1 Alexandra Maryanski and Jonathan H. Turner, The Social Cage: Human Nature and the Evolution of Society. Stanford: Stanford University Press, 1992, p. 2.
2 Part of the short stature of African Pygmies is genetic, part nutritional; see Barry Bogin, "The Tall and the Short of It." Discover, February 1998, p. 43.
3 Luigi Luca Cavalli-Sforza and Franesco Cavalli-Sforza, The Great Human Diasporas: The History of Diversity and Evolution. Reading, Mass.: Addison-Wesley Publishing Co. 1995, p. 97.
4 James V. Neel, "Some Base Lines for Human Evolution and the Genetic Implications of Recent Cultural Development." In Donald J. Ortner, Ed., How Humans Adapt: A Biocultural Odyssey. Washington, D.C.: Smithsonian Institution Press, 1983, p. 82.
5 Ernst Mayr, This Is Biology: The Science of the Living World." Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1997, p. 75.
6 Leslie White, The Evolution of Culture: The Development of Civilization to the Fall of Rome. New York: McGraw-Hill, 1959, pp. 283-286.
7 Allen W. Johnson and Timothy Earle, The Evolution of Human Societies: From Foraging Group to Agrarian State. Stanford, Calif.: Stanford University Press, 1987, p. 15.
8 Timothy Earle, "The Evolution of Chiefdoms." In Timothy Earle, Ed. Chiefdoms: Power, Economy, and Ideology. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1991, p. 4.
9 C. R. Hallpike, The Principles of Social Evolution. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1988, pp. 237-8.
10 Brian Hayden, "Pathways to Power: Principles for Creating Socioeconomic Inequalities." In F. Douglas Price and Gary M. Feinman, Eds., Foundations of Social Inequality. New York: Plenum Press, 1995, p. 74; Hayden stresses the central rol e of"non-utilitarian 'ritual' and feasting activities [in] cultural evolution."
11 C. R. Hallpike, The Principles of Social Evolution, p. 207.
12 Patrick Kirch and D. E. Yen, Tikopia: The Prehistory and Ecology of a Polynesian Outlier. Bernice P. Bishop Museum Bulletin no. 238. Honolulu: The Museum, 1982, p. 368/.
13 F. J. Odling-Smee, "Niche-Constructing Phenotypes." In H. C. Plotkin, Ed.,The Role of Behavior in Evolution. Cambridge: MIT Press, 1988. 14 Jared Diamond, Guns, Germs, and Steel: The Fates of Human Societies. New York: W. W. Norton & Co., 1997.
15 David S. Landes, The Wealth and Poverty of Nations: Why Some Are So Rich and Some So Poor. New York: W. W. Norton & Co., 1998, pp. 6-14.
16 David S. Landes, The Wealth and Poverty of Nations: Why Some Are So Rich and Some So Poor. New York: W. W. Norton & Co., 1998, pp. 213-230.
17 John W. M. Whiting and Irving L. Child, Child Training and Personality. New Haven: Yale University Press, 1953, p. 310; Eleanor Hallenberg Chasdi, Ed. Culture and Human Development: The Selected Papers of John Whiting. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1994, p. 90; Robert A. LeVine, Culture, Behavior, and Personality: An Introduction to the Comparative Study of Psychosocial Adaptation. New York: Aldine Publishing Co., 1982, p. 57.
18 Margaret Mead, Sex and Temperament in Three Primitive Societies. New York: William Morrow, 1935.
19 Irving Goldman, Ancient Polynesian Society. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1970, p. 478.
20 T. Douglas Price, "Social Inequality at the Origins of Agriculture." In T. Douglas Price and Gary M. Feinman, Eds., Foundations of Social Inequality. New York: Plenum Press, 1995, p. 144.
21 Ibid.
22 Ibid., p. 145.
23 Allen W. Johnson and Timothy Earle, The Evolution of Human Societies: From Foraging Group to Agrarian State. Stanford: Stanford University Press, 1987, p. 254.
24 Gilbert Gottlieb, Individual Development and Evolution: The Genesis of Novel Behavior. New York: Oxford University Press, 1992.
25 Gerald M. Edelman, Bright Air, Brilliant Fire: On the Matter of the Mind. New York: Basic Books, 1992; Allan N. Schore, Affect Regulation and the Origin of the Self: The Neurobiology of Emotional Development. Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, 1994, p. 253.
26 Gilbert Gottlieb, Individual Development & Evolution: The Genesis of Novel Behavior. New York: Oxford University Press, 1992; Gilbert Gottlieb, Synthesizing Nature-Nurture: Prenatal Roots of Instinctive Behavior. Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associations, 1997; Bruce H. Lipton, "Adaptive Mutation: A New Look At Biology: The Impact of Maternal Emotions on Genetic Development." Touch the Future, Spring 1997, pp. 4-6; Richard C. Strohman, "Epigenesis and Complexity: The Coming Kuhnian Revolution in Biology." Nature Biotechnology 15(1997): 194-200; Eva Jablonka and Marion J. Lamb, Epigenetic Inheritance and Evolution: The Lamarckian Dimension. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1995; Mae-Wan Ho and Peter T. Saunders, Eds. Beyond Neo-Darwinism: An Introduction to the New Evolutionary Paradigm. New York: Academic Press, 1984; Richard Milton, The Facts of Life: Shattering the Myth of Darwinism. London: Fourth Estate, 1992.
27 Richard B. Carter, Nurturing Evolution: The Family As a Social Womb. Lanham: University Press of America, 1993, p. xxxvii.
28 Bruce H. Lipton, "The Biology of Consciousness." Lecture presented at the University of British Columbia, May 7, 1995.
29 Ronald Kotulak, Inside the Brain: Revolutionary Discoveries of How the Mind Works. Kansas City: Andrews and McMeel, 1996, pp. 82-85.
30 Eva Jablonka and Marion J. Lamb, Epigenetic Inheritance and Evolution, pp. 79-110.
31 Alain Prochaiantz, How the Brain Evolved. New York: McGraw-Hill, n.d., p. 41.
32 Henry Plotkin, Evolution in Mind: An Introduction to Evolutionary Psychology. Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1998, p. 231.
33 Jane Beckman Lancaster, Primate Behavior and the Emergence of Human Culture. New York: Holt, Rinehart and Winston, 1975, p. 23. For a limited role of macaque males in child care, see David Taub, "Female choice and mating strategies among wild barbary macques (Macaca sylvanus L.)," in The Macaques: Studies in Ecology, Behavior and Evolution, Ed. D. Lundburg. New York: Van Nostrand-Reinhold, 1980, p. 335.
34 Alexandra Maryanski, "African Ape Social Networks." In James Steele and Stephen Shennan, Eds., The Archaeology of Human Ancestry: Power, Sex and Tradition. London: Routledge, 1996, pp. 77-9.
35 Richard Goldschmidt, "Some Aspects of Evolution." Science 78(1933): 539-547.
36 Lloyd deMause, "The Role of Adaptation and Selection in Psychohistorical Evolution." The Journal of Psychohistory 16(1989): 355-372.
37 Howard S. Levy, Chinese Footbinding: The History of a Curious Erotic Custom. London: Neville Spearman, n.d.; Jicai Feng, The Three-Inch Golden Lotus. Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press, 1994, p. 52; Lloyd deMause, "The Universality of Incest." The Journal of Psychohistory 19(1991): 151.
38 Arthur P. Wolf and Chieh-shan Huang, Marriage and Adoption in China, 1845-1945. Standord: Stanford Univ. Press, 1980, p. 8; Margery Wolf and Roxane Witke, EDs. Women in Chinese Society. Stanford: Stanford University Press, 1975; Ching-li How, Journey in Tears: Memory of a Girlhood in China. New York: McGraw-Hill Book Co., 1978; Margery Wolf, Women and the Family in Rural Taiwan. Stanford: Stanford University Press, 1972, p. 69.
39 Irene B. Taeuber, "The Families of Chinese Farmers." In Maurice Freedman, Ed., Family and Kinship in Chinese Society. Stanford: Stanford University Press, 1970, p. 70.
40 David S. Landes, The Wealth and Poverty of Nations: Why Some Are So Rich and Some So Poor. New York: W. W. Norton & Co., 1998, p. 342.
41 Lloyd deMause, "The Universality of Incest." The Journal of Psychohistory 19(1991): 160-163; Cathy Joseph, "Compassionate Accountability: An Embodied Consideration of Female Genital Mutilation." The Journal of Psychohistory 24(1996): 2-17.
