This
version was orignally in:
The Journal of Psychohistory
V. 25, N. 2, Fall 1997
1 Emile Durkheim, Suicide: A Study in Sociology. Glencoe,
Ill.: Free Press, 1951; Incest: The Nature and Origin of the
Taboo. New York: L. Stuart, 1963.
2 Emile Durkheim, The Rules of the Sociological Method. Glencoe,
Ill: Free Press, 1962 (1895), p. 110.
3 Thomas J. Scheff, Bloody Revenge: Emotions, Nationalism, and
War. Boulder: Westview Press, 1994, p. 63. Scheff's work is an
exception to this tradition. Two earlier theories of social
change that contained psychological dimensions have been ignored
by academics: Everett Hagen, On the Theory of Social Change.
Homewood, Ill.: Dorsey Press, 1962, and David McClelland, The
Achieving Society. New York: Van Nostrand, 1961.
4 Michael A. Milburn and S. D. Conrad, "The Politics of
Denial." The Journal of Psychohistory 23(1996): 238.
5 G. P. Murdock, "The Science of Culture." American
Anthropologist, 34(1932): 200.
6 Géza Roheim, Psychoanalysis and Anthropology: Culture,
Personality, and the Unconscious. New York: International
Universities Press, 1950; George Devereux, Basic Problems of
Ethnopsychiatry. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1980;
Weston La Barre, The Human Animal. Chicago: University of Chicago
Press, 1954; Eleanor Hollenberg Chasdi, Ed., Culture and Human
Development: The Selected Papers of John Whiting. Cambridge:
Cambridge University Press, 1994; Robert L. Munroe and Ruth H.
Munroe Cross-Cultural Human Development. Monterey, Calif.:
Brooks/Cole Publishing Co., 1975; Melford E. Spiro, Culture and
Human Nature. New Brunswick: Transaction, 1994.
7 James Horgan, The End of Science. Reading Mass.: Addison-Wesley
Publishing Co., 1996, p. 156.
8 Daniel T. Linger, "Has Culture Theory Lost Its
Minds?" Ethos 22(1994): 297.
9 For a history of cultural determinism, see Derek Freeman,
Margaret Mead and Samoa: The Making and Unmaking of an
Anthropological Myth. Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1983,
pp. 34-49.
10 Ibid., p. 45.
11 John Tooby and Leda Cosmides, "The Psychological
Foundations of Culture." In Jerome H. Barkow, Leda Cosmides
and John Tooby, Eds., The Adapted Mind: Evolutionary Psychology
and the Generation of Culture. New York: Oxford University Press,
1992, p. 26.
12 Ibid., p. 114.
13 Paul Veyne, Writing History. Middletown: Wesleyan University
Press, 1984, p. 183.
14 Hayden Shite, The Content of the Ofrm: Narrative Discourse and
Historical Interpretation. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University
Press, 1987, p. 75.
15 T. W. Adorno, et al., The Authoritarian Personality. New York:
Harper & Row, 1950; Neil J. Kressel, Ed., Political
Psychology: Classic and Contemporary Readings. New York: Paragon
House Publishers, 1993; Lloyd deMause, Foundations of
Psychohistory. New York: Creative Roots, 1982.
16 Thomas Hobbes, Leviathan. Baltimore: Penguin Books, 1968, p.
186. To see how little the psychology of social action has
changed for most social theorists, see John Sinisi, "The
Shadow of Hobbes." Rethinking Marxism 7(1994): 87-99.
17 George P. Brockway, The End of Economic Man: Principles of Any
Future Economics. New York: HarperCollins, 1986, p. 16.
18 Herbert Marcuse, Eros and Civilization: A Philosophical
Inquiry into Freud. Boston: Beacon Press, 1955; Talcott Parsons,
The Evolution of Societies. Englewood Cliffs: Prentice-Hall,
1977; Sigmund Freud, "Civilization and Its
Discontents." Standard Edition, Vol. XXI. London: The
Hogarth Press, 1961; Géza Róheim, The Origin and Function of
Culture. New York: Anchor Books, 1943. For a massive
bibliographical survey, see Rolf Wiggershaus, The Frankfurt
School: Its History, Theories, and Political Significance.
Cambridge: The MIT Press, 1994.
19 Jeffrey M. Masson, The Assault on the Truth: Freud's
Suppression of the Seduction Theory. New York: Addison-Wesley,
1990.
20 Sigmund Freud, Standard Edition of the Complete Psychyological
Works of Sigmund Freud. "Three Essays on the Theory of
Sexuality." Vol. VII (1905). London: The Hogarth Press,
1955, p. 86; Vol. XVI. "Introductory Lectures on
Psycho-Analysis." p. 370; Vol. XXI. "Female
Sexuality," p. 232; Vol. XVI. "Three Essays," p.
148; Vol. XVI, "Introductory Lectures on
Psycho-Analysis," p. 370. See the full analysis of
psychoanalytic views on the reality of incest in Lloyd deMause,
"The Universality of Incest." The Journal of
Psychohistory 19(1991): 126-130.
21 Freud, Standard Edition, Vol. XXI, "Female
Sexuality," p. 232.
22 Freud, Standard Edition. Vol. VII. "Three Essays,"
p. 276.
23 Michael I. Good, "The Reconstruction of Early Childhood
Trauma: Fantasy, Reality, and Verification." Journal of the
American Psychoanalytic Association 42(1993): 81.
24 Jeffrey Moussaieff Masson, Ed., The Complete Letters of
Sigmund Freud to Wilhelm Fliess 1887-1904. Cambridge: Harvard
University Press, 1985, pp. 219, 222.
25 Good, "Reconstruction," p. 81.
26 Lloyd deMause, Ed., The History of Childhood; deMause,
"On Writing Childhood History." The Journal of
Psychohistory 16(1988): 135-170; deMause, "The Universality
of Incest." The Journal of Psychohistory 19(1991): 123-164.
