1 Adolf Hitler, Mein Kampf. Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1971, p.
59.
2 Norbert Bromberg and Verna Volz Small, Hitler's
Psychopathology. New York: International Universities Press,
1983.
3 Alice Miller, For Your Own Good: Hidden Cruelty in
Child-Rearing and the Roots of Violence. New York: Farrar,
Straus, Giroux, 1983, p. 152; George Victor, Hitler: The
Pathology of Evil. Washington: Brassey's, 1998, p. 29.
4 Bromberg and Small, Hitler's Psychopathology, pp. 137 and 280.
5 Victor, Hitler: The Pathology of Evil, p. 128.
6 Hitler, Mein Kampf, p. 388.
7 Ibid., pp. 59-60.
8 Bromberg and Small, Hitler's Psychopathology, p. 281.
9 Lloyd deMause, Foundations of Psychohistory. New York: Creative
Roots, 1982, pp. 48-59; Lloyd deMause, "Schreber and the
History of Childhood," The Journal of Psychohistory
15(1987):426-7; Aurel Ende, "Battering and Neglect: Children
in Germany, 1860-1978." Journal of Psychohistory 7(1980):
249-79; Aurel Ende, "Bibliography on Childhood and Youth in
Germany from 1820-1978." Journal of Psychohistory 7(1980):
281-7; Aurel Ende, "Children in History: A Personal Review
of the Past Decade's Published Research." Journal of
Psychohistory 11(1983): 65-88.
10 Robert Wistrick, Hitler's Apocalypse: Jews and the Nazi
Legacy. New York: St. Martin's Press, 1985; Edward Timms, Karl
Kraus, Apocalyptic Satirist: Culture and Catastrophe in Habsburg
Vienna. New Haven: Yale University Press, 1986.
11 Bromberg and Small, Hitler's Psychopathology, p. 24.
12 Lloyd deMause, Foundations of Psychohistory, pp. 172-243.
13 Simon Schama, Citizens: A Chronicle of the French Revolution.
New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1989, p. 73.
14 Lloyd deMause, Foundations of Psychohistory, pp. 244-317.
15 K. Codell Carter, "On the Decline of Bloodletting in
Nineteenth Century Medicine." The Journal of Psychoanalytic
Anthropology 5(1982): 221.
16 Michael C. C. Adams, The Great Adventure: Male Desire and the
Coming of World War I. Bloomington: Indiana University Press,
1990, p. 57.
17 Ibid., p. 51.
18 Ibid., p. 61.
19 Juha Siltala, "Prenatal Fantasies During the Finnish
Civil War." The Journal of Psychohistory 22(1995): 486.
20 Burr Cartwright Brundage, The Fifth Sun: Aztec Gods, Aztec
World. Austin: University of Texas Press, 1979.
21 Ibid., p. 487.
22 Michael C. C. Adams, The Great Adventure, p. 55.
23 Ibid., p. 53.
24 Lloyd deMause, "The Gulf War as a Mental Disorder."
The Journal of Psychohistory 19(1991): 1-23.
25 Miriam Robbins Dexter, Whence the Goddesses: A Source Book.
New York: Pergamon Press, 1990; Paul Friedrich, The Meaning of
Aphrodite. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1978.
26 James A. Aho, Religious Mythology and the Art of War:
Comparative Religious Symbolisms of Military Violence. Westport,
Conn.: Greenwood Press, 1981; Wolfgang Lederer, The Fear of
Women. New York: Grune & Stratton, 1968, p. 58.
27 Ilse Kirk, "Images of Amazons: Marriage and
Matriarchy." In Sharon Macdonald, Pat Holden and Shirley
Ardener, Eds., Images of Women in Peace and War. Houndmills:
Macmillan Education, 1987, pp. 27-39.
28 Burr Cartwright Brundage, The Fifth Sun, p. 201; Margaret
Ehrenberg, Women in Prehistory. London: British Museum
Publications, 1989, p. 163.
29 Joan Haslep, Marie Antoinette. New York: Weidenfeld &
Nicolson, 1987; Lynn Hunt, "The Many Bodies of Marie
Antoinette: Political Pornography and the Problem of the Feminine
in the French Revolution" and Vivian Cameron,
"Political Exposures: Sexuality and Caricature in the French
Revolution." In Lynn Hunt, Ed., Eroticism and the Body
Politic. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1991, pp.
109-130; Simon Schama, Citizens: A Chronicle of the French
Revolution. New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1989, pp. 203-227; Terry
Castle, "Marie Antoinette Obsession." Representations
38(1992): 1-38; Madelyn Gutwirth, The Twilight of the Goddesses.
New Brunswick: Rutgers University Press, 1992, pp. 136-200.
30 Lynn Hunt, "The Many Bodies of Marie Antoinette,"
pp. 122-3; Simon Schama, Citizens, p. 796.
31 Richard Grenier, "Killer Bimbos." Commentary,
September 1991; "Kiss Kiss Slash Slash." Newsweek,
March 23, 1992.
32 New York Post, June 16, 1986, p. 4.
33 James A. Aho, Religious Mythology and the Art of War:
Comparative Religious Symbolisms of Military Violence. Westport,
Conn.: Greenwood Press, 1981, pp. 21-23.
34 John Bierhorst, Ed. The Hungry Woman: Myths and Legends of the
Aztecs. New York: William Morrow, 1984, p. 10.
