REFERENCES
for CHAPTER 1
back to
TABLE OF CONTENTS
FOUNDATIONS OF
PSYCHOHISTORY
by LLOYD DEMAUSE

REFERENCES
for CHAPTER 1

64 cont

1. Peter Laslett, The World We Have Lost (New York, 1965), p.104.
2. James H. S. Bossard, The Sociology of Child Development (New York, 1948), p.598.
3. Geza Roheim, "The Study of Character Development and The Ontogenetic Theory of Culture," in Essays Presented to C. G. Seligman, F. E. Evans-Pritchard, et al., eds. (London, 1934), p.292; Abram Kardiner, ed., The Individual and His Society (New York, 1939), p.471; in Totem and Taboo, Freud side-stepped the problem by positing an "inheritance of psychic dispositions;" Sigmund Freud, The Standard Edition of the Complete Psychological Works of Sigmund Freud, vol. 13, James Strachey, ed. (London, 1955), p.158.
4. Enid Nemy, "Child Abuse: Does It Stem From the Nation's Ills and Its Culture?" New York Times, August 16,1971, p.16; some estimates reach as high as 2.5 million abused children, see Vincent J. Fontana, Somewhere a Child is Crying (New York, 1973), p.38.
5 An evaluation of some of the most recent works can be found in John C. Sommerville, "Towards a History of Childhood and Youth," Journal of Interdisciplinary History, 3 (1972), 438-47; and Edward Saveth, "The Problem of American Family History," American Quarterly, 21(1969), 311-29.
6. See especially Neil J. Smelser, Social Change in the Industrial Revolution: An Application of Theory of the British Cotton Industry (Chicago, 1959); Fred Weinstein and Gerald Platt, The Wish to Be Free: Society, Psyche, and Value Change (Berkeley and Los Angeles, 1969); and Talcott Parsons and Robert F. Bales, Family, Socialization, and Interaction Process (New York, 1955).
7 See Peter Coveney, The Image of Childhood: The Individual and Society: A Study of the Theme in English Literature (Baltimore, 1967); Gillian Avery, Nineteenth Century Children: Heroes and Heroines in English Children's Stories 1780-1900 (London, 1965); F. J. Harvey Darton, Children's Books in England: Five Centuries of Social Life (Cambridge, 1966); and Paul Hazard, Books, Children & Men (Boston, 1944).
8. The best childhood histories include: Grace Abbott, The Child and the State, 2 vols. (Chicago, 1938); Abt-Garrison, History of Pediatrics (Philadelphia, 1965; Philippe Aries, Centuries of Childhood: A Social History of Family Life (New York, 1962); Sven Armens, Archetypes of the Family in Literature (Seattle, 1966); David Bakan, Slaughter of the Innocents (San Francisco, 1971); Howard Clive Barnard, The French Tradition in Education (Cambridge, 1922); Rosamond Bayne-Powell, The English Child in the

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Eighteenth Century (London, 1939); Frederick A. G. Beck, Greek Educotion: 450-350 B.C. (London, 1964); Jessie Bedford (pseud., Elizabeth Godfrey), English Children in the Olden Time (London, 1907); H. Blumner, The Home Life of the Ancient Greeks, Alice Zimmern, trans. (New York, 1966); Bossard, Sociology; Robert H. Bremner et al., eds., Children atid Youth in America: A Documentary History, 3 vols., (Cambridge, Massachusetts, 1970); Elizabeth Burton, The Early Victorians at Home 1837-1861 (London, 1972); M. St. dare Byrne, Elizabethan Life in Town and Country (London, 1961); Ernest Caulfield, The Infant Welfare Movement in the Eighteenth Century (New York, 1931); Oscar Chrisman, Pie Historical Child (Boston, 1920); Phillis Cunnington and Anne Boch, Children's Costume in England: From the Fourteenth to the End of the Nineteenth Century (New York, 1965); John Demos, A Little Commonwealth: Family Life in Plymouth Colony (New York, 1970); J. Louise Despert, The Emotionally Disturbed Child-Then and Now (New York, 1967); George Duby, La Societe' aux XIe et XIIe Siecles dans la Region Maconnaise (Paris, 1953); Alice Morse Earle, ChUd Life in Colonial Days (New York, 1899); Jonathan Gathorne-Hardy, The Rise and Fall of the British Nanny (London, 1972); Willystine Goodsell, A History of Marriage and the Family (New York, 1934); Sister Mary Rosaria Gorman, The Nurse in Greek Life: A Dissertation (Boston, 1917); E. H. Hare, "Masturbatory Insanity: The History of an Idea," Journal of Mental Science, 108 (1962); 2-25; Edith Hoffman, Children in the Past (London, n.d.); Christina Hole, English Home-Life, 1450 to 1800 (London, 1947); David Hunt, Parents and Children in History (New York, 1970); Anne L. Kuhn, The Mother's Role in Childhood Education: New England Concepts 1830-1860 (New Haven, 1947); W. K. Lacey, The Famdy in Classical Greece (Ithaca, New York, 1968); Marion Lochhead, Their First Ten Years: Victorian Childhood (London, 1956); Alan Macfarlane, The Family Life of Ralph Josselin: A Seventeenth-Century Clergyman (Cambridge, 1970); Morris Marples,Princes in the Making: A Study of Royal Education (London, 1965); H. I. Marrou, A History of Education in Air-tiquity (New York, 1956); Roger Mercer, L 'enfant dans la societe du XVIIIe siecle (Dakar, 1951); Edmund S. Morgan, The Puritan Family: Religion & Domestic Relations in Seventeenth-Century New England (New York, 1966); George Henry Payne, The Child in Human Progress (New York, 1916); Lu Emily Pearson, Elizabethans at Home (Stanford, California, 1957); Albrecht Peiper, Chronik der Kinderheilkunde (Leipzig, 1966); Henricus Pecters, Kind en juegdige in het begin van de modern tijd (Antwerpen, 1966); Ivy Pinchbeck and Margaret Hewitt, Children in English Society, Vol.1: From Tudor Times to the Eighteenth Century (London, 1969); Chilton Latham Powell, English Domestic Relations, 1487-1653 (New York, 1917); F. Gordon Roe, The Georgian Child (London, 1961); F. Gordon Roe, The Victorian Child (London, 1959); John Ruhrab, ed., Pediatrics of the Past: An Anthology (New York, 1925); Alice Ryerson, "Medical Advice on Child Rearing," Ed.D. thesis, Harvard University Graduate School of Education, 1960; Paul Sangster, Pity My Simplicity: The Evangelical Revival and the Religious Education of Children 1738-1800 (London, 1963); Levin L. Schticking, The Purhan Family (London, 1969); Rene A. Spitz, "Authority and Masturbation: Some Remarks on a Bibliographical Investigation," The Psychoanalytic Quarterly, 21 (1952), 490-527; George 1:rederic Still, The History of Paediatrics (London, 1931); Karl Sudhoff, Erstlinge der Pijdia-trisehen Literatur: Drei Wiegendrucke tiber Heilung und Pflege des Kindes (Munich, 1925); Gordon Rattray Taylor, The Angel-Makers: A Study in the

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Psychological Origins of Historical Change 1 750-1850 (London, 1958); Bernard Wishy, The Child and the Republic: The Dawn of Modern Amcrican Child Nurture (Philadelphia, 1968).
9. Charles Seitman, Women in Antiquity (London, 1956), p.72.
10. Daniel R. Miller and Guy E. Swanson, The Changing American Parent: A Study in the Detroit Area (Ncw York, 1958), p.10.
11. Bayne-Powell, English Child, p.6.
12. Laslett, World, p. 12; E. S. Morgan agrees that Puritan parents sent their children away at a young age only because they were "afraid of spoiling them by too great affection," Puritan Family, p.77
13. William Sloane, Children's Books in England and America in the Seven-teenth Century (New York, 1955), p. 19.
14. Aries, Centuries of Chddhood, p. 103.
15. Ibid., p. 105.
16. Alan Valentine, ed., Fathers to Sons: Advice Without Consent (Norman, Oklahoma, 1963), p. xxx.
17. Anna Robeson Burr, The Autobiography: A Critical and Comparative Study
(Boston, 1909); also see Emma N. Plank, "Memories of Early Childhood in
Autobiographies," The Psychoanalytic Study of the Child, vol. 8 (New
York, 1953).
1 8. Frank E. Manuel, "The Use and Abuse of Psychology in History," Daedalus,
100 (1971), 203.
19. Aries, Centuries of Childhood, pp.33, 10
20. An enormous bibliography and many examples of paintings of the child in early medieval art can be found in Victor Lasareff, "Studies in the Iconog-raphy of the Virgin," Art Bulletin, 20 (1938), pp.26-65.
21. Natalie Z. Davis, "The Reasons of Misrule," Past and Present, 50 (1971),
61-62. Frank Boll, Die Lebensalter: Em Beitrag zur antiken Ethologie und zur Geschichte der Zablen (Leipzig and Berlin, 1913) has the best bibliog-raphy on "Ages of Man"; for all the variations in Old English on the word "child," see Hilding Back, The Synonyms for "Child," "Boy," "Girl" in Old English (London, 1934).
22. Richard Sennett, Families Against the City (Cambridge, Massachusetts,
1970); Joseph F. Kett, "Adolescence and Youth in Nineteenth-Century
America," The Journal of Interdisciplinary History, 2 (1971), 283-99; John
and Virginia Demos, "Adolescence in Historical Perspective," Journal of
Marriage and the Family, 31(1969), 632-38.
23. Despert, Emotionally Disturbed Child, p.40
24. Donald Meltzer, The Psycho-Analytical Process (London, 1967); Herbert A. Rosenfield, Psychotic States: A Psychoanalytical Approach (New York, 1965).
25 Brandt F. Steele, "Parental Abuse of Infants and Small Children," in E. James Anthony and Therese Benedek, eds., Parenthood: Its Psychology and Psychopathology (Boston, 1970); David G. Gil, Violence Against Chddren:
Physical Child Abuse in the United States (Cambridge, Massachusetts, 1970); Brandt F. Steele and Carl B. Pollock, "A Psychiatric Study of Parents Who Abuse Infants and Small Children," in Ray E. Helfer and C. Henry Kempe, eds., The Battered Child (Chicago, 1968), pp. 10345; Richard Galdston, "Dysfunctions of Parenting: The Battered Child, the Neglected Child, the Exploited Child," in John G. Howells, ed., Modern Perspectives in Interna-tional ChUd Psychiatry (New York, 1971), pp.571-84.