27 Ibid., pp. 130-164.
28 Masson, Ed. Letters, p. 269; Marianne Krüll, Freud and His
Father. New York: W. W. Norton, 1986, p. 121.
29 Gabriel Falloppius, "De decoraturie trachtaties,"
cap. 9, Opera Omnia, Frankfurt, 1600, pp. 336-37.
30 DeMause, "The Evolution of Childhood" in The History
of Childhood, pp. 43-49; Albert Moll, The Sexual Life of
Children. New York, 1913, p. 219.
31 Freud, Standard Edition. Vol. III, p. 164.
32 Ibid., Vol. XXI, p. 232; Vol. VII, p. 180.
33 Ibid., Vol. XI, p. 181.
34 Giulia Sissa, Greek Virginity. Cambridge: Harvard University
Press, 1990.
35 Karen J. Taylor, "Venereal Disease In Nineteenth-Century
Children." The Journal of Psychohistory 12(1985): 431-463.
36 Jeffrey Masson, The Assault on Truth: Freud's Suppression of
the Seduction Theory. New York: Basic Books, 1954, pp. 14-27.
37 Marianne Krüll, Freud and His Father, p.98.
38 DeMause, "The Evolution of Childhood."aa p. 23.
39 Beatrice Webb, My Apprenticeship. London: Longmans, Green
& Co., 1926, p. 321; Anthony S. Wohl, "Sex and the
Single Room: Incest Among the Victorian Working Classes, "
in Anthony S. Wohl, Ed., The Victorian Family: Structure and
Stresses. London: Croom Helm, 1978.
40 Anonymous, My Secret Life. Vol. I. New York: The Grove Press,
1966, pp. 74, 273; Maria Adelaide Lowndes, Child Assault in
England. n.d. Reprinted in Sheila Jeffreys, The Sexuality
Debates. New York: Routledge & Kegan Paul, pp. 271-279.
41 Jeffreys, The Sexuality Debates, p. 278.
42 Andrew Vachss, "Comment on 'The Universality of
Incest.'" The Journal of Psychohistory 19(1991): 219; Ellen
Gray, Unequal Justice: The Prosecution of Child Sexual Abuse. New
York: Free Press, 1993.
43 Cathy Joseph, "Scarlet Wounding: Issues of Child
Prostitution." The Journal of Psychohistory 23(1995): 2-17.
44 Franz Seraphim Hügel, Zur Geschichte, Statistik und Regelung
der Prostitution: Social-medicinische Studien zu ihrer
praktischen Behandlung und Anwendung auf Wien und andere
Grossstädte. Wien, 1965.
45 DeMause, The History of Childhood, pp. 40-41.
46 Walter Havernick, Schläge als Strafe. Hamburg, 1964.
47 Aurel Ende, "Battering and Neglect: Children in Germany,
1860-1978." The Journal of Psychohistory 7(1980): 249-280;
Raffael Scheck, "Childhood in German Autobiographical
Writings, 1740-1820." The Journal of Psychohistory 15(1987):
391-422; Karen Taylor, "Blessing the House: Moral Motherhood
and the Suppression of Physical Punishment." The Journal of
Psychohistory 15(1987): 429-454.
48 DeMause, Ibid., p. 41; Ian Gibson, The English Vice: Beating,
Sex and Shame in Victorian England and After. London: Duckworth,
1978.
49 Freud, Standard Edition. Vol. XIV, 180-189; Vol. XIX, p. 169.
50 Lloyd deMause, "Schreber and the History of
Childhood." The Journal of Psychohistory 15(1987): 423-430;
The History of Childhood, p. 37-38.
51 DeMause, The History of Childhood, p. 39; Friedrich von
Zglinicki, Geschichte des Klistiers: Das Klistier in der
Geschichte der Medizin, Kunst und Literatur. Frankfurt: Viola
Press, n.d.; Marcia E. Herman-Giddens and Nacy L. Berson,
"Enema Abuse in Childhood: Report From a Survey."
Treating Abuse Today 4(1994): 45-49.
52 DeMause, The History of Childhood, pp. 12-13.
53 Masson, Ed. Letters, p. 40-41.
54 Krüll, Freud and His Father, p. 12.
55 Freud, Standard Edition. Vol. II, p. 133.
56 Ibid., Vol. I, p. 356; Vol. III, p. 167.
57 Krüll, Freud and His Father, p. 23.
58 Freud, Standard Edition, Vol. III, pp. 164-166.
59 Ibid., Vol. VII, p. 190.
60 Ibid., pp. 274-275.
61 Ibid., p. 30.
62 Ibid., p. 28.
63 Ibid., Vol. XIV, p. 17.
64 Karl Abraham, "The Experiencing of Sexual Traumas as a
Form of Sexual Activity." In Selected Papers of Karl
Abraham. London: Hogarth Press, 1948, p. 48.
65 Ibid., p. 54.
66 A few brave analysts held on to the reality of sexual
seduction; see Sandor Ferenczi, "Confusion of Tongues
Between the Adult and Child." Final Contributions to the
Problems and Methods of Psycho-Analysis. New York: Brunner/Mazel,
1980, p. 162; Marie Bonaparte, Female Sexuality. New York:
International Universities Press, 1953; Phyllis Greenacre,
Trauma, Growth and Personality. New York: International
Universities Press, 1950; Robert Fleiss, Symbol, Dream and
Psychosis. New York: International Universities Press, 1973, p.
212. It was not until the 1988-1990 Workshop on the Analysis of
Adults Who Were Sexually Abused as Children, held at the Boston
Psychoanalytic Society and Institute, that official
psychoanalytic opinion began to change; see Howard B. Levine,
Ed., Adult Analysis and Childhood Sexual Abuse. Hillsdale, NJ:
The Analytic Press, 1990 and Jody Messler Davies and Mary Gail
Frawley, Treating the Adult Survivor of Childhood Sexual Abuse: A
Psychoanalytic Perspective. New York: BasicBooks, 1994.