42 Geza Roheim, "The Evolution of Culture." In Bruce Mazlish, Ed., Psychoanalysis and History. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: 1963, p. 84.
43 C. R. Hallpike, The Principles of Social Evolution. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1988, p. 277.
44 A. Terry Rambo, "The Study of Cultural Evolution." In A. Terry Rambo and Kathleen Gillogly, Eds., Profiles in Cultural Evolution: Papers From a Conference in Honor of Elman R. Service. Ann Arbor: Anthropological Papers, Museum of Anthropology, Univ. of Michigan, No. 85, 1991, p. 43.
45 Richard M. Restak, "Possible Neurophysiological Correlates of Empathy." In Joseph Lichtenberg, Melvin Bornstein and Donald Silver, Empathy I. Hillsdale, NJ: The Analytic Press, 1984, p. 70.
46 See Jean Briggs, Never in Anger: Portrait of an Eskimo Family. Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1970.
47 Gerald M. Edelman, Bright Air, Brilliant Fire: On the Matter of the Mind. New York: Basic Books, 1992.
48 Stanley I. Greenspan, The Growth of the Mind: And the Endangered Origins of Intelligence. New York: Addison-Wesley Publishing Co., 1997.
49 Michael J. O'Brien and Thomas D. Holland, "The Nature and Promise of a Selection-Based Archeology." In Patrice A. Teltser, Ed., Evolutionary Archaelogy: Methodological Issues. Tucson: University of Arizona Press, 1995, p. 177.
50 David P. Braun, "Selection and evolution in nonhierarchical organization." In Steadman Upham, Ed., The Evolution of Political Systems: Sociopolitics in Small-Scale Sedentary Societies. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1990, p. 79.
51 Ruth Benedict, "Child Reraing in Certain European Countries." American Journal of Orthopsychiatry 19(1949): 345-46.
52 Gerald M. Edelman, Bright Air, Brilliant Fire: On the Matter of the Mind. New York: Basic Books, 1992.
53 Julian H. Steward, Theory of Culture Change. Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 1958, p. 7.
54 Harry Guntrip, Schizoid Phenomena, Object Relations and the Self. Madison: International Universities Press, 1995.
55 Phillip J. Longman, "The Cost of Children." U.S. News & World Report, March 30, 1998, p. 51.
56 Frank W. Putnam, Dissociation in Children and Adolescents: A Developmental Perspective. New York: The Guilford press, 1997, p. 1.
57 Valerie Fildes, Breasts, Bottles and Babies. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press, 1986.
58 Helen Clergue, The Salon: A Study of French and Personalities in the Eighteenth Century. New York: G. P. Putnam's Sons, 1907, p. 146.
59 Thomas Muffett, Healths improvement. London, 1655, p. 119.
60 T. G. H. Drake, "The Wet Nurse in the Eighteenth Century." Bulletin of the History of Medicine 8(1940): 940.
61 Maria Piers, Infanticide. New York: Norton, 1978, p. 52.
62 Lloyd deMause, Ed., The History of Childhood. New York: Psychohistory Press, 1974, pp. 51-53.
63 Ralph Frenken, Studien zur Eltern-Kind-Beziehung anhand deutscher Autobiographien des 14.bis 17. Jahrhunderts: Ein Beitrag zur psychogenetischen Gischichte der Kindheit, forthcoming; Ute Schuster-Keim und Alexander Keim, Zur Geschichte der Kindheit bei Lloyd deMause; Frankfurt am Main: Peter Lang, 1988; Friedhelm Nyssen, Die Geschichte der Kindheit bei L. deMause. Frankfurt am Main: Peter Lang, 1984; Friedhelm Nyssen und Ludwig Janus (Hg.), Psychogenetische Geschichte der Kindheit: Beiträge zur Psychohistorie der Eltern-Kind-Beziehung. Giessen: Psychosozial-Verlag, 1998 and Glenn Davis, Childhood and History in America. New York: Psychohistory Press, 1976.
64 See Lloyd deMause, "On Writing Childhood History." 16(1988):135-170 and Lloyd deMause, "25-Year Subject Index to The Journal of Psychohistory." The Journal of Psychohistory 25(1998):401-406.
65 Robert B. McFarland, "The Children of God." The Journal of Psychohistory 21(1994): 497-499.
66 Marc Howard Ross, "Socioeconomic Complexity, Socialization, and Political Differentiation: A Cross-Cultural Study." Ethos 9(1981): 217-246; Michio Kitahara, "A Cross-Cultural Test of the Freudian Theory of Circumcision." International Journal of Psychoanalytic Psychotherapy 5(1976): 535-546.
67 William Armstrong Percy III, Pederasty and Pedagogy in Archaic Greece. Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 1996.
68 Esther N. Goody, Parenthood and Social Reproduction: Fostering and Occupational Roles in West Africa. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1982.
69 David Levinson, Family Violence in Cross-Cultural Perspective. NewburyPark: Sage Publications, 1989, p. 93; Raoul Naroll, The Moral Order: An Introduction to the Human Situation. Beverly Hills: Sage Publications, 1983, pp. 246-247, 250; Thomas S. Weisner, "Socialization for Parenthood in Sibling Caretaking Societies." In Jane B. Lancaster, et al., Eds., Parenting Across the Life Span: Biosocial Dimensions. New York: Aldine de Gruyter, 1987, pp. 240, 248, 261; Alan Howard and John Kirkpatrick, "Social Organization." In Alan Howard and Robert Borofsky, Eds., Developments in Polynesian Ethnology. Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press, 1989, p. 75; Robert Etienne, "Ancient Medical Conscience and Children." The Journal of Psychohistory 4(1976): 131-162.
70 Epistle to Diognetus, iv.
71 See Chapter 7.
72 Mayke de Jong, In Samuel's Image: Child Oblation in the Early Medieval West. Leiden: E. J. Brill, 1996.
73 Ralph Frenken, "The History of German Childhood Through Autobiographies." The Journal of Psychohistory 24(1997): 390-402; Michael Goodich, "Childhood and Adolescence Among the Thirteenth-Century Saints." History of Childhood Quarterly 1(1973): 285-309; Barbara A. Kellum, "Infanticide in England in the Later Middle Ages." History of Childhood Quarterly 1(1974): 367-388; Grant McCracken, "The Exchange of Children in Tudor England: An Anthropological Phenomenon in Historical Context." The Journal of Family History 8(1983): 303-313.
74
75 Heide Wunder, He Is the Sun, She Is the Moon: Women in Early Modern Germany. Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1998; Elizabeth Hafkin Pleck, Domestic Tyranny: The Making of Social Policy Against Family Violence From Colonial Times to the Present. New York: Oxford University Press, 1987.
76 Janet Golden, "The New Motherhood and the New View of Wet Nurses, 1780-1865." In Rima D. Apple and Janet Golden, Eds., Mothers & Motherhood: Readings in American History. Columbus: Ohio State University Press, 1997, pp. 72-89.
77 Jan Lewis, "'Those Scenes for Which Alone My Heart Was Made.'" Affection and Politics in the Age of Jefferson and Hamilton." In Peter N. Stearns and Jan Lewis, An Emotional History of the United States. New York: New York University Press, 1998, pp. 52-65; Vivian C. Fox, "Poor Children's Rights in Early Modern England." The Journal of Psychohistory 23(1996): 286-306; Elisabeth Badinter, L'amour en plus: histoire de l'amour maternel (XVIIe - Xxe siecle). Paris: Flammarion, 1980.
78 Jan Lewis, "Mother's Love: The Construction of an Emotion in Nineteenth-Century America." In Peter N. Stearns and Jan Lewis, An Emotional History of the United States, p. 52.
79 Julia Grant, Raising Baby by the Book: The Education of American Mothers. New Haven: Yale University Press, 1998, p. 15.
80 Jan Lewis, "Mother's Love: The Construction of an Emotion in Nineteenth-Century America." In Rima D. Apple and Janet Golden, Eds., Mothers & Motherhood: Readings in American History, p. 58.
81 See Glenn Davis, Childhood and History in America. New York: Psychohistory Press, 1976 for a breakdown of the socializing mode into four submodes.