35 Bruce Lincoln, Death, War, and Sacrifice: Studies in Ideology
and Practice. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1991, p. 13.
36 Preben Meulengracht Sorensen, The Unmanly Man: Concepts of
Sexual Defamation in Early Northern Society. Odense,: Odense
University Press,1983, p. 82; Allen Edwardes, Erotica Judaica: A
Sexual History of the Jews. New York: Julian Press, 1967, pp.
69-76.
37 Martin van Creveld, The Transformation of War. New York: The
Free Press, 1991, p. 179.
38 Sidney Halpern, "The Mother-killer." The
Psychoanalytic Review 52(1965): 73.
39 Aleksei Fedorovich Losev, cited in Daniel Rancour-Laferriere,
The Slave Soul of Russia: Moral Masochism and the Cult of
Suffering. New York: New York University Press, 1995, p. 226.
40 Lloyd deMause, Foundations of Psychohistory, pp. 90-102,
244-332.
41 Nancy Huston, "The Matrix of War: Mothers and
Heroes." In Susan Rubin Suleiman, The Female Body in Western
Culture: Contemporary Perspectives. Cambridge: Harvard University
Press, 1986, p. 133.
42 Mickel Adzema, "The Scenery of ™ealing." The
Journal of Psychohistory 23(1996): 396.
43 Ralph H. Lutz, Fall of the German Empire 1914-1918: Documents
of the German Revolution. Vol. I. Stanford: Stanford University
Press, 1932, p. 13.
44 Jeremy Noakes and Geoffrey Pridham, Eds. Documents on Nazism,
1919-1945. London: Jonathan Cape, 1974, p. 37; Robert Wistrich,
Hitler's Apocalypse: Jews and the Nazi Legacy. New York: St.
Martin's Press, 1985, p. 134.
45 For further examples of the fetal drama, see Lloyd deMause,
Foundations of Psychohistory, pp. 261-282.
46 J. R. Davidson, "The Shadow of Life: Psychosocial
Explanations for Placenta Rituals." Culture, Medicine and
Psychiatry 9(1985): 75-92.
47 Didier Anzieu, The Group and the Unconscious. London:
Routledge & Kegan Paul, 1984, p. 161.
48 Sigmund Freud, "The Interpretation of Dreams,"
Standard Edition, Vol. 5. London: The Hogarth Press, 1959, p.
400.
49 Otto Rank, The Trauma of Birth. New York: Richard Brunner,
1952; Otto Rank, The Myth of the Birth of the Hero and Other
Writings. New York: Random House, 1932.
50 In Collected Papers: Through Paediatrics to Psycho-analysis.
New York: Basic Books, 1958, pp. 174-193.
51 Donald W. Winnicott, Human Nature. London: Free Association
Books, 1988, p. 149.
52 Collected Papers, pp. 177-8.
53 Ibid., pp. 249-250..
54 Nandor Fodor, The Search for the Beloved: A Clinical
Investigation of the Trauma of Birth and Prenatal Condition. New
Hyde Park, N.Y.: University Books, 1949; Francis J. Mott, The
Universal Design of Creation. Edenbridge: Mark Beech, 1964;
Francis J. Mott, Mythology of the Prenatal Life. London:
Integration Publishing Co., 1960; Arnaldo Rascovsky, El Psiquismo
Fetal. Buenos Aires: Editorial Paidos, 1977; Stanislav Grof,
Realms of the Human Unconscious: Observations from LSD Research.
New York: Viking Press, 1975; Stanislav Grof, Beyond the Brain:
Birth, Death and Transcendence in Psychotherapy. Albany: State
University of New York, 1985; Arthur Janov, The Primal Scream:
Primal Therapy-The Cure for Neurosis. New York: G. P. Putnam's
Sons, 1970; Thomas R. Verny and John Kelley, The Secret Life of
the Unborn Child. New York: Summit Books, 1981; Thomas R. Verny,
Ed., Pre- and Perinatal Psychology: An Introduction. New York:
Human Sciences Press, 1987; Peter Fedor-Freybergh and M. L.
Vanessa Vogel, Eds., Prenatal and Perinatal Psychology and
Medicine: Encounter With the Unborn. Carnforth: the Parthenon
Publishing Group, 1988; Ludwig Janus, Wie die Seele entsteht:
unser psychisches Leben vor und nach der Geburt. Hamburg: Hoffman
und Campe, 1991.
55 Calvin S. Hall, "Prenatal and Birth Experiences in
Dreams." Psychoanalytic Study of the Child 1(1967): 157-74.
56 Lynda Share, If Someone Speaks, It Gets Lighter: Dreams and
the Reconstruction of Infant Trauma. Hillsdale, N.J.: The
Analytic Press, 1994.
57 K. Mark Sossin, "Pre- and Postnatal Repercussions of
Handicapping Conditions Upon the Narcissistic Line of
Development." Pre- and Perinatal Psychology Journal 7(1993):
197.
58 G. Engel, et al., "Monica: Infant-feeding Behavior of a
Mother Gastric Fistula-fed as an Infant: A Thirty-Year
Longitudinal Study of Enduring Effects." In E. Anthony and
G. Pollack, Eds. Parental Influences in Health and Disease.
Boston: Little, Brown, 1985, pp. 30-89.
59 William Niederland, "The Role of the Ego in the Recovery
of Early Memories." Psychoanalytic Quarterly 34(1965): 568.