67 Bernard C. Glueck, Jr., "Early Sexual Experiences in
Schizophrenia," in Hugo G. Beigel, Ed., Advances in Sex
Research. New York: Harper & Row, 1963, p. 253.
68 Alfred Kensey, Wardell Pomery and Clyde Martin, Sexual
Behavior in the Human Male. Philadelphia: W. B. Saunders Co., p.
121.
69 Walter B. Pomeroy, "A New Look at Incest." Penthouse
Forum, November, 1976, p. 10.
70 Allen Edwardes and R. E. L. Masters, The Cradle of Erotica.
New York: The Julian Press, 1963, p. 22.
71 Schultz's keynote speech at the first national conference on
the sexual abuse of children is cited in Sam Janus, The Death of
Innocence: How Our Children Are Endangered by the New Sexual
Freedom. New York: William Morrow & Co., 1981, p. 126.
72 See the list of books and journals particularly The Journal of
the History of Sexuality and The Journal of Homosexuality cited
in deMause, "The Universality of Incest," p. 131.
73 Gunter Schmidt, "Foreword: The Debate on
Pedophilia." Journal of Homosexuality 25(1993): 4.
74 Joseph Nicolosi, NARTH Bulletin, April 1995, p. 1. DSM-IV
requires that the pedophile behavior "cause clinically
significant distress or impairment" to be within their
diagnosis; see William H. Reid and Michael G. Wise, DSM-IV
Training Guide. New York: Brunner/Mazel, 1995, p. 236.
75 Allan N. Schore, "A Century After Freud's Project: Is a
Rapproachement Between Psychoanalysis and Neurobiology at
Hand?" Journal of the American Psychoanalytic Association
45-1997): 807-840
76 Derek Bickerton, Language and Human Behavior. Seattle:
University of Washington Press, 1995.
77 B. Hopkins and G. Butterworth, "Concepts of Cuasality in
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Bryant, Causes of Development. Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbauma
Assoc., 1990, p. 3.
78 Gerald M. Edelman, Bright Air, Brilliant Fire: On the Matter
of the Mind. New York: Basic Books, 1992, p. 68.
79 Christof Koch, "Computation and the Single Neuron."
Nature 385(1997): 207-210.
80 Allan N. Schore, Affect Regulation and the Origin of the Self:
The Neurobiology of Emotional Development. Hillsdale, NJ:
Lawrence Erlbaum.
81 Neal J. Cohen and Howard Eichenbaum, Memory, Amnesia, and the
Hippocampal System. Cambrige, Mass.: MIT Press, 1994.
82 Allan N. Schore, "A Century After Freud's Project."
p. 829.
83 Joseph LeDoux, The Emotional Brain: The Mysterious
Underpinnings of Emotional Life. New York: Simon & Schuster,
1996, p. 202.
84 Allan N. Schore, Affect Regulation and the Origin of the Self:
The Neurobiology of Emotional Development. Hillsdale, NJ:
Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, 1994, p. 181.
85 J. Douglas Bremner, et al., "MRI-Based Measurement of
Hippocampal Volume in Patients with Combat-Related Posttraumatic
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973-980; Katy Butler, "The Biology of Fear." Family
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86 Daniel Goleman, "Early Violence Leaves Its Mark on the
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S. Pine, et al., "Platelet Serotonin 2A (5-HT2A) Receptor
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Delinquency." American Journal of Psychiatry 153(1996):
538-544.
87 Jan Volavka, Neurobiology of Violence. Washington, D.C.:
American Psychiatric Press, 1995; P. T. Mehlman, et al.,
"Low CSF 5-HIAA Concentrations and Severe Agression and
Impaired Impulse Control in Nonhuman Primates." American
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Suicide in America: New and Expanded Edition. New York: W. W.
Norton & Co., 1995, p. 17; Ronald M. Winchel,
"Self-Mutilation and Aloneness." Academy Forum. New
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88 Harry Harlow, "The Young Monkeys." Psychology Today
1(1967): 40-47; Mary Coleman, "Environmental Effects on
Serotonin in Children." Unpublished ms.
89 Rachel Yehuda, "Low Urinary Cortisol Excretion in
Holocaust Survivors With Posttraumatic Stress Disorder."
American Journal of Psychiatry 152(1995): 982-986.
90 Sandra Blakeslee, "How the Brain Might Work: A New Theory
of Consciousness." The New York Times, March 21, 1995, p.
C1; Francis Crick, The Astonishing Hypothesis: The Scientific
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91 Pierre Maquet et al., "Functional Neuroanatomy of Human
Rapid-Eye-Movement Sleep and Dreaming." Nature 383(1996):
163-6.
92 Bessel A. van der Kolk, "Trauma and Memory." in
Bessel A. van der Kolk et al., Eds. Traumatic Stress: the Effects
of Overwhelming Experience on Mind, Body, and Society." New
York: The Guilford Press, 1996, p. 294.
93 Bessel A. van der Kolk,, "The Body Keeps the Score:
Memory and the Evolving Psychobiology of Posttraumatic
Stress." Harvard Review of Psychiatry 1(1994): 253-265.
94 Bessel A. van der Kolk, Rita E. Fisler, "Childhood Abuse
& Neglect and Loss of Self-Regulation." Bulletin of the
Menninger Clinic 58(1994):234.
95 Michael Eigen, The Psychotic Core. Northvale, NJ: Jason
Aronson, 1986, p. 74.
96 Bessel A. van der Kolk, "The Trauma Spectrum: The
Interaction of Biological and Social Events in the Genesis of the
Trauma Response." Journal of Traumatic Stress 1(1988): 276.
97 Lenore Terr, Too Scared To Cry: Psychic Trauma in Childhood.
New York: Harper & Row, 1990, p. 30.