82 Peter Petschauer, "Growing Up Female In Eighteenth-Century Germany." The Journal of Psychohistory 11(1983): 167-208; Peter Petschauer, "Intrusive to Socializing Modes: Transitions in Eighteenth-Century Germany and Twentieth-Century Italy." The Journal of Psychohistory 14(1987): 257-270; Bogna Lorence, "Parents and Children in Eighteenth-Century Europe." History of Childhood Quarterly 2(1974): 1-30; Raffael Scheck, "Childhood in German Autobiographical Writings, 1740-1820." The Journal of Psychohistory 15(1987): 391-422.
83 Ibid, p. 160.
84 Lloyd deMause, "The Role of Adaptation and Selection in Psychohistorical Evolution." The Journal of Psychohistory 16(1989): p. 365.
85 Lloyd deMause, "The Formation of the American Personality Through Psychospeciation." In Lloyd deMause, Foundations of Psychohistory. New York: Creative Roots, 1982, pp. 105-128; Gert Raeithel, "Philobatism and American Culture." The Journal of Psychohistory 6(1979): 447-460.
86 Lloyd deMause, "The Role of Adaptation and Selection in Psychohistorical Evolution," p. 365.
87 L. L. Cavalli-Sforza, "The Transition to Agriculture and Some of Its Consequences." In Donald J. Ortner, Ed., How Humans Adapt: A Biocultural Odyssey. Washington, D.C.: Smithsonian Institution Press, 1983, p. 112.
88 N. Eldredge and Steven J. Gould, "Punctuated equilibria: An Alternative to Phyletic Gradualism." In Thomas J. M. Schopf, Ed., Models in Paleobiology. San Francisco: Freeman, 1972.
89 Luigi Luca and Francesco Cavalli-Sforza, The Great Human Diasporas: The History of Diversity and Evolution. Reading, MA: Addison-Wesley Publishing Co., 1995, p. 163.
90 Lotte Danzinger and Liselotte Frankl, "Zum Problem der Funktionsreifung." Zeitschrift für Kinderforschung 43(1934): 219-254; Alenka Puhar, "On Childhood Origins of Violence in Yugoslavia: II. The Zadruga.." The Journal of Psychohistory 21(1993): 171-198; Ernestine Friedl, Vasilika: A Village in Modern Greece. New York: Holt, Rinehart and Winston, 1962.
91 Roger Kaplan, "The Libel of Moral Equivalence." The Atlantic Monthly, August 1998, p. 24.
92 Yael Danieli, Ed., International Handbook of Multigenerational Legacies of Trauma. New York: Plenum Press, 1998.
93 Alan M. Ball, "And Now My Soul Is Hardened: Abandoned Children in Soviet Russia, 1918-1920. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1994;
94 Jasper Becker, Hungary Ghosts: Mao's Secret Famine. New Yrok: Free Press, 1997; Zheng Ui, Ed., Scarlet Memorial: Tales of Cannibalism in Modern China. Boulder: West View Press, 1996.
95 Ildiko Vasary, "'The Sin of Transdanubia': The One-Child System in Rural Hungary." Continuity and Change 4(1989): 447.
96 Ibid, p. 448.
97 Ibid, p. 435.
98 Ibid, p. 452.
99 The Washington Post National Weekly Edition, April 13, 1998, p. 18; Greg J. Duncan and Jeanne Brooks-Gunn, Eds., Consequences of Growing Up Poor. New York: Russell Sage Foundation, 1998.
100 Marc Howard Ross, "Socioeconomic Complexity, Socialization, and Political Differentiation: A Cross-Cultural Study." Ethos 9(1981): 217-245.
101 Ronald P. Rohner, They Love Me, They Love Me Not; A Worldwide Study of the Effects of Parental Acceptance and Rejection. HRAF Press, 1975, p. 157.
102 Ronald P. Rohner, The Warmth Dimension: Foundations of Parental Acceptance-Rejection Theory. Beverly Hills: Sage Publications, 1986, p. 64.
103 Eleanor Hollenberg Chasdi, Ed. Culture and Human Development: The Selected Papers of John Whiting Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1994, p. 100.
104 William N. Stephens, The Family in Cross-Cultural Perspective. New York: Holt, Rinehart and Winston, 1963, p. 357.
105 Herbert L. Barry, III, E. Lauer and C. Marshall, "Agents and Techniques of Child Training: Cross-Cultural Codes." Ethnology 16(1977): 191-230.
106 Melvin Konner, Childhood. Boston: Little, Brown and Co., 1991, p. 193.
107 Lloyd deMause, "The Evolution of Childhood." In deMause, Ed., The History of Childhood. New York: Psychohistory Press, 1974, p. 51.
108 Margaret Mead, Letters From the Field, 1925-1975. New York: Harper and Row, p. 132.
109 William Tulio Divale and Marvin Harris, "Population, Warfare, and the Male Supremacist Complex." American Anthropologist 78(1976): 521-538; Laila Williamson, "Infanticide: An Anthropological Analysis," in Marvin Kohl, Ed., Infanticide and the Value of Life. Buffalo: Prometheus Books, 1978; L. A. Malcolm, "Growth, Malnutrition and Mortality of the Infant and Toddler in the Asai Valley of the New Guinea Highlands. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 23(1970): 1090-95; Wulf Schiefenhövel, "Preferential Female Infanticide and Other Mechanisms Regulating Population Size Among the Eipo." In N. Keyfitz, Ed., Population and Biology. Liege: Ordina, 1984.
110 Joseph B. Birdsell, An Introduction to the New Physical Anthropology. New York: Rand McNally, 1965, p. 97.
111 W. Ellis, Polynesian Researches, Vol 1. Rutland, Vt.: Charles E. Tuttle Co., 1969, p. 251.
112 Wulf Schiefenhovel, "Ritualized Adult-Male/Adolescent-Male Sexual Behavior in Melanesia." In Jay R. Feierman, Ed., Pedophilia: Biosocial Dimensions. New York: Springer-Verlag, 1990, p. 417.
113 Gilbert Herdt, The Sambia: Ritual and Gender in New Guinea. New York: Holt, Rinehart and Winston, 1987, p. 85.
114 Gilbert H. Herdt, Guardians of the Flutes: Idioms of Masculinity. New York: McGraw-Hill Book Co., 1981, p. 207.
115 Maria Lepowsky, Fruit of the Motherland: Gender in an Egalitarian Society. New York: Columbia University Press, 1993, p. 84.
116 Marilyn Strathern, Women in Between: Female Roles in a Male World: Mount Hagen, New Guinea. London: Seminar Press, 1972, p. 44; Aloys Kasprus, The Tribes of the Middle Ramu and the Upper Keran Rivers (North-East New Guinea): : Studia Instituti Anthropos Vol. 17. St. Augustin bei Bonn: Verlag des Anthropos-Instituts, 1973, 52.
117 Shirley Lindenbaum, "Variations on a Sociosexual Theme in Melanesia." In Gilbert H. Herdt, Ed., Ritualized Homosexuality in Melanesia. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1984, p. 352.
118 Bruce M. Knauft, Good Company and Violence: Sorcery and Social Action in a Lowland New Guinea Society. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1985, pp. 118, 407.
119 Aloys Kasprus, The Tribes of the Middle Ramu..., p. 61.
120 Arthur E. Hippler, "Culture and Personality Perspective of the Yolngu of Northeastern Arnhem Land: Part I-Early Socialization." Journal of Psychological Anthropology 1(1978): 230.
121 Gillian Gillison, Between Culture and Fantasy: A New Guinea Highlands Mythology. Chicago: The University of Chicago Press, 1993, p. 234.
122 L. L. Langness, "Sexual Antagonism in the New Guinea Highlands." Oceania 37(1967): 166.
123 Wolfgang Lederer, The Fear of Women. New York, Grune & Stratton, 1968, p. 65.
124 Maurice Bloch, Prey Into Hunter: The Politics of Religious Experience. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1992, p. 11.
125 Aloys Kasprus, The Tribes of the Middle Ramu, p. 58.
126 Keith Willey, Assignment New Guinea. Brisbane: The Jacaranda Press, 1965, p. 101.
127 J. Van Baal, Dema: Description and Analysis of Marind-Anim Culture (South New Guinea). The Hague: Martinus Nieshoff, 1966, p. 746; Geza Roheim, "The Western Tribes of Central Australia: Childhood." In Warner Muensterberger and Sidney Axelrad, Eds., The Psychoanalytic Study of Society: Vol. II. New York: International Universities Press, 1962, pp. 199-200.
128 Geza Roheim, Psychoanalysis and Anthropology: Culture, Personality and the Unconscious. New York: International Universities Press, 1950, pp. 60-62.
