxleobis
calkeuli jgufebis gadanacvlebas CrdiloeTisaken; SesaZloa, amis mowmobas
warmoadgendes strabonis cnoba, pontoSi, md. irisis (ieSil-irmaki) zemo welze
mdebare religiuri qalaqis _ komanas warmomavlobis Taobaze didi kapadokiis
komanasagan (Strabo, XII, III, 32).
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