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26. Theodor Reik, Listening With the Third Ear (New York, 1950); also see Stanley L. Olinick, "On Empathy, and Regression in Service of the Other," British Journal of Medical Psychology, 42 (1969), 4047.
27. Nicholas Restif de la Bretonne, Monsieur Nicolas; or, The Ilunian Heart Un-veiled, Vol.1, R. Crowder Mathers, trans. (London, 1930), p.95.
28. Gregory Bateson, Steps to an Ecology ofMind (New York, 1972).
29. Barry Cunningham, "Beaten Kids, Sick Parents," New York Post, February
23, 1972, p.14.
30. Samuel Arnold, An Astonkhing Affair! (Concord, 1830), pp.73-81.
31. Powell, Domestic Relations, p.110.
32. Cotton Mather, Diary of Cotton Mather, vol.1 (New York, n.d.), p.283.
33. Ibid., p.369.
34. Carl Holliday, Woman's Life in Colonial Boston (Boston, 1922), p.25.
35. Richard Allestree, The Whole Duty ofMan (London, 1766), p.20.
36. Keith Thomas,Religion and the Decli,ie ofMagic (New York, 1971), p.479;
Beatrice Saunders, The Age of Candlelight: The h)iglish Social Scene b~ rhe
17th Century (London, 1959), p.88; Traugott K. Oesterreich, Possession.
Demoniacal and Other Among Primitive Races, in Antiquity, the Middle
Ages, and Modern Times (New York, 1930); Grtinewald's "St. Cyriakus"
shows a girl being exorcised, her mouth being forced open to let the devil out
37. Shmarya Levin, Childhood in ExHe (New York, 1929), pp.58-59.
38. Carl Haffter, "The Changeling: History and Psychodynamics of Attitudes to
Handicapped Children in European Folklore." Journal of the History of the
Behavioral Sciences, 4 (1968), 55-61 contains the best bibliography; see also
Bayne-Powell, English Child, p.247; and Pearson, Elizabethans, p.80.
39. St. Augustine, Against Julian (New York, 1957), p.11 7.
40. William E. H. Lecky, History of the Rke and Influence of the Spirit of Rationalism in Europe (New York, 1867), p.362.
41. Haffter, Changeling, p.58.
42. Abbot Guibert of Nogent, Self and Society in Medieval France: The Mem-oirs of Abbot Guibert of Nogent, John F. Benton, ed. (New York, 1970),
p.96.
43. G. G. Coulton, Social Life in Britain: From the Conquest to the Reforma-tion (Cambridge, 1918), p.46.
44. Ruth Benedict, "Child Rearing in Certain European Countries," American Journal of Orthopsychiatry, 19 (1949), 34546.
45. Dio Chrysostom, Discourses, I. W. Cohoon, trans. (London, 1932), p.36.
46. Maffio Vegio, "De Educatione Liberorum," in Maria W. Fanning, ed. Maphel Vegli Laudensis De Educatione Liberorum Et Eorum Claris Moribus Libri Sex (Washington, D.C., 1933), p.642.
47. Carl Holliday, Woman's Life in Colonial Boston (New York, 1960), p.18.
48. Brigid Brophy, Black Ship to Hell (New York, 1962), p.361.
49. Marc Soriano, "From Tales of Warning to Formulettes: the Oral Tradition in French Children' Literature," Yale French Studies, vol.43(1969), p.31; Melesina French, Thoughts on Education by a Parent (Southampton, not published, 181-?), p.42; Roe, Georgian Child, p.11; Jacob Abbott, Gentle Measures in the Management and Training of the Young (New York, 1871), p.18; James Mott, Observations on the Education of Children (New York, 1816), p.5; W. Preyer, The Mind of the Child, (New York, 1896), p.164; William Byrd, Another Secret Diary, (Richmond, 1942), p.449; Francis Joachim de Pierre de Bernis, Memoirs and Letters (Boston, 1901), p.90.

50 French, Thoughts, p.43; see also Enos Hitchcock, Memo irs of the Blooms-grove Family, vol.1 (Boston, 1790), p.109; Iris Origo, Leo pardi: A Study

68

in Soldude (London, 1953), p.24; Hippolyte Adolphe Tame, The Ancient Regime (Gloucester, Massachusetts, 1962), p. 130; Vincent J. Horkan, Edu-cational Theories and Principles of Maffeo Veggio (Washington, D.C., 1953), p. 152; Ellen Weeton, Miss Weeton: Journal of a Governess, Edward Hall, ed. (London, 1936), p.58.
51. Laurence Wylie, Village in the Vaucluse (New York, 1957), p.52.
52. Dialogues on the Passions, Habits and Affections Peculiar to Children (Lon-don, 1748), p.31; Georg Friedrich Most, Der Mensch in den ersten sieben Lebensjahren (Leipzig, 1839), p.116.
53 Francis P. Hett, ed., The Memoirs of Susan Sibbald 1783-1812, p.176.
54 Rhoda E. White, From Infancy to Womanhood: A Book of Instruction for Young Mothers (London, 1882), p.31.
55 Strabo, The Geography, vol.1, Horace L. Jones, trans. (Cambridge, Massa-chusetts, 1960), p.69; Epictetus, The Discourses as Reported by Arrian, vol. 1, W. A. Oldfather, trans. (Cambridge, Massachusetts, 1967), pp.217, 243 and vol.2, p.169.
56. Dio Chrysostom, Discourses, vol.1, p.243; and vol.5, p.107.
57. Anna C. Johnson, Peasant Life in Germany (New York, 1858), p.353. Several informants have told me this continued into the twentieth century.

58. John PauL Friedrich Richter, Levana; or the Doctrine of Education (Boston,
1863), p.288.
59. Mrs. Mary Sherwood, The History of the Fairchdd Family (London, n.d.).
60. Taylor, Angel-Makers, p.312; Most, Mensch, p. 118; Frances Ann Kemble, Records of a Girlhood (New York, 1879), p.27; Horkan, Educational Theo-ries, p.117; Dr. Courtenay Dunn, The Natural History of the Child (New York, 1920), p.300; E. Mastone Graham, Children of France (New York, n.d.), p.40; Hett, Memoirs, p.10; Ivan Bloch, Sexual Life in England (Lon-don, 1958), p.361; Harriet Bessborough, Lady Bessborough and Her Famdy Circle (London, 1940), pp.22-24; Sangster,PUy, pp.33-34.
61. Maffio Vegio, "De Educatione Liberorum," p.644
62. Memoir of Elizabeth Jones (New York, 1841), p.13.
63. C. S. Peel, The Stream of Time: Social and Domestic Life in England
1805-1861 (London, 1931), p.40.
64. Bessborough,Bessborough Family, pp.23-24.
65. John W.M. Whiting and Irvin L. ChiM, Child Training and Personality: A Cross-Cultural Study (New Haven, 1953), p.343.
66. L. Bryce Boyer, "Psychological Problems of a Group of Apaches: Alcoholic Hallucinosis and Latent Homosexuality Among Typical Men," in The Psy-choanalytic Study of Society, vol.3 (1964), p.225.
67. Asa Briggs, ed., How They Lived, vol. 3 (New York, 1969), p.27.
68. Horace E. Scudder, Childhood in Literature and Art (Boston, 1894), p.34.
69. Giovanni di Pagalo Morelli, Ricordi, V. Branca, ed. (Florence, 1956), p.501.
70. Euripides, The Medea, 1029-36; Jason, too, pities only himself, 1325-7.
71. Asie's, Centuries of Chddhood, p.57; Christian Augustus Struve, A Familiar Treatise on the Physical Education of Children (London, 1801), p.299.
72. Agnes C. Vaughan, The Genesis of Human Offspring.' A Study in Early Greek Culture (Menasha, Wisconsin, 1945), p. 107; James Hastings, ed., A Dictionary of Christ and the Gospels (New York, 1911), p.533.
73. Kett, Adolescence, pp.35, 230.
74. E. Soulie' and E. de Barthelemy, eds., Journal de Jean Heroard sur l'Enfance et la Jeunesse de Louis XIIL vol.1 (Paris, 1868), p.35.
75. Ibid., p.76.