60 Share, If Someone Speaks, It Gets Lighter, pp. 191-196.
61 The International Journal of Prenatal and Perinatal Psychology
and Medicine and Pre- and Peri-Natal Psychology Journal. For
excellent recent bibliographies, see M. Maiwald and L. Janus,
"Development, Behavior and Psychic Experience in the
Prenatal Period and the Consequences for Life History: A
Bibliographic Survey." International Journal of Prenatal and
Perinatal Psychology and Medicine 5 (1993): 451-485; and M.
Maiwald, "Development, Behavior and Psychic Experience in
the Prenatal Period and the Consequences for Life History: A
Bibliographic Survey." Int. J. Prenatal and Perinatal Psych.
and Med. 6(1994): Suppl. 1-48. More extensive bibliography of
pioneering fetal psychologists can be found in Lloyd deMause,
Foundations of Psychohistory, "The Fetal Origins of
History," pp. 244-332.
62 Maggie Scarf, Body, Mind, Behavior. New York: Dell Publishing,
1976, pp. 23-40; Robert C. Goodlin, Care of the Fetus. New York:
Masson Publishing, 1979, p. 192; Thomas R. Verny, Pre- and
Perinatal Psychology: An Introduction. New York: Human Sciences
Press, 1987, p. 25.
63 K. J. S. Anand and P. R. Hickey, "Pain and Its Effects in
the Human Neonate and Fetus." The New England Journal of
Medicine, 317 (1987): 1322.
64 Joseph E. LeDoux, "Emotion, Memory and the Brain."
Scientific American, June 1994, pp. 50-57; John P. Aggleton, Ed.
The Amygdala: Neurobiological Aspects of Emotion, Memory, and
Mental Dysfunction. New York: John Wiley & Sons, 1992; Daniel
Goleman, Emotional Intelligence. New York: Bantam Books, 1995.
For how hippocampus-cortical loops lay down long-term memory, see
Gerald Edelman, The Remembered Present: A Biological Theory of
Consciousness. New Yokr: Basic Books, 1989, p. 129.
65 Bessel A. van der Kolk, "The Trauma Spectrum: The
Interaction of Biological and Social Events in the Genesis of the
Trauma Response." Journal of Traumatic Stress 1(1988):
273-290; Antonio R. Damasio, Descartes Error: Emotion, Reason,
and the Human Brain. New York: G. P. Putnam's Sons, 1994, pp.
173-183.
66 Robert M. Bradley and Charlotte M. Mistretta, "Fetal
Sensory Receptors." Physiological Reviews 55(1975): 358;
Tryphena Humphrey, "Function of the Nervous System During
Prenatal Life," in Uwe Stave, Ed. Physiology of the
Perinatal Period. Vol. 2. New York: Appleton-Century-Crofts,
1970, pp. 754-89.
67 Robert Goodlin, Care of the Fetus, p. 1.
68 A. W. Liley, "The Foetus as Personality." Australian
and New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry 6(1972): 99-105; Alessandra
Piontelli, From Fetus to Child: An Observational and
Psychoanalytic Study. London: Tavistock/Routledge, 1992; A.
Ianniruberto and E. Tajani, "Ultrasonographic Study of Fetal
Movements." Seminars in Perinatology 5 (1981): 175-181; T.
B. Brazelton and B. G. Cramer, The Earliest Relationship. New
York: Addison-Wesley Publishing Co., 1990.
69 W. E. Rayburn, "Monitoring Fetal Body Movement."
Clinical Obstetrics and Gynecology 3(1987): 889-911.
70 P. H. Wolff, The Causes, Control and Organization of Behavior
in the Neonate. (Psychological Issues Monographs No. 17). New
York: International Universities Press, 1966, pp. 22-23; Arthur
Efron, "The Sexual Body: An Interdisciplinary
Perspective." The Journal of Mind and Behavior 6 (1985):
118-121.
71 Jeanette M Soby, Prenatal Exposure to Drugs/Alcohol:
Characteristics and Educational Implications of Fetal Alcohol
Syndrome and Cocaine/Polydrug Effects. Springfield, IL: Charles
C. Thomas, 1994.
72 M. Lieberman, "Early Development of Stress and Later
Behavior." Science 1141(1963): 824; Sharon Milberger, et
al., "Is Maternal Smoking During Pregnancy a Risk Factor for
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153(1996): 1138-1142.
73 Bibliographic references can be found in Christopher Norwood,
At Highest Risk: Environmental Hazards to Young and Unborn
Children. New York: McGraw-Hill, 1980, and Child at Risk: A
Report of the Standing Senate Committee on Health, Welfare and
Science. Quebec: Canadian Government Publishing Center, 1980.
74 R. E. Myers, "Production of Fetal Asphyxia by Maternal
Psychological Stress." Pavlovian Journal of Biological
Science 12(1977): 51-62.
75 T. F. Anders and C. H. Zeanah. "Early Infant Development
From a Biological Point of View." In J. D. Call, E. Galenson
and R. L. Tyson, Eds., Frontiers of Infant Psychiatry, Vol. II.
New York: Basic Books, 1984; J. A. Connolly and J. H. Cullen,
"Maternal Stress and the Origins of Health Status."
Ibid., Vol. I, 1983; B. R. H. van den Bergh, "The Influence
of Maternal Emotions During Pregnancy on Fetal and Neonatal
Behavior." Pre- and Perinatal Psychology Journal 5(1990):
119-130; Thomas Blum, Ed. Prenatal Perception, Learning and
Bonding. Berlin: Leonardo Publishers, 1993.