98 Lisa Goodman and Jay Peters, "Persecutory Alters and Ego
States: Protectors, Friends, and Allies." Dissociation
8(1995): 92.
99 Ibid, p. 93-4.
100 Spencer Eth and Robert S. Pynoos, Post-Traumatic Stress
Disorder in Children. Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Press,
1985, p. 142.
101 Fred Pine, Developmental Theory and Clinical Process. New
Haven, Conn.: Yale University Press, 1985, p. 87.
102 Spencer Eth and Robert S. Pynoos, "Developmental
Perspective on Psychic Trauma in Childhood." In Charles R.
Figley, Ed. Trauma and Its Wake: The Study and Treatment of
Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder. New York: Brunner/Mazel, 1985, p.
46.
103 Martin Gilbert, The Boys: The Untold Story of 732 Young
Concentration Camp Survivors. New York: Henry Holt and Co., 1996,
p. 453.
104 Bessel A. van der Kolk, "The Compulsion to Repeat the
Trauma: Re-enactment, Revictimization, and Masochism."
Psychiatric Clinics of North America 12(1989): 389-411.
105 James Gilligan, Violence: Our Deadly Epidemic and Its Causes.
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106 David Sandber, et al., "Sexual Abuse and
Revictimization: Mastery, Dysfunctional Learning, and
Dissociation." In Steven Jay Lynn and Judith W. Rhue, Eds.,
Dissociation: Clinical and Theoretical Perspectives. New York:
Guilford Press, 1994, p. 244.
107 Ibid.
108 Max M. Stern, Repetition and Trauma: Toward a Teleonomic
Theory of Psychoanalysis. Hillsdale, NJ: The Analytic Press,
1988.
109 Bessel A. van der Kolk, "The Compulsion to Repeat the
Trauma: Reenactment, Revictimization, and Masochism." pp.
389-411; A. W. Burgess et al., "Abused to Abuser:
Antecedents of Socially Deviant Behavior." American Journal
of Psychiatry 144(1984): 378-9.
110 Sue Taylor Parker, et al., Eds. Self-Awareness in Animals and
Humans: Developmental Perspectives. New York: Cambridge
University Press, 1994.
111 Michael Eigen, The Psychotic Core. Northvale, NJ: Jason
Aronson, 1986, p. 29.
112 Arnold H. Modell, The Private Self. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard
University Press, 1993.
113 Lenore Terr, Too Scared To Cry: Psychic Trauma in Childhood.
New York: Harper & Row, 1990; Bessel A. van der Kolk et al.,
Eds. Traumatic Stress: the Effects of Overwhelming Experience on
Mind, Body, and Society." New York: The Guilford Press,
1996; Spencer Eth and Robert S. Pynoos, Post-Traumatic Stress
Disorder in Children. Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Press,
1985.
114 James F. Masterson, The Search for the Real Self: Unmasking
the Personality Disorders of Our Age. New York: The Free Press,
1988, p. 61.
115 Charles W. Socarides, The Preoedipal Origin and
Psychoanalytic Therapy of Sexual Perversions. Madison, Conn.:
International Universities Press, 1988.
116 Ibid., p. 159.
117 Masterson, The Search for the Real Self, p. 10.
118 Lloyd deMause, "The Evolution of Childhood." In
Lloyd deMause, Ed., The History of Childhood. New York:
Psychohistory Press, 1974, p. 1.
119 Mary E. Schwab-Stone, et al., "No Safe Haven: A Study of
Violence Exposure in an Urban Community." Journal of the
American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry 34(1995):
1343-1352.
120 Murray A. Strauss, Beating the Devil Out of Them: Corporal
Punishment in American Families. New York: Lexington Books, 1994,
pp. 20-29; Joanne Buntain-Ricklefs, et al, "Punishments:
What Predicts Adult Approval." Child Abuse & Neglect
18(1994): 945-955.
121 Glenn D. Wolfner and Richard J. Gelles, "A Profile of
Violence Toward Children: A National Study." Child Abuse
& Neglect 17(1993):198.
122 The Observor Review (London), June 18, 1995, p. 2; Aurel
Ende, "Battering and Neglect: Children In Germany,
1860-1978." The Journal of Psychohistory 7(1980): 249-280.
123 Jill E. Korbin, Ed. Child Abuse and Neglect: Cross-Cultural
Perspectives. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1981.
124 See Chapter 8.
125 Adrienne A. Haeuser, "Swedish Parents Don't Spank."
Internet paper http:www.wwtx.com/~rcox/haeuser.html
126 Lloyd deMause, "The Universality of Incest." The
Journal of Psychohistory 19(1991): 123-164.
127 Ibid., p. 134.
128 Ibid., p. 140-142.
129 Ibid., p. 144.
130 Cathy Joseph, "Scarlet Wounding: Issues of Child
Prostitution." The Journal of Psychohistory 23(1995): 2-18;
Cathy Joseph, "Compassionate Accountability: An Embodied
Consideration of Female Genital Mutilation." The Journal of
Psychohistory 24(1996): 2-18.
131 New York Daily News, June 17, 1992, p. 7.
132 Spencer Eth and Robert S. Pynoos, Eds., Post-Traumatic Stress
Disorder in Children. Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Press,
1987.
133 Rudolph Binion ("Notes on Romanticism." The Journal
of Psychohistory 11(1983): 62) has written that "Unconscious
reliving [of trauma] is the truth to the old adage that history
repeats itself," although it is mainly adult trauma, not
childhood, that he sees as causal.
134 The Washington Post National Weekly, July 24-30, 1995, p. 8;
WNBC-TV, "Rage and Betrayal," April 11, 1996; WABC News
Special, April 11, 1996; The New York Times, December 31, 1995,
p. 24; Brandon M. Stickney, "All-American Monster": The
Unauthorized Biography of Timothy McVeigh. Amherst: Prometheus
Books, 1996; The New York Times, May 13, 1997, p. A14.