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76. Francesco da Barberino, Reggimento e costume di donne (Torino, 1957), p.
189.
77 Alexander Hamilton, The Family Female Physician: Or, A Treatise on the Management of Female Complaints, and of Children in Early Infancy (Wor-cester, 1793), p.287.
78. Struve, Treatise, p.273.
79. Mbrecht Peiper, Chronik, p. 120; Daphne Du Maurier, ed., The Young George du Maurier: A Selection of His Letters 1860-67 (London, 1951), p.223.
80. Pliny, Natural History, H. Rockham, trans. (Cambridge, Massachusetts,
1942), p.587
81. Sieur Peter Charron, Of Wisdom, 3rd ed., George Stanhope, trans. (London,
1729), p.1384.
82. St. Evremond, The Works of Monsieur de St Evremond, vol.3 (London,
1714), p.6.
83. W. Warde Fowler, Social Life at Rome in the Age of Cicero (New York,
1926), p.177; Edith Rickert, ed., The Babee's Book: Medieval Manners for the Young (London, 1908) p. xviii; Mrs. E. M. Field, The Child and His Book (London, 1892), reprint (Detroit, 1968), p.91; Frederick 3. Furnivall, ed., Early English Meals and Manners (1868), reprint (Detroit, 1969), p. 229; Pearson, Elizabethans, p.172.
84. Elizabeth L. Davoren, "The Role of the Social Worker," in Ray E. Helfer and C. Henry Kempe, eds., The Battered Child (Chicago, 1968), p.155.
85. Ruby Ann IngersoLl, Memoir of Elizabeth Charlotte Ingersoll Who Died September18, l857Aged 12 Years (Rochester, New York, 1858), p.6.
86. Jacques Guiilimeau, The Nursing of Children (London, 1612), p.3.
87. H. T. Barnwell, ed., Selected Letters ofMadame de Sivigni (London, 1959),
p.73.
88. Most,Mensch, p.74
89. Charron, Wisdom, p. 1338; Robert Cleaver, A godlic forme of household government... (London, 1598), p.296.
90. Soulie',He'roard, pp.2-S.
91. Ibid., pp.7-9.
92. Ibid., p.11.
93. ibid., pp. 14-15
94. Ibid., pp.32.34.
95. Ibid., p.36.
96. Ibid., pp.34, 35.
97. Ibid., pp. 4243.
98. Ibid., p.45. This sexual use of the dauphin cannot be solely to imbibe his royal charisma, since the king and queen also participate
99 Felix Bryk, Circumcision in Man and Woman: Its History, Psychology and Ethnology (New York, 1934), p.94.
100. Ibid., p.100.
101. Ibid., pp.57, 115.
102. Even present day self-cutters experience the flow of blood as milk; see John S. Kafka, "The Body as Transitional Object: A Psychoanalytic Study of a Self-Mutilating Patient," Britkh Journal of Medical Psychology, 42 (1969), p.209.
103. Eric J. Dingwall, Male Infibulatiori (London, 1925), p.60; and Thorkil Vanggaard, Phallos: A Symbol and its History in the Male World (New York, 1969), p.89.
104. Dingwall, Infibulation, p.61; Celsus, Dc Medicina, vol. 3, W. B. Spencer,

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trans. (Cambridge, 1938), p. 25; Augustin Cabanes, The Erotikon (New York, 1966), p.171; Bryk, Circumcision, pp.225-27; Soranus, Gynecology (Baltimore, 1956), p. 107; Peter Ucko, "Penis Sheaths: A Comparative Study," Proceedings of the Royal Anthropological Institute of Great Britain and Ireland for 1969 (London, 1970), p.43.
105. Ibid., pp.27, 56-58; Count de Buffon, A Natural History, vol.1, William Smellie, trans. (London, 1781), p.217.
106. Paulus Aegineta, The Seven Books of Paulus Aegbieta, 3 vols, Francis Adams, trans. (London, 184447), vol.1, p.346; Celsus,Medicina, p.421.
107. Otto 1. Brendel, "The Scope and Temperament of Erotic Art in the Greco-Roman World," Studies in Erotic Art, Theodore Bowie and Cornelia V. Christenson, eds. (New York, 1970), plates 1,17, 18, 20.
108. Joseph C. Rheingold, The Fear of Being a Woman: A Theory of Maternal Destructiveness (New York, 1964); and Rheingold, The Mother, Anxiety, and Death: The Catastrophic Death Complex (Boston, 1967).
109. Dorothy Bloch, "Feehngs That Kill: The Effect of the Wish for Infanticide in Neurotic Depression," The Psychoanalytic Review, 52 (1965); Bakan, Slaughter; Stuart S. Asch, "Depression: Three Clinical Variations," in Psy-choanalytic Study of the Child, vol.21(1966) pp.150-71; Morris Brozovsky and Harvey Falit, "Neonaticide: Clinical and Psychodynamic Considera-tions," Journal of Chdd Psychiatry, 10 (1971); Wolfgang Lederer, The Fear of Women (New York, 1968); Galdston, "Dysfunctions," and the bibliog-raphy in Rheingold.
110. For bibliographies, see, Abt-Garrison,History of Pediatrics; Bakan, Slaughter; William Barclay, Educational Ideas in the Ancient World (London, 1959), Appendix A; H. Bennett, "Exposure of Infants in Ancient Rome," Classical Journal, 18 (1923), pp.34145; A. Cameron, "The Exposure of Children and Greek Ethics," Classical Review, 46 (1932), 105-14; Jehanne Charpentier, Le Droit de l'enfance Abandonee' (Paris, 1967); A. R. W. Harrison, The Law of Athens: The Family and Property (Oxford, 1968); William L. Langer, "Checks on Population Growth: 1750-1 850," Scientific American (1972), 93-99; Francois Lebrun, "Naissances illegitimes et abandons d'en-fants en Anjou au XVIIIe siecle," Annales: Economies, Societies, Cit'ilisa-tions, 27 (1972); A. J. Levin, "Oedipus and Sampson, the Rejected Hero-Child," International Journal of Psycho-A nalysis, 38 (1957), 103-lo; John T. Noonan, Jr., Contraception: A History of Its Treatnient by the Catholic Theologians and Canonists (Cambridge, Massachusetts, 1965); Payne, Child; Juha Pentikainen, The Nordic Dead-Child Traditions (Ilelsinki, 1968); Max Raden, "Exposure of Infants in Roman Law and Practice," Classical Joreriral, 20 (1925),342A3; Edward Shorter, "Illegitimacy, Sexual Revolution, and Social Change in Modern Europe," The Journal of Iii terdisciplinary History 2 (1971), 237-72; Edward Shorter, "Infanticide in the Past," History of Chddhood Quarterly: The Journal of Psychohistory 1 (1973), 178-80; Ed-ward Shorter, "Sexual Change and Illegitimacy: The European Experience," in Modern European Social History, ed., Robert Bezucha (Lexington, Massa-chusetts, 1972), pp.231-69; John Thrupp, Tire Anglo-Saxon Hornc: A His-tory of the Domestic Institutions and Customs of England. From tire Fifth to the Eleventh Century (London, 1862); Richard Trexler, "Infanticide in Florence," History of Child/rood Quarterly: Tire Journal of Psychohistory, 1(1973), 98-117; La Rue Van Hook, "The Exposure of Infants at Athens," American Ph/logical Association Transactions arid Proceedings, 5 1, (1 920), pp. 3644; Oscar H. Werner, The Unmarried Mother in German Literature

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(New York, 1966); G. Glotz, LExposition des En/ants, Etudes Sociales et Juridiques sur l'antiquite' grecque (Paris, 1906); Y.-B. Brissaud, "L'in-fanticide a Ia fin du moyen age, ses motivations psychologiques Ct sa repression," Revue historique de droit fran;ais et etranger, 50 (1972), 229-56; M. de Gouroff (Antoine J. Duguer), Essal sur l'histoire des en/ants trouv6s (Paris, 1885); William L. Langer, "Infanticide: A Historical Survey," History of Childhood Quarterly: The Journal of Psycholristory 1(1973),
353-67.
111. Soranus, Gynecology, p.79.
112. Lacey, Family, p.164.
113. John Garrett Winter, Life and Letters in the Papyri (Ann Arbor, Michigan.
1933); p. 56; Naphtali Lewis and Meyer Reinhold, Roman Civdization:
Source Book 2 (New York, 1955), p.403; Gunnlaugs saga ormstungu in
M. H. Scargill trans., Three Icelandic Sagas (Princeton, 1950), pp. 11-12.
114. Jack Lindsay, The Ancient World (London, 1968), p.168.
115. Polybius, The Histories, vol.6, W. R. Paton, trans. (London, 1927), p.30.
116. Cora E. Lutz, "Musonius Rufus 'The Roman Socrates'" in Alfred R. Bell-
inger, ed., Yale Classical Studies, vol. 10 (New Haven, 1947), p. 101; al-
though his pupil, Epictetus, seems more opposed to infanticide in Epictetus,
Discourses, chapter 23. Also see legal approval of infanticide in The Gor-
tyna Law Tables, IV:21, 23, R. Dareste Ed., Recucil des Inscriptions Jun-
diques Grecques (Paris, 1894), p.365.
117. Bartholomew Batty, The Christian Mans Closet, William Lowth, trans. (1581), p.28.
118. Seneca, Moral Essays, John W. Basore, trans. (Cambridge, Massachusetts,
1963), p. 145.
119. Menander, The Principal Fragments, Frances G. Allinson, trans. (London,
1921), p.33; Philip E. Slater, The Glory of Hera: Greek Mythology and the Greek Family (Boston, 1968).
120. HenriV. Vallois, "The Social Life of Early Man: The Evidence of Skeletons,"

