Darwin’s
theory, disproved by numerous scientists and never proved to be true, is taught
in the course books the world over and injected in to the minds of the children
at a tender age leading to atheistic beliefs in children who then deny the
existence of God.
People
seldom know, that many scientists including Louis Pasteur were absolutely
against the theory of spontaneous generation of life. In the period when
Darwin's Origin
of Species was
written, the belief that bacteria could come into existence from inanimate
matter was widespread. However, five years after the publication of Darwin's
book, Louis Pasteur announced his results after long studies and experiments,
which disproved spontaneous generation, a cornerstone of Darwin's theory. In his
triumphal lecture at the Sorbonne in 1864,Pasteur said,” Never will the
doctrine of spontaneous generation recover from the mortal blow struck by this
simple experiment."
The
Problem of Genetics
Another
subject that posed a problem for Darwin's theory was Inheritance. At the time
when Darwin developed his theory, the question of how living beings transmitted
their traits to other generations —that is, how inheritance took place —was
not completely understood. That is why the naive belief that inheritance was
transmitted through blood was commonly accepted. Vague beliefs about inheritance
led Darwin to base his theory on completely false grounds. Darwin assumed that
natural selection was the "mechanism of evolution." Darwin embraced
the Lamarckian theory, that is, "the inheritance of acquired traits.” In
his book The Great Evolution Mystery, Gordon
R.Taylor,a researcher advocating the theory of evolution,expresses the view that
Darwin was heavily influenced by Lamarck.
Darwin
himself,as a matter of fact,was inclined to believe that such
inheritance
occurred and cited the reported case of a man who had lost his
fingers
and bred sons without fingers...
In
the 1859 edition of his work,Darwin refers to 'changes of external conditions'
causing
variation but subsequently these conditions are described as
directing
variation and cooperating with natural selection in directing it...
Every
year he attributed more and more to the agency of use or disuse...By
1868
when he published Varieties of Animals and Plants under Domestication he
gave
a whole series of examples of supposed Lamarckian inheritance:such
as
a man losing part of his little finger and all his sons being born with
deformed
little fingers,and boys born with foreskins much reduced in length
as
a result of generations of circumcision.
Lamarck's
thesis,as we have seen above,was disproved by
the
laws of genetic inheritance discovered by the Austrian monk and
botanist,Gregor
Mendel. Genetic laws showed that
acquired traits are not
passed
on, and that genetic inheritance takes place according to certain
unchanging
laws.These laws supported the view that species remain
unchanged.No
matter how much the cows that Darwin saw in England's
animal
fairs bred, the species itself would never change:cows would always
remain
cows.
The Efforts of Neo-Darwinism
A
group of scientists who were determined to reconcile Darwinism
with
the science of genetics, in one way or another, came together at a
meeting
organized by the Geological Society of America in 1941.After
long
discussion,they agreed on ways to create a new interpretation of
Darwinism
and over the next few years, specialists produced a synthesis
of
their fields into a revised theory of evolution.
The
scientists who participated in establishing the new theory
included
the geneticists G.Ledyard Stebbins and Theodosius Dobzhansky,
the
zoologists Ernst Mayr and Julian Huxley. To counter the fact of "genetic
stability"(genetic homeostasis),this group of scientists employed the
concept of "mutation,"which had been proposed by the Dutch botanist
Hugo de Vries at the beginning of the 20th century.
Organisms
undergoing mutation developed some unusual structures, which
deviated
from the genetic information they inherited from their parents.
The
concept of "random mutation "was supposed to provide the answer to the
question of the origin of the advantageous variations which caused living
organisms
to evolve according
to Darwin's theory —a phenomenon that
Darwin
himself was unable to explain, but simply tried to side step by
referring
to Lamarck.
In
a short time,this theory came to be known as
"neo-Darwinism
"and
its supporters as "neo-Darwinists."
Yet
there was a serious problem: It was true that mutations changed
the
genetic data of living organisms, yet this change always occurred to
the
detriment of the living thing concerned. All observed mutations ended
up
with disfigured, weak, or diseased individuals and, sometimes, led to
the
death of the organism. Hence,in an attempt to find examples of "useful
mutations,"
which improve the genetic data in living organisms,neo-
Darwinists
conducted many experiments and observations.For decades,
they
conducted mutation experiments on fruit flies and various other
species.However,in
none of these experiments could a mutation which
improved
the genetic data in a living being be seen. That is a description by
Prof.Michael Denton, an Australian biochemist and a renowned critic of
Darwinism.