76 New York Newsday, February 8, 1994, p. 69.
77 Chairat Panthuraamphorn, "Prenatal Infant Stimulation
Program" in Blum, Ed., Prenatal Perception, pp. 187-220.
78 Thomas R. Verny, "Womb Ecology/World Ecology." Talk
delivered at 2nd World Congress for Prenatal Education, Athens,
Greece, May 14, 1994.
79 Lester Sontag, "Implications of Fetal Behavior and
Environment for Adult Personalities." Annals of the New York
Academy of Sciences 134 (1965): 782-6.
80 Robert Goodlin, Care of the Fetus, p. 10; Dennis H. Stott,
testimony, in Senate of Canada: Standing Senate Committee on
Health, Welfare and Science. Third Session, Thirtieth Parliament,
1977, "Childhood Experiences of Criminal Behavior,"
Issue No. 1, Second Proceeding, Nov. 24, 1977.
81 Child At Risk: A Report of the Standing Senate Committee on
Health, Welfare and Science. Hull: Canadian Government Publishing
Center, 1980, p. 16.
82 Margaret E. Fries, "Longitudinal Study: Prenatal Period
to Parenthood." Journal of the American Psychoanalytic
Association 25(1977): 115-140; Margaret E. Fries, Marie Coleman
Nelson and Paul J. Woolf, "Developmental and Etiological
Factors in the Treatment of Character Disorders with Archaic Ego
Function." The Psychoanalytic Review 67(1980): 337-352.
83 Lorraine Roth Herrenkohl, "The Anxiety-Prone Personality:
Effects of Prenatal Stress on the Infant." In Roy J. Mathew,
Ed. The Biology of Anxiety. New York: Brunner/Mazel, 1982, pp.
51-86; Antonio J. Ferreira, "The Pregnant Woman's Emotional
Attitude and Its Reflection on the Newborn." American
Journal of Orthopsychiatry 30 (1960): 553-6; Child At Risk: A
Report of the Standing Senate Committee on Health, Welfare and
Science. Hull: Canadian Government Publishing Center, 1980; John
H. W. Barrett, "Prenatal Influences on Adaptation in the
Newborn." In Peter Stratton, Ed. Psychobiology of the Human
Newborn. New York: John Wiley & Sons, 1982, p. 270;
Psychology Today, 4 (1971): 49; Abram Blau, et al.., "The
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childhood psychopathology." Child Psychiatry and Human
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Influence of Environmental Factors on Behavioral Problems in
8-Year-Old Children Exposed to Amphetamine During Fetal
Life." Child Abuse & Neglect 18 (1994): 3-9; D. H.
Stott, "Follow-up Study from Birth of the Effects of
Prenatal Stress." Developmental Medicine and Child Neurology
15 (1973): 770-87; Norman L. Corah, et al., "Effects of
Perinatal Anoxia After Seven Years." Psychological
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Defects and Schizophrenia," Psychology Today 4 (1971):
48-50; Sarnoff A. Mednick et al., Eds., Fetal Neural Development
and Adult Schizophrenia. New York: Cambridge University Press,
1991; "Delinquents Said To Have Perinatal Injuries,"
Psychiatric News, September 1, 1978, p. 26; David B. Chamberlain,
"Prenatal Intelligence." In Thomas Blum, Ed. Prenatal
Perception, Learning and Bonding. Berlin: Leonardo Publishers,
1993, pp. 14-21; A. J. Ward, "Prenatal Stress and Childhood
Psychopathology." Child Psychiatry and Human Development
22(1991): 97-110; Adrian Raine, The Psychopathology of Crime:
Criminal Behavior as a Clinical Disorder. San Diego: Academic
Press, 1993.
84 Elaine Morgan, The Descent of the Child: Human Evolution from
a New Perspective. New York: Oxford University Press, 1995, p.
78.
85 Adrian Raine, Patricia Brennan, Sarnoff A. Mednick,
"Birth Complications Combined With Early Maternal Rejection
at Age 1 Year Predispose to Violent Crime at Age 18 Years."
Archives of General Psychiatry 51(1994): 984-988; Henry P. David,
Zilenek Dybrich, Zilenek Matejcek and Vratislav Schuller, Born
Unwanted: Developmental Effects of Denied Abortion. New York:
Springer, Publications, 1988.
86 The New York Times October 3, 1995, pp. C1 and C10.
87 Michael S. Gazzaniga, Nature's Mind: the Biological Roots of
Thinking, Emotions, Sexuality, Language, and INtelligence. New
York: Basic Books, 1992.
88 Gerald M. Edelman, The Remembered Present: A Biological Theory
of Consciousness. New York: Basic Books, 1989, p. 44; Joseph E.
LeDoux, "Emotion, Memory and the Brain." Scientific
American, June 1994, pp. 50-57.
89 New York Daily News, June 17, 1992, p. 7.
90 Lyle S. Joffe, et al., "Biobehavioral Antecedents in the
Development of Infant-Mother Attachment." In Martin Reite
and Tiffany Field, Eds., The Psychobiology of Attachment and
Separation. New York: Academic Press, 1985, p. 334.
91 B. R. H. Van Den Bergh, "Maternal Emotions During
Pregnancy and Fetal and Neonatal Behaviour." In Jan G.
Nijhuis, Ed. Fetal Behaviour: Developmental and Perinatal
Aspects. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1992, p. 168.