129 Ibid., p. 150.
130 Ibid., p. 63.
131 Ibid., p. 60.
132 Lloyd deMause, Foundations of Psychohistory. New York: Creative Roots, 1982, p. 274.
133 Robert A. Paul, "Review of Lloyd deMause's Foundations of Psychohistory." The Journal of Psychoanalytic Anthropology 5(1982): 469.
134 Shirley Lindenbaum, Kuru Sorcery: Disease and Danger in the New Guinea Highlands. Palo Alto: Mayfield Publishing Co., 1979, p. 20.
135 Gillian Gillison, Between Culture and Fantasy: A New Guinea Highlands Mythology. Chicago: The University of Chicago Press, 1993, pp. 70, 75.
136 Fitz John Porter Poole, "Cannibals, Tricksters, and Witches: Anthropophagic Images Among Binim-Kuskusmin." In Paula Brown and Donald Tuzin, Eds., The Ethnography of Cannibalism. Washington, DC: Society for Psychological Anthropology, 1983, p. 13.
137 Catherine Gould, "Denying Ritual Abuse of Children." The Journal of Psychohistory 22(1995): 329-339; Lloyd deMause, "Why Cults Terrorize and Kill Children." The Journal of Psychohistory 21(1994): 505-518; Roland Summit, "The Dark Tunnels of McMartin." The Journal of Psychohistory 21(1994): 397-416; Gail Carr Feldman, "Satanic Ritual Abuse: A Chapter in the History of Human Cruelty." The Journal of Psychohistory 22(1995): 340-357; Robert B. McFarland, "The Children of God." The Journal of Psychohistory 21(1994): 497-499; Robert B. Rockwell, "One Psychiatrist's View of Satanic Ritual Abuse." The Journal of Psychohistory 21(1994): 443-460.
138 Harry Guntrip, Schizoid Phenomena, Object-Relations and the Self. Madison, Conn.: International Universities Press, 1968.
139 L. L. Langness, "Child Abuse and Cultural Values: The Case of New Guinea." In Jill E. Korbin, Child Abuse and Neglect: Cross-Cultural Perspectives. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1981, p. 26.
140 Claude Lévi-Strauss, The Elementary Structures of Kinship. Boston: Beacon Press, 1969, p. 41.
141 James L. Peacock and A. Thomas Kirsch, The Human Direction: An Evolutionary Approach to Social and Cultural Anthropology. New York: Appleton-Century-Crofts, 1970, p. 100.
142 Clelland S. Ford and Frank A. Beach, Patterns of Sexual Behavior New York: Harper & Row, 1951, p. 119.
143 Given J. Broude, Growing Up: A Cross-Cultural Encyclopedia. Santa Barbara: ABC-CLIO, 1995, p. 303.
144 William H. Davenport, "Adult-Child Sexual Relations in Cross-Cultural Perspective." In William O'Donohue and James H. Geer, Eds. The Sexual Abuse of Children: Theory and Research. Vol. I. Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, 1992, p. 75.
145 Claudia Konker, "Rethinking Child Sexual Abuse: An Anthropological Perspective." American Journal of Orthopsychiatry 62(1992): 148.
146 Jill E. Korbin, "Child Sexual Abuse: Implications From the Cross-Cultural Record." In Nancy Sheper-Hughes, Child Survival: Anthropological Perspectives on the Treatment and Maltreatment of Children. Boston: D. Reidel Publishing Co., p. 251.
147 Lloyd deMause, "The Universality of Incest." The Journal of Psychohistory 19(1991): 123-164.
148 Gillian Gillison, Between Culture and Fantasy: A New Guinea Highlands Mythology. Chicago: The University of Chicago Press, 1993, p. 176.
149 Ronald M. Berndt, Excess and Restraint: Social Control Among a New Guinea Mountain People. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1962, p. 91.
150 Melvin J. Konner and C. Worthman, "Nursing Frequency, Gonadal Function, and Birth Spacing Among !Kung Hunter-Gatherers." Science 207(1980): 788-791.
151 Gillian Gillison, Between Culture and Fantasy, p. 176.
152 H. Ian Hogbin, "A New Guinea Infancy: From Conception to Weaning in Wogeo." Oceana 13(1943): 298.
153 Arthur Hippler, "Culture and Personality Perspective of the Yolngu of Northeastern Arnhem Land: Part I Early Socialization." Journal of Psychological Anthropology 1(1978): 235.
154 Fitz John Porter Poole, "Coming Into Social Being: Cultural Images of Infants in Bimin-Kuskusmin Folk Psychology." In Geoffrey M. White and John Korkpatrick, Eds., Person, Self, and Experience: Exploring Pacific Ethnopsychologies. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1985, p. 232.
155 Geza Roheim, Psychoanalysis and Anthropology: Culture, Personality and the Unconscious. New York: International University Press, 1950; Geza Roheim, "The Western Tribes of Central Australia: The Alknarintja." In Warner Muensterberger and Sidney Axelrad, Eds., The Psychoanalytic Study of Society, Vol. III. New York: International Universities Press, 1964, p. 194, 231.
156 Geza Roheim, "The Western Tribes of Central Australia," p. 236.
157 Geza Roheim, "Play Analysis with Normanby Island Children." In Warner Muensterberger, Ed., Man and His Culture: Psychoanalytic Anthropology After 'Totem and Taboo.' London: Rapp & Whiting, 1969, p. 179; Geza Roheim, "The Western Tribes of Central Australia: Childhood." In Warner Muensterberger and Sidney Axelrad, Eds., The Psychoanalytic Study of Society. Vol. II. New York: International Universities Press, 1962, p. 207.
158 Lia Leibowitz, Females, Males, Families: A Biosocial Approach. North Scituate, Mass.: Duxbury Press, 1978, p. 135.
159 Robert C. Suggs, Marquesan Sexual Behavior. New York: Harcourt, Brace & World, 1966, p. 42.
160 Milton Diamond, "Selected Cross-Generational Sexual Behavior in Traditional Hawai'i: A Sexological Ethnography." In Jay R. Feierman, Ed., Pedophilia: Biosocial Dimensions. New York: Springer-Verlag, 1990, p. 430.
161 Ibid., p. 431.
162 Herman Heinrich Ploss, Das Weib in der Natur- und Volkerkunde: Anthropologische Studien. II. Band 1. Leipzig, 1887, p. 144.
163 Herman Heinrich Ploss, Max Bartels and Paul Bartels. Femina Libido Sexualis: Compendium of the Psychology, Anthropology and Anatomy of the Sexual Characteristics of the Woman. New York: The Medical Press, 1965, p. 140; Robert C. Suggs, Marquesan Sexual Behavior. New York: Harcourt, Brace & World, 1966, 177.
164 Gilbert Herdt and Robert J. Stoller, Intimate Communications: Erotics and the Study of Culture. New York: Columbia University Press, 1990, pp. 139, 274.
165 L. L. Langness, "Oedipus in the New Guinea Highlands?" Ethos 18(1990): 395
166 Ibid., p. 399.
167 Geza Roheim, Psychoanalysis and Anthropology, p. 160.
168 Herdt and Stoller, Intimate Communications, p. 42.
169 Stanley J. Coen, "Sexualization as a Predominant Mode of Defense." Journal of the American Psychoanalytic Association 29(1981): 909.
170 Herdt and Stoller, Intimate Communications, pp. 72, 138, 163.
171 Ibid., p. 163.
172 Ibid., p. 165.
173 Ibid., pp. 165-166.
174 Ibid., p. 169.
175 Ibid., p. 170.
176 Barbara B. Harrell, "Lactation and Menstruation in Cultural Perspective." American Anthropologist 83(1981): 799.
177 Fitz John Porter Poole, "Folk Models of Eroticism in Mothers and Sons: Aspects of Sexuality Among Bimin-Kuskusmin." Presented at the Annual Meeting of the American Anthropological Association, 1983; "Cultural Images of Women as Mothers: Motherhood Among the Bimin-Kuskusmin of Papua New Guinea." Social Analysis 15(1984): 73-93; "Coming Into Social Being: Cultural Images of Infancts in Bimin-Kuskusmin Folk Psychology." In G. M. White and J. Kirkpatrick, Eds., Person, Self, and Experience: Exploring Pacific Ethnopsychologies. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1985, pp. 183-242; "The Ritual Forging of Identity: Aspects of Person and Self in Bimin-Kuskusmin Male Initiation." In Gilbert H. Herdt, Ed., Rituals of Manhood: Male Initiation in Papua New Guinea. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1982, pp. 99-154; "Personal Experience and Cultural Representation in Children's 'Personal Symbols' Among Bimin-Kuskusmin." Ethos 15(1987): 104-132; "Images of an Unborn Sibling: The Psychocultural Shaping of a Child's Fantasy Among the Bimin-Kuskusmin of Papua New Guinea." In L. Bryce Boyer and Simon A Grolnick, Eds., The Psychoanalytic Study of Society. Vol. 15. Hillsdale, NJ: The Analytic Press, 1990, pp. 105-175.