135 Danielle Hunt, head of the day care center, said on
"Rivera Live," CNBC-TV, June 10, 1997, that she was
"absolutely certain the visitor was McVeigh."
136 L. E. Hinsie and R. J. Campbell, Psychiatric Dictionary. New
York: Oxford University Press, 1970, p. 45.
137 Kenneth Bowers and Donald Meichenbaum, The Unconscious
Reconsidered, New York: Wiley, 1984; John F. Schumaker, The
Corruption of Reality: A Unified Theory of Religion, Hypnosis,
and Psychopathology. Amherst, NY: Prometheus Books, 1995.
138 For the various diagnostic criteria, see Richard P. Kluft,
"Multiple Personality Disorder." In David Spiegel, et
al., Dissociative Disorders: A Clinical Review. Lutherville,
Maryland: The Sidran Press, 1993, pp. 79-80.
139 Marlene Stienberg, "Systematizing Dissociation:
Symptomatology and Diagnostic Assessment." In David Spiegel,
Ed. Dissociation: Culture, Mind, and Body. Washington, D.C.:
American Psychiatric Press, 1994, p. 60.
140 Richard P. Kluft, "Basic Principles in Conducting the
Psychotherapy of Multiple Personality Disorder." In Ray
Aldridge-Morris, Multiple Personality: An Exercise in Deception.
London: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, 1989, p. 45; Frank W.
Putnam, Diagnosis and Treatment of Multiple Personality Disorder.
New York: Guilford Press, 1989, p. 48.
141 Colin A. Ross, The Osiris Complex: Case-Studies in Multiple
Personality Disorder. Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 1994,
p. vii.
142 Bennett G. Braun, Ed. Treatment of Multiple Personality
Disorder. Washington, D.C.: American Psychiatric Press, 1986;
Frank W. Putnam, Diagnosis and Treatment of Multiple Personality
Disorder. New York: Guilford Press, 1989; David Spiegel, et al.,
Dissociative Disorders: A Clinical Review. Lutherville, Maryland:
The Sidran Press, 1993; Colin A. Ross, Multiple Personality
Disorder: Diagnosis, Clinical Features, and Treatment. New York:
John Wiley & Sons, 1989; Richard P. Kluft and Catherine G.
Fine, Eds. Clinical Perspectives on Multiple Personality
Disorder. Washington, D.C.: American Psychiatric Press, 1993;
Philip M. Coons, "Psychophysiologic Aspects of Multiple
Personality Disorder: A Review." Dissociation 1(1988):
47-53; David A. Oakley and Lesley C. Eames, "The Plurality
of Consciousness." In David A. Oakley, Ed., Brain and Mind.
LLondon: Methuen, 1985, p.236.
143 Colin A. Ross, The Osiris Complex, p.22.
144 Richard P. Kluft, "Basic Principles in Conducting the
Psychotherapy of Multiple Personality Disorder." In Richard
P. Kluft and Catherine G. Fine, Eds. Clinical Perspectives on
Multiple Personality Disorder, p. 39.
145 Lisa Goodman and Jay Peters, "Persecutory Alters and Ego
States: Protectors, Friends, and Allies." Dissociation
8(1995): 91.
146 Ibid.
147 Theresa K. Albini and Terri E. Pease, "Normal and
Pathological Dissociations of Early Childhood." Dissociation
2(1989): 144.
148 J. O. Beahrs, "Co-Consciousness: A Common Denominator in
Hypnosis, Multiple Personality, and Normalcy." American
Journal of Clinical Hypnosis 26(1983): 100.
149 John F. Schumaker, The Corruption of Reality: A Unified
Theory of Religion, Hypnosis, and Psychopathology. Amherst, NY:
Prometheus Books, 1995, pp. 82-83, 163.
150 D. W. Winnicott, "The Use of an Object and Relating
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48(f1967): 87.
151 D. W. Winnicott, The Maturational Processes and the
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152 Richard M. Restak, "Possible Neurophysiological
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153 Siri Dulaney and Alan Page Fiske, "Cultural Rituals and
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154 Ellen J. Langer, Mindfulness. Reading, Mass.: Addison-Wesley
Publishing Co., 1989, pp. 100-113.
155 Lloyd deMause, Foundations of Psychohistory. New York:
Creative Roots, 1982, p. 188; Joe Berghold, "The Social
Trance: Psychological Obstacles to Progress in History." The
Journal of Psychohistory 19(1991): 221-243; Jerrold Atlas,
"Understanding the Correlation Between Childhood Punishment
and Adult Hypnotizability as It Impacts on the Command Power of
Modern 'Charismatic' Political Leaders." The Journal of
Psychohistory 17(1990): 309-318.
156 Catherine G. Fine, "The Cognitive Sequelae of
Incest." In Richard F. Kluft, Ed. Incest-Related Syndromes
of Adult Psychopathology. Washington, D.C.: American Psychiatric
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157 W. R. Bion, Experiences in Groups. London: Tavistock, 1961;
W. R. Bion, Learning From Experience. London: Heinemann, 1962;
Richard D. Mann with Graham S. Gibbard and John J. Hartman,
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Didier Anzieu, The Group and the Unconscious. London: Routledge
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97-114; C. Fred Alford, Group Psychology and Political Theory.
New Haven: Yale University Press, 1995.
158 Margaret Thaler Singer, Cults in our Midst: The Hidden Menace
in Our Everyday Lives. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass, 1995, p. 5.
159 Lloyd deMause, "Why Cults Terrorize and Kill
Children." The Journal of Psychohistory 21(1994): 505-518.
160 Lloyd deMause, Foundations of Psychohistory. New York:
Creative Roots, 1982, p. 192.
161 Ben Rippa, "Of Sealed Rooms and Secrets: Groups in
Israel During the Gulf War." In Mark F. Ettin et al., Eds.
Group Process and Political Dynamics. Madison: Conn.:
International University Press, 1995, p. 33.