In his book Evolution:
A Theory in Crisis (1985),Denton examined the theory in the light of different
branches of science, and concluded that the theory of natural selection is very
far from providing an explanation for life on earth.
The
theory basically asserts that natural selection and mutation are two
complementary mechanisms. The origin of evolutionary modifications lies
in
random mutations that take place in the genetic structures of living things.
The
traits brought about by mutations are selected by the mechanism of natural
selection, and by this means living things evolve. However, when we look further
into
this theory, we find that there is no such evolutionary mechanism.
For
example, in a herd of deer under threat from predators, those individuals that
can run fastest will naturally survive. As a consequence, the herd of deer will
eventually consist of only fast running individuals. However, no matter how long
this process goes on, it will not transform those deer into another species. The
weak deer are eliminated,
the
strong survive, but, since no alteration in their genetic data takes place,
no
transformation of a species occurs. Despite the continuous processes of
selection,
deer continue to exist as deer.
Another
of the misleading methods that evolutionists employ on the
issue
of natural selection is their effort to present this mechanism as an
intelligent
designer. However,natural selection has no intelligence. It
does
not possess a will that can decide what is good and what is bad for
living
things.
Therefore,
the will that brings all these parts together should be able
to
foresee the future and aim directly at the advantage that is to be
acquired
at the final stage. Since natural selection has no consciousness or
will,
it can do no such thing. This fact, which demolishes the foundations
of
the theory of evolution, also worried Darwin, who wrote: “If
it could be
demonstrated
that any complex organ existed ,which could not possibly
have
been formed by numerous,successive,slight modifications,my
theory
would absolutely break down ."
Mutations
Mutations
are defined as breaks or replacements taking place in the DNA molecule,
which
is found in the nuclei of the cells of a living organism and which contains all
its genetic information.These breaks or replacements are the result of external
effects such as radiation or chemical action.Every mutation is an
"accident,"
and
either damages the nucleotides making up the DNA or changes their locations.Most
of the time, they cause so much damage and modification that
the
cell cannot repair them. Mutation,which evolutionists frequently hide behind,is
not a magic wand that transforms living organisms into a more advanced and
perfect form.
The
direct effect of mutations is harmful.The changes effected by mutations can only
be like those experienced by people in Hiroshima, Nagasaki,and Chernobyl:that
is,death,disability,and freaks of nature …
A
deformed foot, the product of mutation.
Not
surprisingly,
no useful mutation has been so far observed .All
mutations
have proved to be harmful. The evolutionist scientist Warren
Weaver
comments on the report prepared by the Committee on Genetic
Effects
of Atomic Radiation, which had been formed to investigate
mutations
that might have been caused by the nuclear weapons used in
the
Second World War: Many will be puzzled about the statement that practically all
known mutant genes are harmful.
The
evolutionist geneticist Gordon Taylor writes thus:
It
is a striking,but not much mentioned fact that,though geneticists have
been
breeding fruit-flies for sixty years or more in labs all round the world —
flies
which produce a new generation every eleven days —they have never
yet
seen the emergence of a new species or even a new enzyme.
Pierre-Paul
Grassé,former president of the French Academy of Sciences: "No
matter how numerous they may be,mutations do not produce any kind of evolution ."
In
order for a mutation to be transferred to the subsequent
generation,it
has to have taken place in the reproductive cells of the
organism:A
random change that occurs in a cell or organ of the body
cannot
be transferred to the next generation.For example,a human eye
altered
by the effects of radiation,or by other causes,will not be passed on
to
subsequent generations.
The Pleiotropic Effect
Almost
all of the genes in a fully developed living thing carry more than one piece of
information.For instance,one gene may control both the height and the eye color
of that organism.
Almost
every gene that has been studied in higher organisms has
been
found to effect more than one organ system,a multiple effect which is
known
as pleiotropy.As Mayr argues in Population,Species and Evolution :"It
is
doubtful whether any genes that are not pleiotropic exist in higher
organisms."
Consequently,this mutation will not be restricted to one part of the body,but
will reveal more of its destructive impact.
Luther
Burbank,considered the most competent breeder of all time, expressed this fact
when he said,"there are limits to the development possible,and these limits
follow a law." In his article titled "Some Biological Problems With
the Natural Selection Theory,"Jerry Bergman And biologist Edward Deevey say
that variations always take place within strict genetic boundaries
The
Origin of Species in the Fossil Record
The
evolutionist assertion is that each species on earth came from a
single
common ancestor through minor changes.In other words,the
theory
considers life as a continuous phenomenon,without any
preordained
or fixed categories.However,the observation of nature
clearly
does not reveal such a continuous picture.What emerges from the
living
world is that life forms are strictly separated in very distinct
categories.Robert
Carroll,an evolutionist authority,admits this fact in his
Patterns
and Processes of Vertebrate Evolution :
Although
an almost incomprehensible number of species inhabit Earth
today,they
do not form a continuous spectrum of barely distinguishable
intermediates.Instead,nearly
all species can be recognized as belonging to a
relatively
limited number of clearly distinct major groups,with very few
illustrating
intermediate structures or ways of life.