178 Poole, "Cultural Images," p. 87.
179 Poole, "Images of an Unborn Sibling," pp. 127, 106.
180 Poole, "Folk Models of Eroticism," pp. 2-3.
181 Ibid., p. 6.
182 Ibid., p. 11.
183 Poole, "Personal Experience," p. 115.
184 Ibid., p. 118.
185 Poole, "Images of an Unborn Sibling," p. 159.
186 Ibid., p. 137.
187 Ibid., pp. 137, 159.
188 Stanley J. Coen, "Sexualization as a Predominant Mode of Defense." Journal of the American Psychoanalytic Association 29(1981): 909.
189 Charles W. Socarides, The Preoedipal Origin and Psychoanalytic Therapy of Sexual Perversions. Madison: International Universities Press, 1988, p. 93.
190 Robert B. Edgerton, Sick Societies: Challenging the Myth of Primitive Harmony. New York: The Free Press, 1992, p. 56.
191 L. L. Langness, "Oedipus in the New Guinea Highlands?" Ethos 18(1990): 390.
192 Maria Lepowsky, Fruit of the Motherland: Gender in an Egalitarian Society. New York: Columbia University Press, 1993, p. 90.
193 Bruce Knauft, cited in Anne V. Masters, "Comments on Anthropological Approaches to Human Infanticide." The Journal of Psychohistory 17(1989): 196.
194 John W. M. Whiting, Becoming a Kwoma: Teaching and Learning in a New Guinea Tribe. New Haven: Yale University Press, 1941, p. 25.
195 Margaret Mead, Growing Up in New Guinea. New York: William Morrow, 1930, pp. 23-24.
196 H. Ian Hogbin, "A New Guinea Infancy: From Conception to Weaning in Wogeo." Oceana 13(1943): 295.
197 Ibid.
198 Gillian Gillison, Between Culture and Fantasy: A New Guinea Highlands Mythology. Chicago: The University of Chicago Press, 1993, p. 69.
199 H. Ian Hogbin, "A New Guinea Infancy: From Conception to Weaning in Wogeo." Oceana 13(1943): 298-301.
200 Arthur E. Hippler, "Culture and Personality Perspective of the Yolngu of Northeastern Arnhem Land: part I-Early Socialization." The Journal of Psychoanalytic Anthropology 1(1978): 227.
201 L. Bryce Boyer, "On Man's Need To Have Enemies: A Psychoanalytic Perspective." The Journal of Psychoanalytic Anthropology 9(1986): 109.
202 Thomas S. Weisner, "Socialization for Parenthood in Sibling Caretaking Societies. In Jane B. Lancaster, et al., Eds. Parenting Across The Life Span: Biosocial Dimensions. New York: Aldine De Gruyter, 1987, p. 248.
203 Annette B. Weiner, Women of Value, Men of Renown: New Perspectives in Trobriand Exchange. Austin: University of Texas Press, 1976, p. 123.
204 Aloys Kasprus, The Tribes of the middle Ramu and the Upper Keran Rivers (North-East New Guinea). Studia Instituti Anthropos Vol. 17. St. Augustin bei Bonn: Verlag des Anthropos-Instituts, 1973, p. 57.
205 Margaret Mead, Sex and Temperament in Three Primitive Societies. New York: William Morrow, 1935, pp. 87-88.
206 Betty Haret and Todd R. Risley, Meaningful Differences in the Everyday Experience of Young American Children. Baltimore: Paul H. Broskes Publishing Co., 1995, p. 64.
207 Allen W. Johnson and Timothy Earle, The Evolution of Human Societies: From Foraging Group to Agrarian State. Standofrd: Stanford University Press, 1987, p. 151.
208 The Washington Post, October 19, 1997, p. C2.
209 Allan N. Schore, "A Century After Freud's Project: Is a Rapprochement Between Psychoanalysis and Neurobiology at Hand?" Journal of the American Psychoanalytic Association 45(1998): 831; Allan N. Schore, Affect Regulation and the Origin of the Self: The Neurobiology of Emotional Development. Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, 1994.
210 Arthur E. Hippler, "Culture and Personality Perspective of the Yolngu of Northeastern Arnhem Land: Part I Early Socialization." Journal of Psychoanalytic Anthropology 1(1978): 234.
211 Michael Cole. Cultural Psychology: A Once and Future Discipline. Cambridge: Belknap Press, 1996, p. 205.
212 Annette Hamilton, Nature and Nurture: Aboriginal Child-Rearing in North-Central Arnhem Land. Canberra: Australian Institute of Aboriginal Studies, 1981, p. 40.
213 Arthur E. Hippler, "Culture and Personality Perspective of the Yolngu," p. 232.
214 Robert A. LeVine, "Child Rearing as Cultural Adaptation." In P. Herbert Leiderman, Steven R. Tulkin and Anne Rosenfeld, Eds., Culture and Infancy: Variations in the Human Experience. New York: Academic Press, 1977, p. 23; Catherine Snow, Akke DeBlauw, Ghislaine Van Roosmalen, "Talking and Playing with Babies: The Role of Ideologies of Child-Rearing." In Margaret Bullowa, Ed., Before Speech: The Beginning of Interpersonal Communication." Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1979, p. 270.
215 E. Richard Sorenson, The Edge of the Forest: Land, Childhood and Change in a New Guinea Protoagricultural Society. Washington, D.C.: Smithsonian Institution Press, 1976.
216 Kenneth E. Read, The High Valley. New York: Charles Scribner's Sons, 1965, p. 19.
217 Clifford Boram, Uksapmin Children. New Haven: HRAF, 1980, p. 214.
218 Ibid. p. 237.
219 Annette Hamilton, Nature and Nurture, p. 32.
220 Carol L. Jenkins, Alison K. Orr-Ewing and Peter F. Heywood, "Cultural Aspects of Early Childhood Growth and Nutrition Among the Amele of Lowland Papua New Guinea." In Leslie B. Marshall, Ed., Infant Care and Feeding in the South Pacific. New York: Gordon and Breach, 1985, p. 29.
221 Paula Brown, Highland Peoples of New Guinea. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1978, p. 64; Katherine A. Dettwyler, "Styles of Infant Feeding: Parental-Caretaker Control of Food Consumption in Young Children." American Anthropologist 91(1989): 700.
222 Carol L. Jenkins et al., "Cultural Aspects of Early Childhood Growth," pp. 34-35, 47.
223 Maria A. Lepowsky, "Food Taboos, Malaria and Dietary Change: Infant Feeding and Cultural Adaptation on a Papua New Guinea Island." In Leslie B. Marshall, Ed., Infant Care and Feeding in the South Pacific. New York: Gordon and Breach, 1985, p. 70.
224 Arthur Hippler, "Culture and Personality," p. 236.
225 Brigit Obrist van Eeuwijk, Small But Strong: Cultural Contexts of (Mal-) Nutrition Among the Northern Kwanga (East Sepik Province, Papua New Guinea). Basel: Wepf & Co., 1992, p. 200.
226 Ibid., p. 13.
227 Patricia K. Townsend, The Situation of Children in Papua New Guinea. Papua New Guinea Institut of Applied Social and Economic Research, 1985, pp. 17, 43.
228 Margaret Mead, Growing Up in New Guinea. New York: William Morrow, 1930, p. 49.
229 Catherine A. Lutz, Unnatural Emotions: Everyday Sentiments on a Micronesian Atoll and Their Challenge to Western Theory. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1988, p. 108.