in Social Life of Early Man, Sherwood L. Washburn, ed. (Chicago, 1961), p.225.
121. Plutarch, Moralia, Frank C. Babbitt, trans. (London, 1928), p.493.
122. F. Weflisch, Isaac and Oedipus (London, 1954), pp. 11-14; Payne, Child, pp.8, 160; Robert Seidenberg, "Sacrificing The Eirst You See," The Psy-choanalytic Review, 53(1966), 52-60; Samuel J. Beck, "Abraham's Ordeal:
Creation of a New Reality," The Psychoanalytic Review, 50 (1963), 175-85; Theodore Thass-Thienemann, The Subconscious Language (New York, 1967), pp. 302-6; Thomas Platter, Journal of a Younger Brother, Jean Jennett, trans. (London, 1963), p. 85; Tertullian, "Apology," The Anti-Nicene Fathers, Vol.3 (New York, 1918), p.25; P. W. Joyce,A SoejaiHis-tory of Ancient Ireland, Vol. 1, 3rd ed. (London, 1920), p.285; William Burke Ryan, M.D., Infanticide: Its Law, Prevalence, Prevention, and His-tory (London, 1862), pp.200-20; Eusebius Pamphili, Eclesiastical History (New York, 1955), p. 103; J+ M. Robertson, Pagan Christs (New York, 1967), p. 31; Charles Picard, Daily Life in Carthage, A. E. Foster, trans. (New York, 1961), p.671; Howard H. Schlossman, "God the Father and His Sons," American Imago, 29 (1972), 35-50.
123. William Ellwood Craig, "Vincent of Beauvais, On the Education of Noble Children," University of California at Los Angeles, Ph.D. thesis, 1949, p.21; Payne, Child, p.150; Arthur Stanley Riggs, The Romance of Human Progress (New York, 1938), p.284; F. 0. James, Prehistoric Religion (New York, 1957), p.59; Nathaniel Weyl, "Some Possible Genetic Implications of Car-

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thaginian Child Sacrifice," Perspectives in Biology and Medicine, 12 (1968), 69-78; James Hastings, ed., Encyclopedia of Religion and Ethics, Vol. 3 (New York, 1951), p.187; Picard, Carthage, p.100.
124 H. S. Darlington, "Ceremonial Behaviorism: Sacrifices For the Foundation of Houses," The Psychoanalytic Review, 18 (1931); Henry Bett, The Games of Children: Their Origin and History (London, 1929), pp.104-S; Joyce, Social History, p.285; Payne, ChUd, p.154; Anon., "Foundations Laid in Human Sacrifice," The Open Court, t. 23 (1909), 494-501.
125. Henry Bett, Nursery Rhymes and Tales; Their Origin and History (New York, 1924), p.35.
126. Dio's Roman History, Vol.9, Earnest Cary, trans. (London, 1937), p.157; Suetonius, The Lives of the Twelve Caesars, Joseph Gavorse, ed. (New York, 1931), p. 108; Pliny, Natural History, vol.8, H. Rockham, trans. (Cam-bridge, Massachusetts, 1942), p.S.
127. Suetonius, Caesars, p.265; Livy, Works, vol.12, Evan T. Sage, trans. (Cam-bridge, Massachusetts, 1938), p.9; Tacitus, The Annals of Tacitus, Donald R. Dudley, trans. (New York, 1966), pp.186, 259
128. Philo, Works, Vol.7, F. H. Colson, trans. (Cambridge, Massachusetts, 1929), p.549; also see Favorinus in J. Foote, "An Infant Hygiene Campaign of the Second Century," Archives ofPediatrics, 37 (1920), p.181.
129. Lewis and Reinhold, Roman Civilization, pp.344,483.
130. Noonan, Contraception, p.86.
131. St. Justin Martyr, Writings (New York, 1949), p.63; also Dio Chrysostom, Discourses, p.151; Tertullian, Apology, p.205; Lactantius, The Divine In-stitutes, Books 1-8 (Washington, D.C. 1964), p.452.
132. Tertullian,ApologUical Works (New York, 1950), p.31.
133. Hefele-Leclercq, Histoire des conciles, t.II, pt. I (Paris, 1908), pp.459-60; St. Magnebode (606-654) may have established an earlier foundh'ng hos-pital, according to Leclercq.
134 Dictionnaire d'arch6ologie chre'tienne et de liturgie (Paris, 1907-1951), tome I, article on "Alumni" by H. Leclercq, pp. 1288-1306; Thrupp, Anglo-Saxon Home, p.81.
135. Emily R. Coleman, "Medieval Marriage Characteristics: A Neglected Factor in the History of Medieval Serfdom," The Journal of Interdisciplinary His-tory, 2 (1971); 205-20; Josiah Cox Russell, British Medieval Population (Albuquerque, New Mexico, 1948), p. 168.
136. Trexler, "Infanticide," p.99; Brissaud, "L'infanticide," p.232.
137. Ibid., p. 100; F. G. Emmison, Elizabethan Life and Disorder (Chelmsford, England, 1970), pp. 7-8,155-7; Pentikainen, Dead-Chdd: Werner, Mother, pp.26-29; Ryan, Infanticide, pp.1-6; Barbara Kellum, "Infanticide in Eng-land in the Later Middle Ages", History of Childhood Quarterly: The Journal of Psychohistory, 1 (1974) 367-88; Brissaud, "L'infanticide," pp.
243-56.
138. Craig, "Vincent of Beauvais)' p.368; Thomas Phayer, The Regiment of Life, including the Boke of Children (1545); Thrupp, Anglo-Saxon Home, p.85; William Douglass, A Summary Historical and Political, of the First Plant-ing, Progressive Improvements, and Present State of the British Settlements in North America, vol.2 (London, 1760), p.202.
139. John Brownlow, Memoranda: Or Chronicles of the Foundling Hospital (London, 1847), p. 217.
140. Shorter, "Sexual Change"; Bakan, Slaughter; Shorter, "Illegitimacy"; Shorter. "Infanticide"; Charpentier, Dro it; Robert J. Parr, The Babv Farmer

73

(London, 1909); Lebrun, Naissances; Werner, Mother; Brownlow, Mem-oranda; Ryan, Infahticide; Langer, "Checks;" and an enormous bibliography Langer has to support this article, but which is only in mimeograph form, although it is partially reproduced in his article "Infanticide: A Historical Survey," History of Childhood Quarterly: The Journal of Psychohistory, 1 (1974), 353-65.
141. C. H. Rolph, "A Backward Glance at the Age of 'Obscenity,' "Encounter,
32 (June, 1969), 23.
142. Louis Adamic, Cradle of Life: The Story of One Man's Beginnings (New York, 1936), pp.11,45,48.
143. Royden Keith Yerkes, Sacrifice in Greek and Roman Religions and Early Judakm (New York, 1952), p.34; Ernest Jones, Essays in Applied Psycho-Analysis, vol.2 (New York, 1964), pp. 22-109;Gorman, Nurse, p.17.
144. J. K. Campbell, Honour, Famdy and Patronage (Oxford, 1964), p.154.
145. Walton B. McDaniel, Conception, Birth and Infancy in Ancient Rome and Modern Italy (Coconut Grove, Florida, 1948), p. 32; J. Stuart Hay, The Amazing Emperor Heliogabalus (London, 1911), p.230; Peiper, Chronik, p.95; Juvenal and Persius, G. G. Ramsay, trans. (Cambridge, Massachusetts, 1965), pp.249, 337; Barberino, Reggimento, p. 188; Raphael Patai, The Hebrew Goddess (New York, 1967), p.210; Alan Macfartane, Witchcraft in Tudor and Stuart England (New York, 1970), p.163; Hole, English Home-Life, p.41; children have been associated with the iconography of death since antiquity.
146. Epictetus, Discourses, vol.2, p.213.
147. Iris Origo, TheMerchantofPrato (London, 1957), p.163.
148. Ewald M. Plass, comp., What Luther Says: An Anthology, 2 vols. (St. Louis, 1959), p.145.
149. H;C. Barnard, ed., Fenelon On Education (Cambridge, 1966), p.63.
150. Edward Wagenknecht, When I Was a ChUd (New York, 1946), p.S.
151. Origo,Leopardi, p.16.
152. Margaret Deanesly, A History of Early Medieval Europe (London, 1956), p.23; Robert Pemell, De Morbis Puerorum, or, A Treatise of the Diseases of Children . . . (London, 1653), p.8, a practice reminding one of the Japanese practice of burning children's skin with moxa, which is still used for health as well as disciplinary purposes; see Edward Norbeck and Margaret Norbeck, "Child Training in a Japanese Fishing Community," in Douglas C. Haring, ed.,Personal Character and Cultural Milieu (Syracuse, 1956), pp.651-73.
153. Hunt, Parents and Children, p. 114; Robert Cleaver, A godlie Form of householde government . . . (New York, 1598), p.253; Hamilton, Female Physician, p.280.
154. See bibliography in Abt-Garrison, History of Pediatrics, p.69.
155. Payne, Chdd, pp.242-3.
156. Graham, Children, p.110.
157. Nancy Lyman Roelker, Queen of Navarre: Jeanne dAlbret (Cambridge, Massachusetts, 1969), p.101.
158. Ruhrah, Pediatrics, p. 216; Bayne-Powell, English Child, p. 165; William
Buchan, Advice to Mothers (Philadelphia, 1804), p. 186; The Mother's
Magazine, 1(1833), 41; Paxton Hibben, Henry Ward Beecher: An American
Portrait (New York, 1927), p.28.
159. James Nelson, An Essay on the Government of Children (Dublin, 1763), p.
100; Still, History ofPaediatrics, p.391.
160. W. Preyer, Mental Development in the Child (New York, 1907), p.41; Thomas Phaire, The Boke of Chyldren (Edinburgh, 1965), p.28; PemeIl, De