92 Bruce S. McEwen and Harold M. Schmeck, Jr., The Hostage Brain.
New York: The Rockefeller University Press, 1994, p. 72.
93 Ibid., p. 77.
94 M. N. Bustan and A. L. Coker, "Maternal Attitude Toward
Pregnancy and the Risk of Neonatal Death." American Journal
of Public Health 84(1994): 411-414.
95 Bessel A. van der Kolk and Jose Saporta, "The Biological
Response to Psychic Trauma: Mechanisms and Treatment of Intrusion
and Numbing." Anxiety Research 4(1991): 199-212; Herbert
Hendin, Suicide in America: New and Expanded Edition. New York:
W. W. Norton & Co., 1995, p. f16.
96 Jan Volavka, Neurobiology of Violence. Washington, D.C.:
American Psychiatric Press, 1995; M. J. P. Kruesi, "Cruelty
to Animals and CSF 5-HIAA." Psychiatry Research 28(1989):
115-116; Bessel A. van der Kolk, "The Trauma Spectrum: The
Interaction of Biological and Social Events in the Genesis of the
Trauma Response." Journal of Traumatic Stress 1(1988):
273-290.
97 Bertil Jacobson, "Perinatal Origin of Eventual
Self-Destructive Behavior." Pre- and Peri-Natal Psychology
2(1988): 227-241.
98 Ronald Kotulak, Inside the Brain: Revolutionary Discoveries of
How the Mind Works. Kansas City: Andrews and McMeel, 199671.
99 Ibid., p. 240; Jude Roedding, "Birth Trauma and Suicide:
A Study of the Relationship Between Near-Death Experiences at
Birth and Later Suicidal Behavior." Pre- and Peri-Natal
Psychology Journal 6 (1991): 145-169; L. Salk et al.,
"Relationship of maternal and perinatal conditions to
eventual adolescent suicide. Lancet 1(1985): 624-627; Thomas R.
Verny, "The Scientific Basis of Pre- and Peri-Natal
Psychology: Part 1." Pre- and Peri-Natal Psychology 3
(1989): 166.
100 Ronald F. Goldman, Circumcision: The Hidden Trauma. Boston:
Vangard Publications, 1996.
101 Ernest M. Gruenberg, "On the Psychosomatics of the
Not-So-Perfect Fetal Parasite." In Stephen A. Richardson and
Alan F. Guttmacher, Eds. Childbearing: Its Social and
Psychological Aspects. New York: Williams & Wilkins, 1967, p.
54.
102 Roger E. Stevenson, The Fetus and Newly Born Infant:
Influences of the Prenatal Environment. 2nd Ed. St. Louis: C.
V.Mosby, 1977, p. 3.
103 Heinz Bartels. Prenatal Respiration. New York: John Wiley and
Sons, 1970, p. 47.
104 A. Briend, "Fetal Malnutrition: The Price of Upright
Posture?" British Medical Journal 2(1979): 317-319.
105 Joseph Barcroft, Researches in Pre-Natal Life. Vol. 1.
Springfield, Ill.: Charles Thomas, 1947, p. 209.
106 Lubor Jilek et al., "Characteristic Metabolic and
Functional Responses to Oxygen Deficiency in the Central Nervous
System." In Uwe Stave, Ed. Physiology of the Perinatal
Period, p. 1043.
107 Peter Boylan and Peter J. Lewis, "Fetal Breathing in
Labor." Obstetrics and Gynecology 56 (1980): 35-8; Peter
Lewis, Peter Boylan, "Fetal Breathing: A Review."
American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology 134 (1979): 270-5;
Uwe Stave, Ed. Physiology of the Perinatal Period. Vol. 2. New
York: Appleton-Century-Crofts, 1970, 987-992; Carl Wood, Adrian
Walker and Robert Yardley, "Acceleration of the Fetal Heart
Rate." American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology 134
(1979) 523-7.
108 Lindsey Kent, et al, "Fetal Abuse." Child Abuse
& Neglect 21(1997): 181-186.
109 R. A. Polverini-Rey, Intrauterine Musical Learning: The
Soothing Effect on Newborns of a Lullaby Learned Prenatally.
Doctoral Thesis, Los Angeles: California School of Professional
Psychology, 1992.
110 Anthony J. DeCasper & W. P. Fifer, "Of Human
Bonding: Newborns Prefer Their Mother's Voices." Science 208
(1980): 1174-1176; P. G. Hepper and S. Shahidullah, "Newborn
and Fetal Response to Maternal Voice." Journal of
Reproduction and Infant Psychology 11(1993): 147-153; Thomas R.
Verny, "The Scientific Basis of Pre- and Peri-Natal
Psychology: Part 1." Pre- and Peri-Natal Psychology 3
(1989): 162-4; William P. Fifer, "Neonatal Preference for
Mother's Voice." In Norman A. Krasnegor, et al, Eds.,
Perinatal Development: A Psychobiological Perspective. New York:
Academic Press, 1987, pp. 111-115; Robert C. Goodlin, Cry of the
Fetus. New York: Masson Publishing, 1979, p. 11.
111 William B. Sallenbach, "The Intelligent Prenate:
Paradigms in Prenatal Learning and Bonding." In Thomas Blum,
Ed., Prenatal Perception, Learning and Bonding. Berlin: Leonardo
Publishers, 1993, p. 73.