230 Ann Chowning, "Child Rearing and Socialization." In Ian Hogbin, Anthropology in Papua New Guinea. Melbourne: Melbourne University Press, 1973, p. 65; Jane C. Goodale, To Sing With Pigs Is Human: the Concept of Person in Papua New Guinea. Seattle: University of Washington Press, 1995, p. 80;
231 James B. Watson and Virginia Watson, Batanabura of New Guinea. New Haven: HRAF, 1972, pp. 30, 534.
232 Arthur Hippler, "Culture and Personality," p. 229; Ian Hogbin, "A New Guinea Childhood From Conception to the Eighth Year." In L. L. Langness and John C. Weschler, Eds. Melanesia: Readings on a Culture Area. Scranton: Chandler Publishing Co., 1971, pp. 201, 212; Alome Kyakas and Polly Wiessner, From Inside the Women's House: Enga Women's Lives and Traditions. Buranda: Robert Brom and Associates, 1992, p. 17.
233 L. L. Langness, "Child Abuse and Cultural Values: The Case of New Guinea." In Jill E. Korbin, Ed., Child Abuse and Neglect: Cross-Cultural Perspectives. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1981, pp. 26-27.
234 Ibid., 23.
235 Jane Beckman Lancaster, Primate Behavior and the Emergence of Human Culture. New York: Holt, Rinehart and Winston, 1975, p. 37.
236 Dian Fossey, "Development of the Mountain Gorilla: The First Thirty-Six Months." In The Great Apes. Ed. David A. Hamburg and Elizabeth R. McCown. Menlo Park: Cummings, 1979, p. 167.
237 W. C. McGrew and Anna T. C. Feistner, "Two Nonhuman Primate Models for the Evolution of Human Food Sharing: Chimpanzees and Callitrichids." In Jerome H. Barkow et al., The Adapted Mind: Evolutionary Psychology and the Generation of Culture. New York: Oxford University Press, 1992, p. 132.
238 Sydney Mellen, The Evolution of Love Oxford: W. H. Freeman and Co., 1981, p. 34.
239 Jane B. Lancaster and Chet S. Lancaster, "Parental Investment: The Hominid Adaptation." In Donald J. Ortner, Ed. How Humans Adapt: A Biocultural Odyssey. Washington D.C.: Smithsonian Institute Press, 1983, p. 38.
240 James J. McKenna, "Parental Supplements and Surrogates Among Primates: Cross-Species and Cross-Cultural Comparisons." In Jane B. Lancaster, et al., Eds. Parenting Across the Life Span: Biosocial Dimensions. New York: Aldine DeGruyter, 1987, pp. 143-181.
241 Sarah Blaffer Hrdy, The Woman That Never Evolved. Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1981, p. 98.
242 See evidence in Chapter 8.
243 C. Owen Lovejoy, "The Origin of Man." Science 211(1981): 341-350.
244 Anthony Walsh, Biosociology: An Emerging Paradigm. Westport, Conn.: Praeger, 1995, p. 203.
245 Henry Harpending and Patricia Draper, "Selection Against Human Family Organization." In B. J. Williams, Ed., On Evolutionary Anthropology. Malibu: Undena Publications, 1986, p. 47.
246 Patricia Draper and Henry Harpending, "Parent Investment and the Child's Environment." In Jane B. Lancaster et al., Eds. Parenting Across The Life Span: Biosocial Dimension. New York: Aldine De Gruyter, 1987, pp. 220-221.
247 Kenneth E. Read, The High Valley. New York: Charles Scribner's Sons, 1965, p. 45.
248 Alayne Yates, "Children Eroticized by Incest." American Journal of Psychiatry 139(1982): 482.
249 Bronislaw Malinowski, Sex and Repression in Savage Society. Cleveland: Meridian books, 1955, p. 55; The Sexual Life of Savages in Northern Melanesia. Vol. I. New York: Horace Liveright, 1929.
250 James B. Watson and Virginia Watson, Batanabura of New Guinea. New Haven: HRAF, 1972, p. 67.
251 Ann Chowning, "Child Rearing and Socialization." In Ian Hogbin, Anthropology in Papua New Guinea: Readings From The Encyclopaedia of Papua and New Guinea. Melbourne: Melbourne University Press, 1973, p. 76.
252 Bruce M. Knauft, South Coast New Guinea Cultures: History, Comparison, Dialectic. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1993, p. 101.
253 Stanley N. Kurtz, "Polysexualization: A New Approach to Oedipus in the Trobriands." Ethos 19(1991): 72, 70.
254 Frank W. Putnam, Dissociation in Children and Adolescents: A Developmental Perspective. New York: The Guilford Press, 1997, p. 36.
255 Annette B. Weiner, The Trobrianders of Papua New Guinea. New York: Harcourt Brace Jovanovich, 1988, p. 67.
256 Géza Roheim, Psychoanalysis and Anthropology: Culture, Personality and the Unconscious. New York: International Universities Press, 1950, pp. 141, 169.
257 Sherry B. Ortner, "Gender and Sexuality in Heirarchical Societies: The Case of Polynesia and Some Comparative Implications." in Sherry B. Ortner and Harriet Whitehead, Eds., Sexual Meanings: The Cultural Construction of Gender and Sexuality. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1981, p. 39.
258 Ronald M. Berndt and Catherine H. Berndt, Sexual Behavior in West Arnhem Land. New York: Johnson Reprint, 1951, p. 21.
259 Armando R. Favazza, Bodies Under Siege: Self-mutilation in Culture and Psychiatry. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press, 1987, p. 159.
260 Raymond Firth, We, The Tikopia: A Sociological Study of Kinship in Primitive Polynesia. London: George Allen & Unwin, 1936, p. 494.
261 Ronald M. Berndt, Excess and Restraint: Social Control Among a New Guinea Mountain People. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1962, p. 165.
262 Bruce M. Knauft, South Coast New Guinea Cultures: History, Comparison, Dialectice. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1993, p. 96.
263 Charles W. Socarides, The Preoedipal Origin and Psychoanalytic Therapy of Sexual Perversions. Madison, Conn., International Universities Press, 1988, P. 464.
264 Gilbert H. Herdt, "Fetish and Fantasy in Sambia Initiation." In Gilbert H. Herdt, Ed., Rituals of Manhood: Male Initiation in Papua New Guinea. Berkeley: University of California Pres, 1982, p. 71.
265 Gilbert H. Herdt, Guardians of the Flutes: Idioms of Masculinity. New York: McGraw-Hill Book Co., 1981, p. 236.
266 Marilyn Strathern, Women in Between: Female Roles in a Male World: Mount Hagen, New Guinea. London: Seminar Press, 1972, p. 173.
267 Ibid, p. 172.
268 Fitz John Porter Poole, "Coming Into Social Being: Cultural Images of Infants in Bimin-Kuskusmin Folk Psychology." In Geoffrey M. White and John Kirkpatrick, Ed., Person, Self, and Experience: Exploring Pacific Ethnopsychologies. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1985, p. 195.
269 J. Patrick Gray, "Growing Yams and Men: An Inerpretation of Kimam Male Ritualized Homosexual Behavior." In Evelyn Blackwood, Ed., Anthropology and Homosexual Behavior. New York: Hayworth Press, 1986, p. 61.
270 Herdt, Fetish and Fantasy in Sambia Insitiation," p. 81.
271 Robert J. Stoller, Observing the Erotic Imagination. New Haven: Yale University Press, 1985, pp. 116, 132
272 Gisela Bleibtreu-Ehrenberg, "Pederasty Among Primitives: Institutionalized Initiation and Cultic Prostitution." Journal of Homosexuality 20(1990): 18.
273 Robert J. Stoller, Observing the Erotic Imagination, pp. 132 and 116.
274 Bruce M. Knauft, "Homosexuality in Melanesia." The Journal of Psychoanalytic Anthropology 10(1987): 173.
275 William H. Davenport, "Adult-Child Sexual Relations in Cross-Cultural Perspective." In William O'Donohue and James H. Geer, Eds., The Sexual Abuse of Children: Theory and Research. Vol. I. Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Assoc., 1992, p. 78.
276 "Interview: Gilbert Herdt." Paidika: The Journal of Paedophilia 3(1994): 14; "Interview: John De Cecco." Ibid, 1(1988): 10.
277 New York Times, April 28, 1998, p. A10.
278 Fitz John Porter Poole, "The Ritual Forging of Identity: Aspects of Person and Self in Bimin-Kuskusmin Male Initiation." n Gilbert H. Herdt, Ed., Rituals of Manhood: Male Initiation in Papua New Guinea. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1982, p. 120-121.