74

Morbis, p.23; Most, Mensch, p.76; Dr. Heinrich Rauschcr, "Volkskunde des
Waldviertels," Das Waidviertel, 3 Band (Volkskunde), Verlag Zeitschrift
"Deutsches Vaterland," (Vienna, nd.), 1-116.
161. Buchan, Advice, p.192; Hamilton, Female Physician, p.271.
1 62. Scevole de St. Marthe, Paedotrophia; or The Art of Nursing and Rearing
Chddren, H. W. Tytler, trans. (London, 1797), p.63; John Floyer, The His-
tory of Cold-Bathing, Sixth ed. (London, 1 732); William Buchan, Domestic
Medicine, revised by Samuel Griffitts (Philadelphia, 1 809), p. 3 1; Ruhrah,
Pediatrics, p. 97; John Jones, M.D., The arts and science of preserving
bodie and soule in hea/the (1579), Univ. Microfilms, 14724, p.32; Alice
Morse Earle, Customs and Fashions in Old New England (Detroit, 1968),
orig. published 1893, p.2; The Common Errors ur the Education of Chit
dren and Their Consequences (London, 1744), p. 10; William Thomson,
Memoirs of the Life and Gallant Exploits of the Old Highlander Serleant
Donald Macleod (London, 1933), p.9; Morton Schatzman, Soul Murder:
Persecution in the Family (New York, 1973), p. 41; Hitchcock, Memoirs,
p.271
163. Fhzabeth Grant Smith,Memoirs of a Highland Lady (London, 1898), p.49.
164. Aristotle, Polities, H. Raekham, trans. (Cambridge, Massachusetts, 1967), p. 627; Robert M. Green, trans., A Translation of Ga/en's 'ifygiene' (Dc Sanitate Tuenda) (Springfield, Illinois, 1951), p.33; Peiper, Chronik, p.81.
165. Horace, Satires, Epistles, Ars Poetica, H. Rushton Fairdlough, trans. (Cam-bridge, Massachusetts, 1961), p. 177; Floyer, Cold-Bathing; Jean Jacques
Rousseau, Emile, Barbara Foxley, trans. (London, 1911), p. 27; Earle,
Child Life, p. 25; Richter, Levana, p. 140; Dorothy Canfield Fisher,
Mothers and Chddren (New York, 1914), p.113; Marian Harland, Common
Sense in the Nursery (New York, 1885), p.13; Earle, Customs, p.24; Mary
W. Montagu, The Letters and Works of Lady Mary Wortley Montagu, vol.1
(London, 1861), p.209; Nelson, Essay, p.93.
166. Isaac Deutscher, Lenin's Childhood (London, 1970), p.10; Yvonne Kapp,
Eleanor Marx, voL 1-Family Life (London, 1972), p.41; John Ashton,
Social Life in the Reign of Queen Anne (Detroit, 1968), p.3.
167. Buehan, Domestic, p.8.
168. Robert Frances Harper, trans., The Code of Hammurabi King of Babylon
about 2250 B.C. (Chicago, 1904), p.41; Payne, Child, pp.217, 279-91;
Bossard, Sociology, pp.607-8; Aubrey Gwynn, Roman Education: From
Cicero to Quintillian (Oxford, 1926), p.13; Fostel de Coulanges, The An-
cient Chy (Garden City, New York, n.d.), pp.92, 315.
169. Harrkon, Law, p.73.
170. Herodas, The Mimes and Fragments (Cambridge, 1966), p.117.
171. Thrupp, Anglo-Saxon Home, p. 11; Joyce, History, pp. 164-5; William Andrews, Bygone England: Social Studies in Its Historic Byways and High-ways (London, 1892), p.70.
172 John T. McNeill and Helena M. Gamer, Medieval Handbooks of Penance (New York, 1938), p. 211; a late American child sale auction is described in Grace Abbott, The Child and the State, vol.2 (Chicago, 1938), p.4.
173. Georges Contenau, Everyday Life ill Baby/on and Assyria (New York,
1966), p.18.
174. Sidney Painter, William Marshall: Knight-Errant, Baron, and Regent ofEng-land (Baltimore, 1933), p.16.
175. Ibid., p.14; Graham, Children, p.32.
176. Joyee,History, vol. 1,pp. 164-5;vol. 2,pp. 14-19.
177. Marjorie Rowling, Everyday Life in Medieval Times (New York, 1968). p,

75

138; Furnivall, Meals and Manners, p. xiv; Kenneth Chariton, Education in
Renaissance England (London, 1965), p. 17; Macfarlane, Family Life, p.
207; John Gage, Life in Italy at the Time of the Medici (London, 1968),
p.70
178. 0. Jocelyn Dunlop, English Apprenticeship and Child Labour (London,
1912); M. Dorothy George, London Life in the Eighteenth Century (New
York, 1964).
179. Augustus J. C. Hare, The Story ofMy Life, vol.1 (London, 1896), p.51.
180. Betsy Rodgers, Georgian Chronicle (London, 1958), p.67.
181. Harper, Code of Hammurabi,' Winter, Life and Letters: I. G. Wickes, "A
History of Infant Feeding," Archives of Disease in Childhood, 28 (1953),
p.340; Gorman, Nurse; A Hymanson, "A Short Review of the History of
Infant Feeding," Archives of Pediatrics, 51(1934), 2.
182. Green, Galen's Hygiene, p.24; Foote, "Infant Hygiene," p.180; Soranus,
Gynecology, p. 89; Jacopo Sadoleto, Sadoleto On Education (London,
1916), p.23; Hoikan, Educational Theories, p. 31; John Jones, The art and
science of preserving bodie and soule in healthe (London, 1579), p.8; Juan
de Mariana, The King and the Education of the King (Washington, D.C.,
1948), p. 189; Craig R. Thompson, trans., The Colloquies of Erasmus
(Chicago, 1965), p.282; St. Marthe, Paedotrophia, p.10; Most, Mensch, p.
89; John Knodel and Etienne Van de Walle, "Breast Feeding, Fertility and
Infant Mortality: An Analysis of Some Early German Data," Population
Studies 21 (1967), pp. 116-20.
183. Foote, "Infant Hygiene," p.182.
184. Clement of Alexandria, The Instructor, Ante-Nicene Christian Library, vol.
4 (Edinburgh, 1867), p. 141; Aulus Gellius, The Attic Nights of Aulus Gellius, vol.2 (Cambridge, Massachusetts, 1968), p. 357; Clement of Alex-andria, Christ the Educator (New York, 1954), p.38.
185. Aulus Gellius, Attic, p.361.
186. Morelli,Riccordi, pp.144,452.
187. James 0. Halliwell, ed., The Autobiography and Correspondence of Sir
Simonds D'Ewes (London, 1845), p. 108; see also William Bray, ed., The
Diary of John Evelyn, vol.1 (London, 1952), pp.330,386; Henry Morley,
Jerome Cardan: The Life of Girolamo Cardano of Milan, Physician, 2 vols.
(London, 1854), p.203.
188. Guillimeau,Nursing, p.3.
189. Wickes, "Infant Feeding," p.235.
190. Hitchcock, Memoirs, pp. 19, 81; Wickes, "Infant Feeding," p.239; Bayne-Powell, English Child, p. 168; Barbara Winchester, Tudor Family Portrait (London, 1955), p. 106; Taylor, Angel-Makers, p. 328; Clifford Stetson Parker, The Defense of the Chdd by French Novelists (Menasha, Wisconsin, 1925), pp.4-7; William Hickey, Memoirs of it/Uliam Mickey (London, 1913), p. 4; Jacques Levion, Dady Life at Versadles in the Seventeenth and Eighteenth Centuries, Elxiane Engel, trans. (London, 1968), p.1 31; T. G. H. Drake, "The Wet Nurse in the Eighteenth Century," Bulletin of the His-tory of Medicine, 8 (1940), 93448; Luigi Tansillo, The Nurse, A Poem, William Roscoe, trans. (Liverpool, 1804), p.4; Marmontel, Autobiography, vol. 4 (London, 1829), p. 123; Th. Bentzon, "About French Children," Century Magazine, 52(1896), 809; Most, Mensch, pp.89-112; John M. S Allison, ed., Concerning the Education of a Prince: Correspondence of the Princess of Nassau-Saarbruck 13 June-15 November, 1 758 (New Haven, 1941), p. 26; Mrs. Alfred Sidgwick, Home Life in Germany (Chatauqua, New York, 1912), p.8.