112 Anthony DeCasper, "Studying Learning in the Womb."
Science, 225, (1984): p. 384; "Human Fetuses Perceive
Maternal Speech." Behavior Today. Feb. 4, 1985, pp. 1-7.
113 David B. Chamberlain, "Prenatal Intelligence." In
Thomas Blum, Ed., Prenatal Perception, pp. 20-21; David
Chamberlain, Babies Remember Birth. Los Angeles: Jeremy P.
Tarcher, 1988.
114 Brad Steiger and Sherry Hansen Steiger, Children of the
Light: Children's Near-Death Experiences. New York: Signet, 1995,
p. 117.
115 D. Spelt, "The Conditioning of the Human Fetus in
Utero." Journal of Experimental Psychology 38(1948):
338-346; David B. Chamberlain, "Babies Are Not What We
Thought: Call for a New Paradigm." International Journal of
Prenatal and Perinatal Studies 4 (1992): 168-169; Erna Osterweil,
"A Psychoanalytic Exploration of Fetal Mental Development
and Its Role in the Origin of Object Relations."
Dissertation Submitted to the Faculty of the California Graduate
Institute. 1990; Linda Carter-Jessop and Barbara Keller,
"Early Maternal Bonding." In Thomas R. Verny, Pre- and
Perinatal Psychology: An Introduction. New York: Human Sciences
Press, 1987, pp. 107-127.
116 M. Colleen Stainton, "The Fetus: A Growing Member of the
Family." Family Relations 34 (1985): 321-326; R. Van DeCarr
and M. Lehrer, The Prenatal Classroom: A Parent's Guide for
Teaching Their Preborn Baby. Atlanta: Humanics Publishing Group,
1992.
117 Ibid., p. 324.
118 M. Freeman, "Is Infant Learning Egocentric or
Duocentric? Was Piaget Wrong?" Pre- and Perinatal Psychology
Journal 2 (1987): 25-42.
119 A full bibliography is contained in Thomas Blum, "Early
Proto-Developmental Enrichment Stimulations and Possible Changes
in the Functional Morphology of the Brain." In Thomas Blum
and David Yew, Eds. Human Prenatal Brain Development. Berlin:
Leonardo Publishers, 1993.
120 Alessandra Piontelli, From Fetus to Child: An Observational
and Psychoanalytic Study. London: Tavistock/Routledge, 1992, p.
18.
121 Leah LaGoy, "The Loss of a Twin In Utero's Effect on
Pre-Natal and Post-Natal Bonding." International Journal of
Prenatal and Perinatal Psychology and Medicine 5(1993): 439-444.
122 Piontelli, From Fetus to Child, p. 15.
123 Ibid., p. 146.
124 Alessandra Piontelli, "Pre-Natal Life and Birth as
Reflected in the Analysis of a 2-Year-Old Psychotic Girl."
International Review of Psycho-Analysis. 15(1988): 73-81.
125 Nandor Fodor, The Search for the Beloved: A Clinical
Investigation of the Trauma of Birth and Prenatal Condition. New
Hyde Park, N.Y.: University Books, 1949; Stanislav Grof, Beyond
the Brain: Birth, Death and Transcendence in Psychotherapy.
Albany, N.Y.: State University of New York, 1985; Arthur Janov,
The Feeling Child. New York: Simon and Schuster, 1973; Arnaldo
Rascovsky, El psiquismo Fetal. Buenos Aires: Editorial Paidos,
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Children's Understanding of Reality. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard
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Psychology: An Introduction. New York: Human Sciences Press,
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Michael Maiwald and Ludwig Janus, "Development, Behavior and
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for Life History-A Bibliographic Survey." International
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5(1993): 451-485.
126 Thomas R. Verny, "Sometimes a Cigar Is Just a
Cigar." The Journal of Psychohistory 10(1982): 214.
127 David B. Chamberlain, "Commentary on Lloyd deMause's
'Fetal Origins of History.'" The Journal of Psychohistory
10(1982): 224.
128 Allessandra Piontelli, From Fetus to Child, pp. 114, 120.
129 Ibid., p. 41.
130 Ibid., pp. 46-47.
131 Ibid., pp. 185-191.
132 Ibid., pp. 58, 60, 67.
133 Geraldine Fink, "Analysis of the Isakower
Phenomenon." Journal of the American Psychoanalytic
Association 15(1967): 282.
134 Otto Isakower, "A Contribution to the Patho-Psychology
of Phenomena Associated With Falling Asleep." International
Journal of Psycho-Analysis 19(1938): 331-34.
135 Otto E. Sperling, "A Psychoanalytic Study of Hypnagogic
Hallucinations." Journal of the American Psychoanalytic
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136 Ibid., pp. 424-425.
137 Ralph B. Little, "Spider Phobias." Psychoanalytic
Quarterly 36(1967): 51-60.
138 Leonard Shengold, "The Effects of Overstimulation: Rat
People." International Journal of Psycho-Analysis 48(1967):
409.
139 Ralph B. Little, "Umbilical Cord Symbolism of the
Spider's Dropline." Psychoanalytic Quarterly 35(1966):
587-590.
140 Barbara Creed, The Monstrous-Feminine: Film, Feminism,
Psychoanalysis. London: Routledge, p. 63.
141 Willhelm Reich, Character-Analysis. Third, enlarged Edition.
New York: Farrar, Straus and Giroux, 1949, pp. 501-502.
142 David Rosenfeld, The Psychotic: Aspects of the Personality.
London: Karnac Books, 1992, p. 237.