279 Theodore Lidz and Ruth Silmanns Lidz, Oedipus in the Stone Age: A Psychoanalytic Study of Masculinization in Papua New Guinea. Madison, Conn.: International Universities Press, 1989, pp. 52, 91.
280 Ronald M. Berndt, Excess and Restraint: Social Control Among a New Guinea Mountain People. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1962, p. 94.
281 Ibid, p. 58.
282 Margaret Mead, "The Mountain Arapesh. II. Supernaturalism." Anthropological Papers of the American Museum of National History. New York: AMNH, 1940, p. 347.
283 Gilbert Herdt, "Sambia Nosebleeding Rites and Male Proximity to Women." In James W. Stigler, Richard A. Shweder and Gilbert Herdt, Eds., Cultural Psychology: Essays on Comparative Human Development. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1984, p. 380..
284 Gilbert Herdt, The Sambia: Ritual and Gender in New Guinea. Ft Worth: Holt, Rinehart and Winston, 1987, p. 144.
285 Alome Kyakas and Polly Wiessner, From Inside the Women's House: Enga Women's Lives and Traditions. Buranda: Robert Brown & Assoc., 1992, p. 51.
286 Mary deYoung, "Self-Injurious Behavior in Incest Victims: a Research Note." Child Welfare 61(1982): 579.
287 Ibid, p. 581.
288 Wulf Schiefenhovel, "Ritualized Adult-Male/Adolescent-Male Sexual Behavior in Melanesia." In Jay R. Feierman, Ed., Pedophilia: Biosocial Dimensions. New York: Springer-Verlag, 1990, p. 414.
289 Theodor Reik, Ritual: Psycho-Analytic Studies. New York: International Universities Press, 1946, p. 106.
290 Michio Kitahara, "A Cross-Cultural Test of the Fruedian Theory of Circumcision." International Journal of Psychoanalytic Psychotherapy 5(1976): 535-46.
291 Rosalind Miles, The Women's History of the World. Topsfield, Mass.: Salem House, 1988, p. 38.
292 Geza Roheim, Psychoanalysis and Anthropology: Culture, Personality and the Unconscious. New York: International Universities Press, 1950, p. 117.
293 Gisela Bleibtreu-Ehrenberg, "Pederasty Among Primitives: Institutionalized Initiation and Cultic Prostitution." Journal of Homosexuality 20(1990): 19.
294 Jill E. Korbin, Child Abuse and Neglect: Cross-Cultural Perspectives. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1981, p. 19.
295 Ashley Montagu, Coming Into Being Among the Australian Aborigenes: A Study of the Procreative Beliefs of the Native Tribes of Australia. 2nd Rev. Ed. London: Routledge & Kegan Paul, 1974, p. 323.
296 Fitz John Porter Poole, "Transforming 'natural' woman: Female Ritual Leaders and Gender Ideology Among Bimin-Kuskusmin." In Sherry B. Ortner and Harriet Whitehead, Eds. Sexual Meanings: the Cultural Construction of Gender and Sexuality. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1990, p. 143.
297 Nancy C. Lutkehaus and Paul B. Roscoe, Gender Rituals: Female Initiation in Melanesia. London: Routledge, 1995.
298 Ibid, p. 18.
299 Ibid.
300 Gerald W. Creed, "Sexual Subordination: Institutionalized Homosexuality and Social Control in Melanesia." Ethnology 3(1984): 160.
301 Gilbert Herdt, The Sambia: Ritual and Gender in New Guinea. New York: Holt, Rinehart and Winston, 1987, p. 160.
302 Maurice Bloch, Prey Into Hunter: The Politics of Religious Experience. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1992, pp. 9, 10.
303 Alome Kyakas and Polly Wiessner, From Inside the Women's House, pp. 18-20.
304 L. L. Langness, "Child Abuse and Cultural Values: The Case of New Guinea." In Jill Korbin, Ed. Child Abuse and Neglect: Cross-Cultural Perspectives. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1981, pp. 16-17.
305 Ibid, p. 29.
306 Alison Mill, "Treatment of a Young Female Pedophilic Offender with Dissociative Identity Disorder." Treating Abuse Today 18(1998): 17-21.
307 Bruce Knauft, cited in John Craig, "Kindness and Killing." Emory Magazine October 1988, p. 27.
308 Michele Stephen, "Dreams and Self-Knowledge among the Mekeo of Papua New Guinea." Ethos 24(1996): 469.
309 Michele Stephen, A'aisa's Gifts: A Study of Magic and the Self. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1995, pp. 134, 144.
310 Fitz John Porter Poole, "Coming Into Social Being: Cultural Images of Infants in Bimin-Kuskusmin Folk Psychology." In Geoffrey M. White and John Kirkpatrick, Eds., Person, Self, and Experience: Exploring Pacific Ethnopsychologies. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1985, p. 200.
311 Ibid, p. 118.
312 Ibid, p. 119.
313 Fitz John Porter Poore, "Personal Experience and Cultural Representation in Children's 'Personal Symbols' among Bimin-Kuskusmin." Ethos 15(1987): 119.
314 Ibid, p. 201.
315 Gilbert Herdt, "Spirit Familiars in the Religious Imagination of Sambia Shamans." In Gilbert Herdt and Michele Stephen, Eds., The Religious Imagination in New Guinea. New Brunswick: Rutgers University Press, 1989, pp. 99-121.
316 Simon Harrison, The Mask of War: Violence, Ritual and the Self in Melanesia. Manchester: Manchester University Press, 1993, pp. 27, 95.
317 Ibid.
318 Gilbert Herdt, The Sambia: Ritual and Gender in New Guinea. New York: Holt, Rinehart and Winston, 197, p. 165.
319 Anna S. Meigs, Food, Sex, and Pollution: A New Guinea Religion. New Brunswick: Rutgers University Press, 1943, p. 33.
320 Gilbert Herdt, "Sambia Nosebleeding Rites and Male Proximity to Women." In James W. Stigler et al., Eds., Cultural Psychology: Essays on Comparative Human Development. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1990, p. 373.
321 Susan Taft, Domestic Violence in Urban Papua New Guinea. Law Reform Commission of Papua New Guinea, Occasional Paper No. 19, 1986.
322 Marilyn Strathern, Women in Between: Female Roles in a Male World: Mount Hagen, New Guinea. London: Seminar Press, 1972, p. 175; D. K. Feil, The Evolution of Highland Papua New Guinea Societies. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1987, p. 203.
323 Michel Tousignant, "Suicide in Small-Scale Societies." Transcultural Psychiatry 35(1998): 291-306; Dan Jorgenson, "The Clear and the Hidden: Person, Self and Suicide Among the Telefomen of Papua New Guinea."Omega 14(1983): 113-125; Ronald M. Berndt, Excess and Restraint: Social Control Among a New Guinea Mountain People. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1962, pp. 186-202.
324 Marilyn Gelber, Gender and Society in the New Guinea Highlands: An Anthropological Perspective on Antagonism Toward Women. Boulder: Westview Press, 1986, p. 12.
325 Gilbert H. Herdt, "Semen Depletion and the Sense of Maleness." Stephen O. Murray, Ed., Oceanic Homosexualities. New York: Garland Publishing, 1992, pp. 33-65.
326 Gilbert herdt and Robert J. Stoller, Intimate Communications: Erotics and the Study of Culture. New York: Columbia University Press, 1990, p. 259.
327 James B. Watson and Virginia Watson, Batanabura of New Guinea. New Haven: HRAF, 1972, p. 538.
328 D. K. Feil, The Evolution of Highland Papua Societies, p. 203.
329 Lawrence Hammar, "Sexual Transactions on Daru: With Some Observations on the Ethnographic Enterprise." Research in Melanesia 16(1992): 46.
330 Bruce M. Knauft, "Melanesian Warfare: A Theoretical History." Oceania 60(1990): 286, 274.
331 F. Barth, "Tribes and Intertribal Relations in the Fly head-waters." Oceania 41(1970-1, p. 175.
332 Bruce M. Knauft, "Reconsidering Violence in Simple Human Societies. " Current Anthropology 28(1987), pp. 457-499.
333 John Craig, "Kindness and Killing." Emory Magazine, October 1988, p. 26.
334 George F. Vicedom and Herbert Tischner, The Mbowamb: The Culture of the Mount Hagen Tribes in East Central New Guinea. Vol. I. Sydney: University of Sydney Oceania Monograph No. 25, 1983, p. 71.