76

191. Lucy Hutchinson, Memoirs of Colonel Hutchinson (London, 1968), p.13-
15; Macfarlane, Family Life, p.87; Lawrence Stone, The Crisis of the Aris-tocracy: 1558-1641 (Oxford, 1965), p.593; Kenneth B. Murdock, The Sun at Noon (New York, 1939), p.14; Marjorie H. Nicoson, ed., Conway Letters (New Haven, 1930), p. 10; Countess Elizabeth Clinton, The Countesse of Lincolness Nurserie (Oxford, 1622).
192. Wickes, "Infant Feeding," p.235; Drake, "Wet Nurse," p.940.
193. Hymanson, "Review," p.4; Soranus, Gynecology, p.118; William H. Stahl, trans., Macrobius: Commentary on the Dream of Scipio (New York, 1952), p.114; Barberino, Reggimento, p.192; Ruhrah, Pediatrics, p.84; Pearson, Elizabethans, p. 87; Macfarlane, Famdy Life, p.87; Euch Roesslin, The byrth of mankynde (London, 1540), p. 30; Winchester, Tudor, p. 106; Macarlane, Family Life, p.87; Still, Hktory of Paediatrics, p.163; Jones, Arts, p. 33; Souli6, H6roard, p.55; John Evelyn, The Diary and Corre-spondence of John Evelyn, ed., William Bray, n.d., p.3; Macfarlane, Family Life, p.87; John Peckey, A General Treatise of the Diseases of Infants and Children (London, 1697), p.11; Nelson, Essay, p.20; Nicholas Culpepper, A Directory for Midwives: or, a guide for women in their conception, bear-ing, and suckling their chddren (London, 1762), p. 131; Still, History of Paediatrics, p.390; St. Marthe, Paedotrophia, p.98; Valentine, Fathers, p. 93; Eliza Warren, How I Managed My Children From Infancy to Marriage, p.20; Caleb Tickner, A Guide for Mothers and Nurses in the Management of Young Children (New York, 1839), p.37; Robert M. Myers, ed., The Children of Pride (New Haven, 1972), p.508; Knodel, "Breast Feeding," p.118.
194. Roesslin,Byrth, p.30.
195. Ryerson, "Medical Advice," p.75.
196. Wickes, "Infant Feeding," pp.155-8; Hymanson, "Review," pp.4-6; Still, History of Paediatrics, pp. 335-6; 459; Mary Hopkirk, Queen Over the Water (London, 1953), p.1305; Thompson, Colloquies, p.282.
197. The Female Instructor; or Young Woman's Companion (Liverpool, 1811), p.220.
198. W. 0. Hassal, How They Lived: An Anthology of OriginalAccounts Written Before 1485 (Oxford, 1962), p. lOS.
199. Cyril P. Bryan, The Papyrus Ebers (New York, 1931), p.162; Still, History of Paediatrics (London, 1931), p. 466; Douglass, Summary, p. 346; Rauseher, "Volkskunde," p.44; John W. Dodds, The Age of Paradox: A Biography of England 1841-1851 (New York, 1952), p. 157; Abt-Garrison, History of Pediatrics, p. 11; John B. Beck, "The effects of opium on the infant subject," Journal of Medicine, (New York, 1844); Tickner, Guide, p. 115; Friendly Letter to Parents and Heads of Families Particularly Those Residing in the Country Towns and Villages in America (Boston, 1828), p.10; Buchan,Domestic, p.17; Pinchbeck, Children, p.301.
200. John Spargo, The Bitter Cry of the Children (Chicago, 1968), Xenophon, Minor 11'ritittgs, F. C. Marchant, trans. (London, 1925), p.37; Hopkirk, Queen, pp. 130-5; Plutarch, Moralia, p. 433; St. Basil, Ascetical Works (New York, 1950), p.266; Gage, Life in Italy, p 109; St. Jerome, The Select Letters of St. Jerome, F. A. Wright, trans. (Cambridge, Massachu-setts, 1933), pp. 357-61; Thomas Platter, The Autobiography of Thomas Platter: A Schoolmaster of the Sixteenth Century, Elizabeth A. MeCoul Finn, trans. (London, 1847), p.8; Craig, "Vincent of Beauvais," p.379; Roesslin, Byrth, p.17; Jones, Arte, p. 40; Tame, Ancient Regime, p. 130;[). B. Horn and Mary Ranson, eds., English Historical Documents, vol.10, 1 714-1 783

77

(New York, 1957), p.561; Lochhead, First Ten Years, p.34; Eli Forbes, A
Famdy Book (Salem, 1801), pp. 240-1; Leontine Young, Wednesday's
Chddren: A Study of Child Neglect and Abuse (New York, 1964), p.9.
201. St. Augustine, Confessions (New York, 1963); Richard Baxter, The Auto-biography of Richard Baxter (London, 1931), p.5; Augustine previously mentioned having to steal food from the table, p.1 8.
202. Hassall, How They Lived, p. 184; Benedict, "Child Rearing," p. 345; Geoffrey Gorer and John Rickman, The People of Great Russia: A Psycho-logical Study, p. 98; Peckey, Treatise, p. 6; Ruhrah, Pediatrics, p. 219; Green, Galen's Hygiene, p.22; Fransois Mauriceau, The Dkeases of Women With Child, and in Child-Bed, Hugh Chamberlin, trans. (London, 1736). p.309.
203. William P. Dewees, A Treatise on the Physical and Medical Treatment of Children (Philadelphia, 1826), p.4; for further bibliography on swaddling, see Wayne Dennis, "Infant Reactions to Restraint: an Evaluation of Wat-son's Theory," Transactions New York Academy of Science, Ser. 2, vol.2 (1940); Erik H. Erikson, Childhood and Society tNew York, 1950); Lotte Danziger and Liselotte Frankl, "Zum Problem der Functions-reifung," A. fur Kinderforschung, 43 (1943); Boyer, "Problems," p.225; Margaret Mead, "The Swaddling Hypothesis: Its Reception." American Anthropologist, 56 (1954); Phyllis Greenacre, "Infant Reactions to Restraint." in Clyde Kluck-holm and Henry A. Murray, eds., Personality in Nature, Society and Cul-ture, 2nd ed. (New York, 1953), pp.513-14; Charles Hudson, "Isometric Advantages of the Cradle Board: A Hypothesis," American Anthropologist, 68 (1966), pp. 470A.
204. Hester Chapone, Chapone on the Improvement of the Mind (Philadelphia,
1830), p.200.
205. Earle L. Lipton, Alfred Steinschneider, and Julius B. Richmond. "Swaddling, A Child Care Practice: Historical Cultural and Experimental Observations," Pediatrics, Supplement, 35, part 2 (March, 1965), 52167.
206 Turner Wilcox,Five Centuries of the American Costume (New York, 1963), p.17; Rousseau, Emile, p.11; Christian A. Struve, A Familiar View ofthe Domestic Education of Children (London, 1802), p.296.
207 Hippocrates, trans. W. H. S. Jones (London, 1923), p. 125; Steffen Wenig, The Woman in Egyptian Art (New York, 1969), p.47; Erich Neumann, The Great Mother: An Analysis of the Archetype (New York, 1963), p.32.
208. James Logan, The Scotish Gael,' or, Celtic Manners, As Preserved Among the Highlanders (Hartford, 1851), p. 81; Thompson, Memoirs, p.8; Marjorie Plant, The Domestic Life of Scotland in the Eighteenth Century (London, 1952), p.6.
209. Soranus, Gynecology, p.114; Plato, The Laws (Cambridge, Massachusetts,
1926), p.7
210. Dorothy Hartley,Mediaeval Costume and Life (London, 1931), pp.117-19.
211. Cunnington, Children's Costume, pp. 35, 53-69; Macfarlane, Famdy Life, p. 90; Guillimeau, Nursing, p. 23; Lipton, "Swaddling," p. 527; Hunt, Parents and Children, p.127; Peckey, Treatise, p.6; M. St. Clare Byrne, ed., The Elizabethan Home Discovered in Two Dialogues by Claudius Hollyband and Peter Erondell (London, 1925), p.77. It is interesting to note that over a century before Candogan's campaign against swaddling, mothers began to reduce the age of unbinding, and that early doctors 'ikc Glisson were op-posed to this change, ading to confirm its psychogenic origin in the family itself.
212. Cunnington, Children's Costume, pp.68-69; Magdelen King-Hall, The Story of the Nurserv (London, 1958), pp.83, 129; Chapone, Improvement, p.