143 Margaret S. Mahler, The Psychological Birth of the Human
Infant: Symbiosis and Individuation. New York: Basic Books, 1975,
p. 266.
144 E. A. S. Butterworth, The Tree at the Navel of the Earth.
Berlin: Walter DeGruyter & Co., 1970.
145 Michael Barkun. Disaster and the Milenium. New Haven: Yale
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146 J. F. C. Harrison, The Second Coming: Popular Millenarianism
1780-1850. London: Routledge & Kegan Paul, 1979.
147 Michael Barkun. Crucible of the Millennium: The Burned-Over
District of New York in the 1840s. Syracuse: Syracuse University
Press, 1986, p. 143.
148 J. F. C. Harrison, The Second Coming, pp. 62, 97.
149 Michael Barkun, The Second Coming," p. 50.
150 Mircea Eliade, The Myth of the Eternal Return; or, Cosmos and
History. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1954; Mircea
Eliade, Rites and Symbols of Initiation: The Mysteries of Birth
and Rebirth. New York: Harper & Row, 1958; Norman Cohn,
Cosmos, Chaos and the World to Come. New Haven: Yale University
Press, 1993; Joseph L. Henderson and Maud Oakes, The Wisdom of
the Serpent: Myths of Death, Rebirth, and Resurrection.
Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1963.
151 James George Frazer, The Golden Bough. Third Edition. Part
VI. The Scapegoat. New York: St. Martin's Press, 1913, p. vi.
152 Frank H. Denton and Warren Phillips, "Some Patterns in
the History of Violence." Conflict Resolution 12(1968):
182-195.
153 John P. Wilson, Trauma, Transformation and Healing: An
Integrative Approach to Theory, Research, and Post-Traumatic
Therapy. New York: Brunner/Mazel, 1989, pp. 27-33; Bessel A. van
der Kolk and Jose Saporta, "The Biological Response to
Psychic Trauma: Mechanisms and Treatment of Intrusion and
Numbing." Anxiety Research 4(1991): 199-212; M. Michele
Murburg, Ed. Catecholamine Function in Posttraumatic Stress
Disorder: Emerging Concepts. Washington, D.C.: American
Psychiatric Press, 1994.
154 J. Douglas Bremner et al., "MRI-Based Measurement of
Hippocampal Volume in Patients With Combat-Related Posttraumatic
Stress Disorder." American Journal of Psychiatry 152(1995):
973-980; The New York Times, August 1, 1995, p. C3.
155 Anthony Demasio, Decartes' Error: Emotion, Reason, and the
Human Brain. New York: Bantam, 1995.
156 Michael Davis, "The Role of the Amygdala in Conditioned
Fear." In John P. Aggleton, Ed., The Amygdala:
Neurobiological Aspects of Emotion, Memory, and Mental
Dysfunction. New York: John Wiley & Sons, 1992, pp. 255-305;
Joseph E LeDoux, "Emotion and the Amygdala." In Ibid.,
p. 344.
157 Joseph E. LeDoux, "Emotion, Memory and the Brain."
Scientific American, June, 1994, pp. 50-57.Van der Kolk and
Saporta, "The Biological Response to Psychic Trauma,"
p. 204. LeDoux's two memory systems are divided somewhat
differently into thalamocortical and limbic systems in Gerald M.
Edelman, The Remembered Present: A Biological Theory of
Consciousness. New York: Basic Books, 1989, p. 152. For multiple
memory systems, see Daniel L. Schacter and Endel Tulving, Memory
Systems 1994. Cambridge, Mass. The MIT Press, 1994.
158 Linda Share, If Someone Speaks, It Gets Lighter: Dreams and
the Reconstruction of Infant Trauma. New York: The Analytic
Press, 1994.
159 Arthur S. Kling and Leslie A. Brothers, "The Amygdala
and Social Behavior." In John P. Aggleton, Ed., The
Amygdala, pp. 353-377.
160 Ronald Kotulak, Inside the Brain: Revolutionary Discoveries
of How the Mind Works. Kansas City: Andrews and McMeel, 1996; Jan
Volavka, Neurobiology of Violance. Washington, D.C.: American
Psychiatric Press, 1995; Bessel A. van der Kolk, et al, Eds.
Traumatic Stress: The Effects of Overwhelming Experience on Mind,
Body, and Society.New York: Guilford Press, 1996.
161 Bessel A. van der Kolk, "The Trauma Spectrum: The
Interaction of Biological and Social Events in the Genesis of the
Trauma Response." Journal of Traumatic Stress 1(1988): 276;
G. W. Kraemer, et al., "Hypersensitivity to D-Amphetamine
Several Years After Early Social Deprivation in Rhesus
Monkeys." Psychopharmacology 82(1984): 266-271
162 Gregory L. Hanna, et al., "Whole Blood Serotonin and
Disruptive Behaviors in Juvenile Obsessive-Compulsive
Disorder." Journal of the American Academy of Child and
Adolescent Psychiatry 34(1995): 28-35.
163 A. W. Burgess, et al., "Abused to Abuser: Antecedents of
Socially Deviant Behavior." American Journal of Psychiatry
144(1987): 1431-1436.
164 L. Bryce Boyer, The Regressed Patient. New York: Jason
Aronson, 1983, pp. 127-129.
165 Ronadl Kotulak, Inside the Brain, p. 81.
166 Daniel Goleman, Emotional Intelligence. New York: Bantam
Books, 1995, p. 201.