162 Stanley Milgram, Obedience to Authority. New York: Harper
& Row, 1974.
163 Ibid., 152.
164 Arthur G. Miller, The Obedience Experiments: A Case Study of
Controversy in Social Science. New York: Praeger Scientific,
1986.
165 Ibid., p. 76.
166 Ibid., p. 78-79, 148.
167 Ibid., p. 60.
168 Irving I. Janus, Victims of Groupthink. Boston: Houghton
Mifflin, 1982, p. 70. 169 Stanley Milgram, Obedience to
Authority. New York: Harper & Row, 1974, p. 143.
170 Milgram himself only tried some crude personality tests; see
A. C. Elms and Stanley Milgram, "Personality Characteristics
Associated With Obedience and Defiance Toward Authoritative
Command." Journal of Experimental Research in Personality
1(1966): 282-89.
171 On the origin of personal and social violence in shame, see
James Gilligan, Violence: Our Deadly Epidemic and Its Causes. New
York: G. P. Putnam's Sons, 1996.
172 Robert S. McNamara with Brian VanDeMark, In Retrospect: The
Tragedy and Lessons of Vietnam. New York: Times Books, 1995, p.
149.
173 Hannah Arendt, Eichmann in Jerusalem: A Report on the
Banality of Evil. New York: Viking Press, 1963, p. 289. For a
discussion of this and other psychological aspects of warfare see
Rudolph Binion, "Ketzerisches zur Kriegsfrage," in
"So ist der Mensch..." 80 Jahre Erster Weltkrieg.
Vienna: Historisches Museum der Stadt Wien, 1994, pp. 117-124.
174 Dave Grossman, On Killing: The Psychological Cost of Learning
to Kill in War and Society. Boston: Little, Brown and Co., 1995,
p. 3.
175 Ibid., p. 88.
176 Ibid., p. 13.
177 Ibid., pp. 99-113.
178 Josephine Hilgard, Personality and Hypnosis: A Study of
Imaginative Involvement. Chicago: University of Chicago Press,
1970; Jerrold Atlas, "Understanding the Correlation Between
Childhood Punishment and Adult Hypnotizability as It Impacts on
the Command Power of modern 'Charismatic' Political
Leaders." The Journal of Psychohistory 17(1990): 309-318.
179 Michael A. Milburn and S. D. Conrad, "The Politics of
Denial." The Journal of Psychohistory 23(1996): 238-250.
180 Samuel P. Oliner and Pearl M. Oliner, The Altruistic
Personality: Rescuers of Jews in Nazi Europe. New York: The Free
Press, 1988.
181 See Frank W. Putnam, Diagnosis and Treatment of Multiple
Personality Disorder, p. 55 for bibliography of studies on
incidence.
182 Ibid., pp. 47-49.
183 John E. Mack, Abduction: Human Encounters With Aliens. New
York: Scribner's, 1994; Frank W. Putnam, "Dissociative
Phenomena." In David Spiegel, Ed. Dissociative Disorders: A
Clinical Review. Lutherville, Maryland: The Sidran Press, 1993,
pp. 2-4.
184 The New York Times, October 23, 1995, p. A15.
185 Gail Sheehy, "The Inner Quest of Newt Gingrich,"
Vanity Fair, pp. 149-151.
186 The empirical support for this general proposition is
described in Michael A. Milburn and S. D. Conrad, "The
Politics of Denial." The Journal of Psychohistory 23(1996):
238-251.
187 Newsweek, April 29, 1996, p. 32.
188 Ellen L. Bassuk, Angela Browne and John Buckner, "Single
Mothers and Welfare." Scientific American October 1996, p.
67; Mike A. Males, The Scapegoat Generation: America'sWar on
Adolescents. Monroe, Maine: Common Courage Press, 1996, p. 78.
189 Mike Males, "In Defense of Teenage Mothers," The
Progressive, August 1994, p. 22.
190 The New York Times, April 17, 1995, p. A1.
191 New York Post, March 25, 1995, p. 4.
192 The New York Times, September 12, 1995, p. A20.
193 CNBC-TV, September 14, 1995.
194 C-SPAN, September 1, 1995.
195 Lloyd deMause, Reagan's America. New York: Creative Roots,
1984, p. 44.
196 Margaret Power, The Egalitarians Human and Chimpanzee: An
Anthropological View of Social Organization. Cambridge: Cambridge
University Press, 1991, p. 91.
197 Mitchell Moss, "Newt to Poor: Let Them Eat
Laptops." New York Newsday, January 29, 1995, p. A30.
198 The New York Times, May 14, 1995, p. 22.
199 Ibid.
200 Prime Time, May 17, 1995.
201 Robert Jay Lifton, The Nazi Doctors: Medical Killing and the
Psychology of Genocide. New York: Basic Books, 1986, pp. 417-500.
202 Morris Berman, Coming to Our Senses: Body and Spirit in the
Hidden History of the West. New York: Simon & Schuster, 1989,
p. 289.
203 Quoted by Daniel Jonah Goldhagen, Hitler's Willing
Executioners: Ordinary Germans and the Holocaust. New York:
Alfred A. Knopf, 1996, p. 219.
204 Ervin Staub, The Roots of Evil: The Origins of Genocide and
Other Group Violence. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press,
1989, p. 101.
205 David Beisel, "Looking for Enemies, 1990-1994." The
Journal of Psychohistory 22(1994): 1-38.
206 Michele Stephen, A'aisa's Gifts: A Study of Magic and the
Self. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1995, p. 83; the
tribe is the Mekeo of New Guinea, and the fallen stick in the
cowrie shell an obvious symbol of impotence.
207 Gilbert Herdt, "Spirit Familiars in the Religious
Imagination of Sambia Shamans." In Gilbert Herdt and Michele
Stephen, Eds., The Religious Imagination in New Guinea. New
Brunswick: Rutgers University Press, 1989, pp. 99-121.