335 L. L. Langness, "child Abuse and Cultural Values: The Case of New Guinea." In Jill E. Korbin, Child Abuse and Neglect: Cross-Cultural Perspectives. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1981, p. 28.
336 Steven R. Nachman, "Shame and Moral Aggression on a Melanesian Atoll." The Journal of Psychoanalytic Anthropology 7(1984, pp. 335-365.
337 D. K. Feil, The Evolution of Highland Papua Societies, p. 203.
338 Leonard B. Glick, "Sorcery and Witchcraft." In Ian Hogbin, Ed., Anthropology in Papua New Guinea. Melbourne: Melbourne University Press, 1973, p. 183.
339 Marie Reay, "The Magico-Religious Foundations of New Guinea Highlands Warfare." In Michele Stephen, Ed., Sorcerer and Witch in Melanesia. New Brunswick: Rutgers University Press, 1987.
340 Simon Harrison, Violence, Ritual and the Self in Melanesia. Manchester: Manchester University Press, 1993, p. 27.
341 Ibid, p. 88.
342 Ibid, p. 131.
343 Gilbert H. Herdt, Guardians of the Flutes: Idioms of Masculinity. New York: McGraw-Hill Book Company, 1981, p. 351.
344 Jeanne Hill, "Believing Rachel." The Journal of Psychohistory 24(1996): 131-146; Michael Newton, "Written in Blood: A History of Human Sacrifice." The Journal of Psychohistory 24(1996): 104-131.
345 Margaret Mead, Sex and Temperament in Three Primitive Societies. New York: William Morrow, 1963, p. 242.
346 John W. M. Whiting, Becoming A Kwoma: Teaching and Learning in a New Guinea Tribe. New Haven: Yale University Press, 1941, p. 61.
347 Richard Rhodes, Deadly Feasts: Tracking the Secrets of a Terrifying New Plague. New York: Simon & Schuster, 1997, pp. 22-23.
348 Fitz John Porter Poole, "Cannibals, Tricksters, and Witches: Anthropophagic Images Among Bimin-Kuskusmin," and Gillian Gillison, "Cannibalism Among Women in the Eastern Highlands of Papua New Guinea." In Paula Brown and Donald Tuzin, Eds., The Ethnography of Cannibalism. Washington, D.C.: Society for Psychological Anthropology, 1983, pp. 1-50.
349 Ronald M. Berndt, Excess and Restraint: Social Control Among a New Guinea Mountain People. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1962, p. 283.
350 Brian Masters, The Shrine of Jeffrey Dahmer. London: Hodder & Houghton, 1993, p. 218.
351 Ana S. Meigs, Food, Sex, and Pollution, p. 110.
352 Gillian Gillison, Between Culture and Fantasy: A New Guinea Highlands Mythology. Chicago: The University of Chicago Press, 1993, p. 72.
353 D. K. Feil, The Evolution of Highland Papua New Guinea Societies. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1987; Shirley Lindenbaum, "Variations on a Sociosexual Theme in Melanesia." InGilbert H. Herdt, Ed., Ritualized Homosexuality in Melanesia. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1984, pp. 337-360. Bruce M. Knauft, South Coast New Guinea Cultures: History, Comparison, Dialectic. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1993 exempts some coastal southern groups from "Big Men" classifications.
354 D. K. Feil, The Evolution of Highland Papua New Guinea Societies, p. 210.
355 Amy L. Richman, et al., "Maternal Behavior to Infants in Five Cultures." In Robert L. LeVine, Patricia M. Miller, Mary Maxwell West, Eds., Parental Behavior in Diverse Societies. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass, 1988, p. 86.
356 Bruce M. Knauft, "Homosexuality in Melanesia," p. 187.
357 Gilbert Herdt, The Sambia: Ritual and Gender in New Guinea. Ft. Worth: Holt, Rinehart and Winston, 1987, p. 89.
358 Anna S. Meigs, Food, Sex, and Polution: A New Guinea Religion. New Brunswick: Rutgers University Press, 1943, p. 64.
359 Gilbert Herdt, "Father Presence and Ritual Homosexuality: Paternal Deprivation and Masculine Development in Melanesia Reconsidered." Ethos 17(1989): 335.
360 Patricia Draper and Henry Harpending, "Father Absence and Reproductive Strategy: An Evolutionary Perspective." Journal of Anthropological Research 38(1982): 256.
361 Francis Edgar Williams, Papuans of the Trans-Fly. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1936, p. 110.
362 Annette B. Weiner, The Trobrianders of Papua New Guinea. Ft. Worth: Harcourt Brace Jovanovich, 1988, pp. 58-59; Malinowsky and others analyzed in Melford E. Spiro, Oedipus in the Trobriands. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1982, pp. 34-35.
363 Steven R. Nachman, "Shame and Moral Aggression on a Melanesian Atoll." The Journal of Psychoanalytic Anthropology 7(1984): 335-365.
364 Shirley Lindenbaum, "Variations on a Sociosexual Theme in Melanesia." In Gilbert H. Herdt, Ed., Ritualized Homosexuality in Melanesia. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1984, p. 340.
365 D. K. Feil, The Evolution of Highland Papua New Guinea Societies, p. 175.
366 Ibid, p. 231.
367 Ibid, p. 72.
368 Bruce M. Knauft, South Coast New Guinea Cultures: History, Comparison, Dialectic. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1993, p. 120 tries unsuccessfully to "de-throne" the bigman concept, though the number of groups actually having full-fledged bigmen is reduced by his work.
369 Andrew P. Vayda, War In Ecological Perspective: Persistence, Change, and Adaptive Processes in Three Oceanian Societies. New York: Plenum Press, 1976, p. 14. In Bruce M. Knauft, "Melanesian Warfare: A Theoretical History," Oceania 60(1990) 250-311 attempts to disprove Feil's claims that warfare is more "restrained" in western highlands, but only disproves it necessarily is less violent everywhere in the west.
370 Ibid, p. 233-235.
371 Ibid, p. 70.
372 Maurice Bloch, Prey Into Hunter: The Politics of Religious Experience. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1992, , pp. 11,12.
373 Gillian Gillison, Between Culture and Fantasy: A New Guinea Highlands Mythology. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1993, p. xv.
374 Annette B. Weiner, The Trobrianders of Papua New Guinea. Ft. Worth: Harcourt Brace Jovanovich, 1988, p. 153.
375 Jeffrey Clark, "Pearlshell Symbolism in Highlands Papua New Guinea, With Particular Reference to the Wiru People of Southern Highlands Province." Oceania 61(1991): 318.
376 Ibid, p. 324.
377 Marie de Lepervanche, "Social Structure." In Ian Hogbin, Ed., Anthropology in Papua New Guinea: Readings From the Encylopaedia of Papua and New Guinea. Melbourne: Melbourne University Press, 1973, p. 4.
378 Paula G. Rubel and Abraham Rosman, Your Own Pigs You May Not Eat: A Comparative Study of New Guinea Societies. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1978, p. 22.
379 Jeffrey Clark, "pearlshell Symbolism...," p. 335.
380 D. K. Feil, The Evolution of Highland Papua New Guinea Societies. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1987, p. 16.
381 Jared Diamond, Guns, Germs, and Steel: The Fates of Human Societies. New York: W. W. Norton & Co., 1997, p. 147.
382 Ibid, p. 148.
383 Ibid, pp. 306-307.
384 Ibid, p. 408.
385 Ward H. Goodenough, Ed., Prehistoric Settlement of the Pacific. Philadelphia: American Philosophical Society, 1996; J. Peter White and James F. O'Connell, A Prehistory of Australia, New Guinea and Sahul. New York: Academic Press, 1982.
386 James Woodburn, "Hunters and Gatherers Today and Reconstruction of the Past." In Ernest Gellner, Ed., Soviet and Western Anthropology London: Duckworth, 1980, p. 109.
387 Hans W. Hoek, et al., "Schizoid Personality Disorder After Prenatal Exposure to Famine." American Journal of Psychiatry 153(1996): 16371639.
388 The New York Times, May 28, 1996, p. C1.
389 Roy Brunton, "Why Do Trobriands Have Chiefs?" Man 10(1975): 144.
390 Robert Blust, "Austronesian Culture History: The Window of Language." In Ernest Gellner, Ed., Soviet and Western Anthropology. London: Duckworth, 1980. pp. 28-35.
391 Maria Lepowsky, Fruit of the Motherland: Gender in an Egalitarian Society. New York: Columbia University Press, 1993, p. 110.