78

199; St. Marthe, Paedotrophia, p.67; Robert Sunley, "Larly Nineteenth-
Century Literature on Child Rearing," in Chddhood ii' Contemporary Cut
tures, Margaret Mead and Martha Wolfenstein, eds. (Chicago, 1955), p- 155;
Kuhn, Mother's Role, p- 141; Wilcox, Five Centuries; Alice M. Earle, Two
Centuries of Costume in America, vol.1 (New York, 903), p- 311; Nelson,
Essay, p. 99; Lipton, "Swaddling," pp.529-32; Culpepper, Directory, p-305; Hamilton, Female Physician, p- 262; Morwenna Rendle-Short and John
Rendle-Short, The Father of Child Care. Life of William Cadogan (1711-
1797) (Bristol, 1966), p. 20; Caulfield, Infant Wdfare, p.108; Ryerson,
"Medical Advice," p. 107; Bentzon, "French Children," p. 805; Most,
Mensch, p.76; Struve, View, p, 293; Sidgwick, Home Life, p. 8; Peiper,
Chronik, p.666.
213. Cunnington, Children's Costume, pp.70-128; Tom Hastie, Home Life, p.
33; Preyer, Mind, p. 273; Lane, Costume, pp. 316-17; Mary Somerville, Personal Recollections, From Early Life to Old Age, of Mary Somerville (London, 1873), p. 21; Aristotle, Politics, p.627; Schatzman, Soul Murder; Earle, Child Life, p.58; Burton, Early Victorians, p. 192; Joanna Richard-son, Princess Mathdde (New York, 1969), p. 10; lteotzon, "French Chil-
dren," p. 805; Stephanie de Genlis, Memoirs of the Countess de Genus, 2
vols. (New York, 1825), p.10; Kemble, Records, p.85.
214. Xenophon, Writings, p. 7; Horkan, Educational Theories, p. 36; Earle,
Child Life, p.26; Nelson, Essay, p. 83;Ruhrah,Pediatrics, p.220; Soranus,
Gynecology, p. 116. For a similar belief, see Gregory Bateson and Margaret
Mead, Balinese Character: A Photographic Airalysis, vol.2, Special Publica-
tions of the New York Academy of Sciences (1942).
215. T. B. L. Webster, Everyday Life in Classkal Aizetis (London, 1969), p.46;
1. T. Muckle, trans., The Story of Abelard's Adversities: Historia Calami-tatum (Toronto, 1954), p.30; Roland H. Bainston, Women of the Reforma-tion in Germany and Italy (Minneapolis, 1971), p. 36; Pierre Iselon, Les Observations, de plusieurs singularitez et choses memorables trouvees en Gre ce, Judee, Egypte, Arabie, et autres pays estra,zges (Antwerp, 1555), pp.317-18; Phaire, Boke, p. 53;Pemell,DeMorbis, p.55; Peckey, Treatise, p.146; Elizabeth Wirth Marvick, "H6roard and Louis XIII," Journal oflnter-disciplinary History, in press; Guillimeau, Nursing, p.80; Ruhrah, Pediatrics, p.61; James Benignus Bossuet, An Account of the Education of the Dau-phine, In a Letter to Pope Innocent XI (Glasgow, 1743), p.34.
216. Thass-Thienemann, Subconscious, p.59
217. Hunt, Parents and Chddren, p. 144. Hunt's section on purges is his most perceptive.
218. Ibid., pp.144-S.
219. Nelson, Essay, p. 107; Chapone, Improvement, p.200; Ryerson, "Medical Advice," p.99.
220. Stephen Kern, "Did Freud Discover Childhood Sexuality?", Histor,}' of Childhood Quarterly: The Journal of Psychohistory, I (Summer, 1 973), p. 130; Preyer, Mental Development, p.64; Sunley, "Literature," p.157.
221. Josephine Klein, Samples From English Cultures, vol.2, Child-rearing Prac-tices (London, 1965), pp.449-52; David Rodnick, Post War Germany: An Anthropologist'sAccount (New Haven, 1948), p.18; Robert R. Sears, Ct al., Patterns of Child Rearing (New York, 1957), p. 109; Miller, Chairging American Parent, pp.219-20.
222. Plutarch, "The Education of Children," in Moses fladas, trans., Plutarch:
Selected Essays on Love, the Family, and the Good Life (New York, 1957),

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p- 113; F. J. Furnivall, ed., Queen Flizabethes Achademy, Early English
Text Society Extra Series no. 8 (London, 1 869), p- 1; William flarrison
Woodward, Studies in Education During the Age of tire Renaissance 1400-
1600 (Cambridge, Massachusetts, 1924), p-ill.
223. Michel de Montaigne, The Essays of Michel de Moirtaigne, trans., George B.
Ives (New York, 1946), pp. 234, 516; Donald M. Frame, Montaigne: A
Biography (New York, 1965), pp.3840, 95.
224. Peiper, Chronik, pp.302-345.
225. Preserved Smith, A History of Modern Culture, vol.2 (New York, 1934).
p.423.
226. Morris Bishop, trans. Letters From Petrarch (Bloomington, md., 1966), p.
149; Charles Norris Coclirane, Christianity arid Classical Culture (London,
1940), p.35; James Turner, "The Visual Realism of Comenius," History of
Education, 1 (June, 1972), p. 1 32; John Amos Comenius, The School of
Infancy (Chapel Hill, NC., 1956). p. 102; Roger PeGuimps, Pestalozzi:
His Life and Work (New York, 1897), p. 161; Christian Bec, Les marehands
cedvains: affaires et humanisme a Florence /375-1434 (Paris, 1967), pp.
288-97; Rencie Neu Watkins, trans., The Faindy in Renaissance Florence
(Columbia, S.C., 1969), p.66.
227 Christina Hole, The English Housewife in the Seventeenth Century (London,
1953), p. 149; Editha and Richard Sterba, Beethoven and His Nephew
(New York, 1971), p.89.
228 Soulie', Heroard, pp.44, 203, 284, 436; Hunt, Parents and Children, pp.
133ff.
229 Giovanni Dominici, On The Education of Children, Arthur B. Cote, trans.
(Washington, D.C., 1927), p.48; Rousseau, Emile, p. 15; Sangster, Pity,
p.77
230. Thrupp, Anglo-Saxon Home, p. 98; Furnivall, Meals and Manners, p. vi;
Roger Ascham, The Scolemaster (New York, 1967), p.34; H. D. Trail and
J. S. Mann, Social England (New York, 1909), p.239; Sophocles, Oedipus
The King: 808.
231 Herodas, Mimes, p. 117; Adolf Erman, The Literature of the Ancient
Egyptians (London, 1927), pp. 189-91; Peiper, Chronik, p. 17; Plutarch,
Moralia, p. 145; Plutarch, The Lives of the Noble Greciaris arid Romans,
John Dryden, trans. (New York, n.d.), p.64; Galen, On the Passions and
Errors of the Soul, Paul W. Harkins, trans., Ohio State University Press
p.56.
232. Thrupp, Anglo-Saxon Home, p.100.
233. Peiper, Chronik, p.309
234. Eadmer, R. W. Southern, trans. The Life of St. Anselm-Arch bishop of Canterbury (Oxford, 1962), p.38.
235. Batty, Christian, pp.14-26; Charron, Wisdom, pp.1334-9; Powell, Domestic Relations, passim; John F. Benton, ed., Self and Society in Medieval France: The Memoirs of Abbot Guibert of Nogent (New York, 1970), pp. 21241; Lueila Cole, A History of Education: Socrates to Montessori (New York, 1950), p.209; Comenius, School, p.102; Watkins, Family, p.66.
236 Bossuet, Account, pp.56-7; Henry H. Meyer, Child Nature and Nurture According to Nicolaus Ludwig von Zinzindorf (New York, 1928), p.105; Bedford, English Children, p.238; King-Hall, The Story of the Nursery, pp. 83-11; John Witherspoon, The Works of John Witherspoon, D.D. Vol.8 (Edinburgh, 1805), p. 178; Rev. Bishop Fleetwood, Six Useful Discourses on the Relative Duties of Parents and Chddren (London, 1749).

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237. See Lyman Cobb, The Evil Tendencies of Corporal Punishment as a Means of Moral Discipline in Families and Schools (New York, 1847), and Miller, Changing American Parent, pp- 13-14, for Amcrican Conditions; see Walter Havernick, Schldge als Strafe (Hamburg, 1964), for Germany today.
238. Smith, Memoirs, p.49; Richard Heath, Edgar Quinet: His Early Life and
Writings (London, 1881), p.3; Lord Lindsay, Lives of the Lindsays: or, a
Memoir of the Houses of Crawford and Barcarros, vol.2 (London, 1849),
p- 307; L. H. Butterfield, ed., Letters ofBenjamin Rush, voL 1:1761-1792
(Princeton, 1951), p.511; Bentzon, "Frcnch Children," p.811; Margaret
Blundell, Cavalier: Letters of William Blundell to his Friends, 1620-1698
(London, 1933), p.46.
239. For bibliographies, see Hans Licht, Sexual Lifc in Ancient Greece (New
York, 1963); Robert Flaceliere, Love in Ancient Greece, James Cleugh,
trans. (London, 1960); Pierre Grimal, Love in Ancient Rome, Arthur Train,
Jr., trans. (New York, 1967); J. Z. Eglinton, Greek Love (New York, 1964);
Otto Kiefer, Sexual Life in Ancient Rome (New York, 1962); Arno Karlen,
Sexuality and Homosexuality: A New View (New York, 1971); Vanggaard,
Phallos; Wainwright Churchill, Homosexual Behavior Among Males.' A
C"oss-Cultural and Cross-Species Investigation (New York, 1967).
240. Lutz, "Rufus," p.103.
241. Aristotle, Politics, p.81.
242. Grimal, Love, p. 106;Karlen, Sexuality, p.33; Xenophon, Writings, p.149.
243. Quintilian, InstUutio Oratoria, H. F. Butler, trans. (London, 1921), p.61; Karlen, Sexuality, pp.34-5; Lacey, Famdy, p.157.
244. Aesehines, The Speeches of Aesehines, Charles Darwin Adams, trans. (Lon-don, 1919), pp.9-10.
245. Ibid., p.136.
246. Petronius, The Satyricon and The Fragments (Baltimore, 1965), p.43.
247. Aristotle, The Nicomachean Ethics (Cambridge, 1947), p.403; Quintilian, Institutio, p. 43; Ove Brusendorf and Paul Henningsen, A History of Eroticism (New York, 1963), plate 4.
248. Louis M. Epstein, Sex Laws and Customs in Judaism (New York, 1948), p.
136.
249. Plutarch, "Education," p.118.
250. Suetonius, Caesars, p. 148; Tacitus, The Annals of Tacitus (New York,
1966), p.188.
251. Martial, Epigrams, vol. 2, Walter C. A. Kerr, trans. (Cambridge, Massachu-setts, 1968), p. 255; Aristotle, Historia Animalium, trans. R. Cresswell (London, 1862), p. 180.
252. Vanggaard, Phallos, pp.25, 27, 43; Karlen, Sexuality, pp.33-34; Eglinton, Greek Love, p.287.
253. Joyce McDougall, "Primal Scene and Sexual Perversion," International Journal ofPsycho-Analysis, 53 (1972), p.378.
254. Hans Licht, Sexual Life in Ancient Greece (New York, 1963), p.497; Peter Tomkins, The Eunuch and the Virgin (New York, 1962), pp. 17-30; Vanggaard, Phallos, p.59; Martial, Epigrams, pp.75, 144.
255. PaulusAegineta,Aegeneta, pp.379-81.
256. Martial, Epigrams, p. 367; St. Jerome, Letters, p.363; Tomkins, Eunuch, pp.28-30; Geoffrey Keynes, ed., The Apologie and Treatise of Ambroise Pare' (London, 1951), p.102.
257. Clement of Alexandria, Christ, p.17.
258. Origen, "Commentary on Mathew," The Ante-Nicene Fathers, vol.9, Allan Menzies, ed. (New York 1925), p.484.