208 Erika Bourguignon, "Dreams and Altered States of
Consciousness in Anthropological Research, " in F. K. L Hsu,
Ed., Psychological Anthropology (Second Edition). Homewood, Ill.:
The Dorsey Press, 1972, p. 418.
209 Robert Katz, "Education for Transcendence: !Kia-Healing
with the Kalahari !Kung." In Richard B. Lee and I. DeVore,
Eds., Kalahari Hunter-Gatherers. Cambridge: Harvard University
Press, 1976, p. 76.
210 Jane Fajans, "The Person in Social Context" In
Geoffrey M. White and John Korkpatrick, Eds. Person, Self, and
Experience: Exploring Pacific Ethnopsychologies. Berkeley:
University of California Press, 1985, p. 380.
211 Erika Bourguignon, "Dreams and Altered States of
Consciousness in Anthropological Research;" Eugene G.
d'Aquili et al., The Spectrum of Ritual: A Biogenetic Structural
Analysis. New York: Columbia University Press, 1979; Ronald C.
Simnons et al., "The Psychobiology of Trance,"
Transcultural Psychiatric Research Review (1988): 249-288; Ede
Frecska and Zsuzsanna Kulcsar, "Social Bonding in the
Modulation of the Physiology of Ritual Trance," Ethos
17(1989): 70-94.
212 Peter Brown, The Hypnotic Brain: Hypnotherapy and Social
Communication. New Haven: Yale University Press, 1991, pp.
115-118.
213 Quoted by Morris Berman, Coming to Our Senses: Body and
Spirit in the Hidden History of the West. New York: Simon &
Schuster, 1989, p. 286.
214 Josephine Hilgard, Personality and Hypnosis: A Study of
Imaginative Involvement. Chicago: University of Chicago Press,
1970; see also Jerrold Atlas, "Understanding the Correlation
Between Childhood Punishment and Adult Hypnotizability as It
Impacts on the Command Power of Modern 'Charismatic' Political
Leaders." The Journal of Psychohistory 17(1990): 309-318 and
Joe Berghold, "The Social Trance: Psychological Obstacles to
Progress in History." The Journal of Psychohistory 19(1991):
221-243.
215 Lloyd deMause, Foundations of Psychohistory. New York:
Creative Roots, 1982, pp. 194-217.
216 Casper Schmidt, "The Abnormally Popular George
Bush." The Journal of Psychohistory 18(1990): 123-134;
Howard Stein, "Organizational Psychohistory." The
Journal of Psychohistory 21(1993): 97-114; David Beisel,
"Thoughts Concerning Some Objections to Group-Fantasy
Analysis." The Journal of Psychohistory 9(1982): 237-240;
Paul H. Elovitz et al., "On Doing Fantasy Analysis."
The Journal of Psychohistory 13(1985): 207-228.
217 C. Fisher, "Subliminal (Preconscious) Perception: The
Microgenesis of Unconscious Fantasy." In H. Blum et al.,
Eds. Fantasy, Myth and REality. Madison, CT: International
Universities Press, 1988, pp. 93-108.
218 Lloyd deMause, Foundations of Psychohistory; Reagan's
America; "'Heads and Tails': Money As a Poison
Container." The Journal of Psychohistory 16(1988): 1-18;
"America's Search for a Fighting Leader." The Journal
of Psychohistory 20(1992): 121-134.
219 Margaret Power, The Egalitarians-Human and Chimpanzee: An
Anthropological View of Social Organization. Cambridge: Cambridge
University Press, 1991, p. 134.
220 For trance induction techniques, see Milton Erickson, The
Nature of Hypnosis and Suggestion. New York: Irvington
Publishers, 1980; Milton Erickson and Ernest Rossi, Hypnotherapy:
An Exploratory Casebook. New York: Irvington Publishers, 1987 and
Stephen Lankton and Carol Lankton, The Answer Within: A Clinical
Framework of Ericksonian Hypnotherapy. New York: Brunner/Mazel,
1983.
221 Jack Germond and Jules Witcover, Wake Us When It's Over:
Presidential Politics of 1984. New York: Macxmillan Publishing,
1985, p. 430.
222 William S. Condon, "Neonatal entrainment and
enculturation." In Margaret Bullowa, Ed., Before Speech: The
Beginnings of Interpersonal Communication. New York: Cambridge
University Press, 1979, pp. 131-169.
223 Paul H. Elovitz, Henry Lawton and George Luhrmann, "On
Doing Fantasy Analysis." The Journal of Psychohistory
13(1985): 205-232; Casper Schmidt, "The Abnormally Popular
George Bush." The Journal of Psychohistory 18(1990):
123-134; Howard Stein, "Organizational Psychohistory."
The Journal of Psychohistory 21(1993): 97-114; Jerrold Atlas, Was
in Deitschland Passieren Wird...das Unbewusste der Deutschen.
Dusseldorf: ECON, 1992. For the technique of fantasy analysis of
film, see Lloyd deMause, "How to Do a Fantasy Analysis of a
Movie." The Journal of Psychohistory 20(1992): 31-32.
224 Didier Anzieu, The Group and the Unconscious. London:
Routledge & Kegan Paul, 1984, p. 160-161.
225 Graham S. Gibbard and John J. Hartman, "The Significance
of Utopian Fantasies in Small Groups." The International
Journal of Group Psychotherapy 23(1973): 125-147.
226 James F. Masterson, The Search for the Real Self: Unmasking
the Personality Disorders of Our Age. New York: The Free Press,
1988, p. 55.
227 Carol R. Ember and Melvin Ember, "Issues in
Cross-Cultural Studies of Interpersonal Violence." In R.
Barry Rubach and Neil Alan Weiner, Eds. Interpersonal Violent
Behaviors: Social and Cultural Aspects. New York: Springer
Publishing Co., 1995, pp. 32-33.