167 Ibid..
168 Emmy Werner, "Children of the Garden Island."
Scientific American 260(1989): 106-111.
169 Alvin H. Lawson, "Placental Guitars, Umbilical Mikes,
and the Maternal Rock-Beat: Birth Fantasies and Rock Music
Videos." The Journal of Psychohistory 21(1994): 335-354.
170 Ron Rosenbaum, "Among the Believers." New York
Times Magazine, September 24, 1995, p. 50.
171 Gavin P. Reynolds, "The Amygdala and the Neurochemistry
of Schizophrenia." In John P. Aggleton, Ed., The Amygdala,
pp. 561-574.
172 Amputees feel pain in the missing limb, a pain which
disappears only when the physician provides a "mirror
box" that allows the amputee to "see" his phantom
limb restored; see U.S. News & World Report, October 2, 1995,
p. 78. It is thus reasonable to assume that people join groups to
restore their phantom placentas.
173 Lloyd deMause, Foundations of Psychohistory. New York:
Creative Roots, 1982, p. 289.
174 John Roscooe, The Baganda: An Account of Their Native Customs
and Beliefs. New York: Frank Cass & Co, 1965 (1911).
175 Alvin H. Lawson, "Perinatal Imagery in UFO Abduction
Reports." The Journal of Psychohistory 12(1984): 211-239.
176 Ibid., p. 218.
177 Lloyd deMause, Reagan's America. New York: Creative Roots,
1984.
178 Joshua S. Goldstein, "Kondratieff Waves as War
Cycles." International Studies Quarterly 29(1985): 425.
179 Charles W. Socarides, "On Homosexual Dread and
Homosexual Desire." Presentation at the American
Psychoanalytic Association Meeting December 17, 1995, New York
City.
180 Lloyd deMause, Foundations of Psychohistory. New York:
Creative Roots, 1982, pp. 190, 218.
181 The New York Times, June 22, 1994, p. C11. Most homicides
involve "righteous slaughter" in revenge for
humiliation; see Jack Katz, Seductions of Crime: Moral and
Sensual Attractions in Doing Evil. New York: Basic Books, 1988,
p. 22.
182 Herbert Childs, An American Genius: The Life of Ernest
Orlando Lawrence. New York: Dutton, 1968, p. 340.
183 Ira Chernus, Dr. Strangegod: On the Symbolic Meaning of
Nuclear Weapons. Columbia: University of South Carolina Press,
1986, p. 86.
184 Charles L. Mee, Jr. Meeting at Postsdam. New York: Evans and
Co., 1975, p. 29.
185 Thomas Merton, Original Child Bomb. New York: New Directions,
1962.
186 Carol Cohn, "'Clean Bombs' and Clean Language." In
Jean Bethke Elshtain and Sheila Tobias, Eds. Women, Militarism,
and War: Essays in History, Politics, and Social Theories.
Savage, MD: Rowman & Littlefield, 1990, p. 41.
187 Robert J. Lifton, The Broken Connection. New York: Simon
& Schuster, 1979, p. 371.
188 James Gilligan, Violence: Our Deadly Epidemic and Its Causes.
New York: G. P. Putnam's sons, 1992, pp. 195-6.
189 Lloyd deMause, Reagan's America. New York: Creative Roots,
1984, p. 66.
190 William K. Joseph, "Prediction, Psychology and
Economics." The Journal of Psychohistory 15(1987): 110-111.
191 Juha Siltala, "The Welfare State as a Suffocating
Medusa." The Journal of Psychohistory 23(1996): 412-414.
192 Liberal Opinion Weekly, December 1, 1995, p. 5.
193 Duncan Lindsey, The Welfare of Children. New York: Oxford
University Press, 1994, p. 224.
194 Ibid., p. 214.
195 The Nation, May 12, 1997, p. 7.
196 James W. Prescott, "Deprivation of Human Affection As A
Primary Process. In David Gil, Ed., Child Abuse and Violence. New
York: AMS Press, p. 104.
197 Ronald Goldman, Circumcision:: The Hidden Trauma.
Forthcoming.
198 Lars-Erik Nelson, "Welfare Plan Will Dump Children on
the Streets." Liberal Opinion Week, September 18, 1995, p.
3.
199 Chicago Sun Times, February 10, 1997, p. 22.
200 The New York Times, October 23, 1995, p. A15; The New York
Times, November 6, 1995, p. A17.
201 The Atlantic Monthly, October 1995.
202 The New York Times ,November 13, 1995, p. A29.
203 The New York Times, May 14, 1995, p. 22.
204 J. Larry Brown and ERnesto Pollitt, "Malnutrition,
Poverty and Intellectual Development." Scientific American,
February 1996, pp. 38-43.
205 The Washington Post, February 26, 1995, p. C7.
206 Molly Ivins, "Many Horrors in GOP Budget." Liberal
Opinion Week, December 18, 1995, p. 7.
207 The New York Times, January 6, 1996, p. A1.
208 The Journal of Psychohistory Vol. 21, No. 1, Summer 1993 and
Vol. 24, No. 4, Spring 1997.
209 Arloc Sherman, Wasting America's Future: The Children's
Defense Fund Report on the Costs of Child Poverty. Boston: Beacon
Press, 1994, p. 62.
210 Ronald Kotulak, Inside the Brain: Revolutionary Discoveries
of How the Mind Works. Kansas City: Andres and McMeel, 1996, p.
8.