81

259. Benton, Self pp 14,35.
260. Craig, "Vincent of Beauvais," p.303; Cleaver, Godlie, pp.326-7; Dominici Education, p.41.
261. Ibid.
262. Aries, Centuries of Childhood, pp. 107-8; Johannes Butzbach, The Auto-
biography of Johannes Butzbach: A Wandering Scholar of the Fifteenth
Century (Ann Arbor, 1933), p.2; Horkan, Educational Theories, p.118;
Jones, Arts, p.59; James Cleland, The Instruction of a Young Nobleman
(Oxford, 1612), p.20; Sir Thomas Elyot, The Book Named the Governor
(London, 1962), p.16; Erwin Panofsky, Studies in Iconology: Humanistic
Themes in the Art of the Renaissance (New York, 1972), pp.95-166; Leo
Steinberg, "The Metaphors of Love and Birth in Michelangelo's Pieta's,"
Studies in Erotic Art, Theodore Bowie and Cornelia V. Christenson, eds.
(New York, 1970), pp.231-339; Josef Kunstmann, The Transformation of
Eros (London, 1964), pp.21-23.
263. Whiting, Child-Training, p.79.
264. Gabriel Falloppius, "De decoraturie trachtaties," cap. 9, Opera Omnia, 2 vols. (Frankfurt, 1600), pp.336-37; Soranus, Gynecology, p.107.
265 Michael Edward Goodich, "The Dimensions of Thirteenth Century Saint-hood," Ph.D. dissertation, Columbia University, 1972, pp.211-12; Jean-Louis Flandrin, "Mariage tardif et vie sexuelle: Discussions et hypotheses de recherche," Annales: Economies Societe's Civilisations 27 (1972)135 1-78.
266 Hare, "Masturbatory Insanity," pp.2-25; Spitz, "Authority and Masturba-tion," pp.490-527; Onania, or the Heinous Sin of SelfPollution, 4th ed. (London, n.d.), pp. 1-19; Simon Tissot, "L'Onanisme: Dissertation sur les maladies produites par Ia masturbation," (Lausanne, 1764), G. Rattray Taylor, Sex in History (New York, 1954), p.223; Taylor, Angel-Makers, p. 327; Alex Comfort, The Anxiety Makers: Some Curious Preoccupations of the Medical Profession (London, 1967); Ryerson, "Medical Advice," pp. 305ff; Kern, "Freud;" pp.117-141; L. Deslander, M.D., A Treatise on the Diseases Produced by Onanism, masturbation, self-pollution, and other ex-cesses, trans. from the French (Boston, 1838); Mrs. S. M. I. Henry, Studies in Home and ChUd Life (Battk Creek, Michigan, 1897), p.74; George B. Leonard, The Transformation (New York, 1972), p. 106; John fluffy, "Masturbation and Clitoridectomy: A Nineteenth Century View," Journal of the American Medical Association, 186 (1963), p.246; Dr. Yellowlees, "Masturbation;' Journal ofMental Science, 22 (1876), p.337; J. H. Kellogg, Plain Facts for Old and Young (Burlington, 1881), pp. 186497; P. C. Remondino, M.D., History of Circumcision from the Earliest flmes to the Present (Philadelphia, 1891), p.272.
267 Restif de Ia Bretonne, Monsieur Nicolas, pp.86, 88, 106; Common Errors, p.22; Deslander, Treatise, p.82; Andre Parreaux, Dady Life in England in the Reign of George III, Carola Congreve, trans. (London, 1969), pp.125-26; Bernard Perez, The First Three Years of Childhood (London, 1 885), p.
58; My Secret Life, (New York, 1966), pp. 13-15, 61; Gathorne-Hardy, Rise and Fall, p. 163; Henri E. Ellenberger, The Discovery of the Uncon-scious (New York, 1970), p.299; Joseph W. Howe, Excessive Vencry, Mas-turbation and Continence (New York, 1893), p.63; C. Gasquome Hartley, Motherhood and the Relationships of the Sexes (New York, 1917), p.312; Bernis, Memoirs, p.90.
268. Dr. Albert Molt, The Sexual Life of Children (New York, 1913), p.219; Max Schur, Freud: Living and Dying (New York, 1972), pp.120-32; Robert Fleiss, Symbol, Dream and Psychosis (New York, 1973), pp.205-29.

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269. Mrs. Vernon D. Broughton, ed., Court and Private Life in the Time of Queen Charlotte: Being the Journals of Mrs. Papendiek, Assistant Keeper of the Wardrobe and Reader to Her Majesty (London, 1887), p- 40; Morley, Cardan, p. 35; Origo, Leopardi, p- 24; Kemble, Records, p- 28; John Green-leaf Whittier, ed., Child Life in Prose (Boston, 1873), p. 277; Walter E. Houghton, The Victorian Frame of Mind, 1830-1870 (New Haven, 1957), p.63; Harriet Martineau, Autobiography, vol.1 (Boston, 1877), p. 11; John Geninges, The Life and Death of Mr. Edmund Geninges, Priest (1614), p. 18;Thompson,Religion, p.471.
270. Chadwick Hansen, Witchcraft at Salem (New York, 1970); Ronald Seth,
Children Against Witches (London, 1969); H. C. Erik Midelfort, Witch
Hunting in Southwestern Germany (Stanford, 1972), p.109; Carl Holliday,
Woman's Life in Colonial Days (Boston, 1922), p.60; Jeffrey Burton Russell,
Witchcraft in the Middle Ages (Ithaca, New York, 1972), p. 136;George A.
Gray, The Children's Crusade (New York, 1972).
271. Stahl, Macrobius, p.114; Julia Cartwright Ady, Isabella D'Este: Marchioness of Mantua, 1474-1539 A Study of the Renaissance (London, 1903), p.186; Mary Ann Gibbs, The Years of the Nannies (London, 1960), p.23; Agnes Strickland, Lives of the Queens of England, 6 vok. (London, 1864), p.2; Lady Anne Clifford, The Diary of Lady Anne Clifford (London, 1923), p. 66; Allan McLane Hamilton, The Intimate Life of Alexander Hamilton (London, 1910, p. 224; Hare, Story, p.54; Elizabeth Cleghorn Gaskell, "My Diary": the early years of my daughter Marianne (London, 1923), p. 33; Mrs. Emily Talbot, ed., Papers on Infant Development (Boston, 1882), p.30; flu Maurier, Young Du Maurier, p.250; Preyer,Mind, p.275; James David Barber, The Presidential Character: Predicting Performance in the White House (Englewood Cliffs, New Jersey, 1972), p.212; George V. N. Dearborn, Motor-Sensory Development: Observations on the First Three Years of a Child (Baltimore, 1910), p.160; William B. Forbush, The First Year in a Baby's Life (Philadelphia, 1913), p.11; Mary M. Shirley, The First Two Years: A Study of Twenty-Five'Babies (Minneapolis, 1931), p.40. See also Sylvia Brody, Patterns of Mothering: Maternal Influence During Infancy (New York, 1956), p.105; and Sidney Axelrad, "Infant Care and Personality Re' considered," The Psychoanalytic Study of Society, 2 (1962), pp.99-102, for similar retardation patterns in Albanian swaddled infants.

272 A. S. Neill, The Free ChUd (London, 1952); Paul Ritter and John Ritter, The Free Family: A Creative Experiment in Self-Regulation for Children (London, 1959); Michael Deakin, The Children on the Hill (London, 1972).

273. Despite the single line of evolution described, the psychogenic theory of history is not uni-linear but multi-linear, for conditions outside the family also affect to some extent the course of parent-child evolution in each society. There is no claim here for reducing all other sources of historical change to the psychogenic. Rather than being an example of psychological reductionism, psychogenic theory is actually an intentional application of "methodological individualism," as described by F. A. Hayek, The Counter-Revolu-tion of Science (Glencoe, Illinois, 1952); Karl R. Popper, The Open Society and Its Enemies (Princeton, 1950); 3. W. N. Watkins, "Methodological In-dividualism and Non-Hempelian Ideal Types," in Leonard I. Krimerman, ed., The Nature and Scope of Social Science (New York, 1969), pp.457-72. See also J. 0. Wisdom, "Situational lndividualism and the Emergent Group Properties," Explanation in the Behavioral Sciences, Robert Borger and Frank Cioffi, eds. (Cambridge, Massachusetts, 1970), pp.271-96.

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274 The quotes are from Calvin S. Hall, "Out of a Dream Came the Faucet," Psychoanalysis and the Psychoanalytic Review, 49 (1962).
275 - See Maurice Mandelbaum, History, Man and Reason: A Study in Nineteenth Century Thought (Baltimore, 1971), chapter 11, for Mill's abortive attempt to invent a historical science of human nature.

 

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