228 Ibid., p. 62.
229 Charles W. Socarides, The Preoedipal Origin and
Psychoanalytic Therapy of Sexual Perversions. Madison, Conn.:
International Universities Press, 1988.
230 Barbara Ehrenreich, Blood Rites: Origins and History of the
Passions of War. New York: Henry Holt and Co., 1997, pp. 74-75.
231 Stanley Rosenman, "Japanese Antisemitism: Conjuring Up
Conspiratorial Jews." The Journal of Psychohistory 25(1997):
1-40.
232 Gilbert H. Herdt, Ed. Ritualized Homosexuality in Melanesia.
Berkeley: University of California Press, 1984.
233 Norman Cohn, Cosmos, Chaos and the World to Come: The Ancient
Roots of Apocalyptic Faith. New Haven: Yale University Press,
1993, pp. 22 and 54.
234 Fitz John Porter Poole, "Coming Into Social Being:
Cultural Images of Infants in Binim-Kuskusmin Folk
Psychology." In Geoffrey M. White and John Kirkpatrick, Ed.
Person, Self, and Experience: Exploring Pacific
Ethnopsychologies. Berkeley: University of California Press,
1985, p. 194.
235 J. H. M. Beattie, "On Understanding Sacrifice." In
M. F. C. Bourdillon and Meyer Fortes, Sacrifice. New York:
Academic Press, 1980, p. 42.
236 Adolf Hitler, Mein Kampf. Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1971, p.
388.
237 Michael C. C. Adams, The Great Adventure: Male Desire and the
Coming of World War I. Bloomington: Indiana University Press,
1990, p. 51.
238 Lloyd deMause, "'Heads and Tails': Money As a Poison
Container." The Journal of Psychohistory 16(1988): 1-18.
239 Casper G. Schmidt, "The Use of the Gallup Poll as a
Psychohistorical Tool." Journal of Psychohistory 10(1982):
141-162.
240 Theodore H. Gaster, Thespis: Ritual, Myth and Drama in the
Ancient Near East. New York: Henry Schuman, 1950, pp. 4-10.
241 James George Frazer, The Golden Bough: The Dying God. New
York, St. Martin's Press, 1911.
242 Susan Dunn, The Deaths of Louis XVI: Regicide and the French
Political Imagination. Princeton: Princeton University Press,
1994, p. 15.
243 Sam Janus et al., A Sexual Profile of Men in Power. Englewood
Cliffs, N.J.: Prentice Hall, 1977, pp. 101 and 170.
244 Max Montgelas and Walter Schücking, Eds. Outbreak of the
World War: German Documents Collected by Karl Kautsky. Oxford:
Oxford University Press, 1924, pp. 250ff.245 Rudolph Binion,
Hitler Among the Germans. New York: Elsevier, 1976.
246 Michele Stephen, "Contrasting Images of Power." In
Michele Stephen, Ed., Sorcerer and Witch in Melanesia. New
Brunswick: Rutgers University Press, 1987, p. 280.
247 Eli Sagan, At the Dawn of Tyranny: The Origins of
Individualism, Political Oppression, and the State. Santa Fe:
FishDrum Magazine Press, 1993, p. 122.
248 Bradd Shore, "Mana and Tapu." In Allan Howard and
Robert Borofsky, Ed. Developments in Polynesian Ethnology.
Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press, 1989, p. 142.
249 Lloyd deMause, Foundations of Psychohistory and Reagan's
America; Casper Schmidt, "The Use of the Gallup Poll as a
Psychohistorical Tool." The Journal of Psychohistory
10(1982): 141-162; Casper Schmidt, "A Differential Poison
Index from the Gallup Poll." The Journal of Psychohistory
10(1983): 523-532; Daniel Dervin, Enactments: American Modes and
Psychohistorical Models. Madison: Fairleigh Dickinson University
Press, 1996; Lloyd deMause, "Shooting at Clinton,
Prosecuting O.J., and Other Sacrificial Rituals." The
Journal of Psychohistory 22(1995): 378-393. These have all been
done for American leadership phases, and have yet to be tested
for the group-fantasies of other nations and groups.
250 Lloyd deMause, Foundations of Psychohistory, pp. 245-332.
251 Ibid., pp. 153-155.
252 Lloyd deMause, Foundations of Psychohistory, pp. 154-158.
253 Lloyd deMause, "American Purity Crusades." The
Journal of Psychohistory 14(1987): 345-348.
254 Lloyd deMause, Foundations of Psychohistory, pp. 86-88.
255 Charles W. Socarides, The Preoedipal Origin and
Psychoanalytic Therapy of Sexual Perversions. Madison, Conn.:
International Universities Press, 1988, p. 17.
256 Charles B. Strozier, Apocalypse: On the Psychology of
Fundamentalism in America. Boston: Beacon Press, 1994.
257 Lloyd deMause, Foundations of Psychohistory, p. 160.
258 William Greider, Secrets of the Temple: How the Federal
Reserve Runs the Country. New York: Simon and Schuster, 1987, p.
300.
259 William K. Joseph, "Prediction, Psychology and
Economics." The Journal of Psychohistory 15(1987): 101-112;
William K. Joseph, "Will Peace Panic the Market?" The
Journal of Psychohistory 16(1989): 405-409. See also Lloyd
deMause, Reagan's America.
260 Business Week, July 1, 1996, p. 22.
261 David G. Myers and Ed Diener, "The Pursuit of
Happiness." Scientific American, May 1996, p. 70.
262 Lloyd deMause, Reagan's America, pp. 56-57.
263 Ptolemy Tompkins, This Tree Grows Out of Hell: Mesoamerica
and the Search for the Magical Body. San Francisco:
HaperSanFrancisco, 1990, p. 120.
| Ch 4 Part 1 | Ch 4 Part 2 | Ch 5 Citations |
This
version was orignally in:
The Journal of Psychohistory
V. 25, N. 2, Fall 1997