The
well-known French paleontologist Pierre-Paul Grassé has
this
to say on the subject: Naturalists must remember that the process of evolution
is revealed only through fossil forms...only paleontology can provide them with the evidence of
evolution and reveal its course or mechanisms. The
most important branch of science for shedding light on the origin of life on
earth is paleontology, the study of fossils. Fossil beds, studied with great
intensity for the last two hundred years, reveal a picture totally at odds with
Darwin's theory. Species did not emerge through small cumulative changes, they
appeared quite suddenly, and fully-formed.
140-million-year-
old dragonfly fossil found in Bavaria in Germany is identical
to living dragonflies. The oldest known fossil scorpion,found in East
Kirkton in Scotland, known as Pulmonoscorpius kirktoniensis, is 320 million years
old,and no different from today's scorpions. The insect fossil in amber, some
170 million
years old,found on the Baltic Sea coast is no different from its modern
counterparts.
Fossils
Reject the "Tree of Life" drawn by the evolutionary biologist Ernst Haeckel
in 1866.
According
to Darwinism,one phylum must first emerge,and then the other phyla must
slowly
come about with minute changes over very long periods of time.The Darwinist
hypothesis
is that the number of animal phyla must have gradually increased in number.
Animals
have been very different and complex since the moment they first emerged.All
the animal phyla known today emerged at the same time,in the middle of the
geological period known as the Cambrian Age .The Cambrian Age is a geological
period
estimated to have lasted some 65 million years,approximately
between
570 to 505 million years ago.But the period of the abrupt
appearance
of major animal groups fit in an even shorter phase of the
Cambrian,often
referred to as the "Cambrian explosion."Stephen C.
Meyer,P.A.Nelson,and
Paul Chien,in a 2001 article based on a detailed
literature
survey,dated 2001,note that the "Cambrian explosion occurred
within
an exceedingly narrow window of geologic time,lasting no more
than
5 million years."
Archaeoraptor:
The Dino-Bird Hoax
The
Sinosauropteryx
specimen
from the Yixian Formation in China made the front page of The New
York Times ,and
was viewed by some as confirming the dinosaurian
origins
of birds. But at the recent vertebrate paleontology meeting in
Chicago
,the verdict was a bit different: The structures are not
modern
feathers, say the roughly half-dozen Western paleontologists who
have
seen the specimens....Paleontologist Larry Martin of Kansas University,
Lawrence,
thinks the structures are frayed collagenous fibers beneath the
skin
—and so have nothing to do with birds.
Drs.
Alan Feduccia and Julie Nowicki of the University of North Carolina at Chapel
Hill studied a series of live ostrich eggs and,once again,concluded that there
cannot be an evolutionary link between birds and dinosaurs.
"There are insurmountable problems with that theory,"he [Dr.Feduccia ] said.."Beyond what we have just reported,there is the time problem in that superficially bird-like dinosaurs occurred some 25 million to 80 million years after the earliest known bird,which is 150 million years old."
Paleontologists
believe that Pakicetuswas a quadrupedal mammal.The skeletal structure on the
left,published in the Nature magazine clearly demonstrates this.Thus the
reconstruction of Pakicetus (below left)by Carl Buell,which was based on that
structure,is realistic. National Geographic,however, opted to use a picture of a
"swimming" Pakicetus (below) in order to portray the animal as a
"walking whale"and to impose that image on its readers. The
inconsistencies in the picture, intended to make Pakicetusseem more "whale-like,"are
immediately obvious:The animal has been portrayed in a "swimming"position.Its
hind legs are shown stretching out backwards,and an impression of "fins"has
been given.
The
Imaginary Family Tree of Man
The
Darwinist claim holds that modern man evolved from some kind
of
ape-like creature.During this alleged evolutionary process,which is
supposed
to have started from 5 to 6 million years ago,it is claimed that
there
existed some transitional forms between modern man and his
ancestors.
According to this completely imaginary scenario,the following
four
basic categories are listed:
1.Australophithecines
(any of the various forms belonging to the
genus
Australophithecus)
2.Homo
habilis
3.Homo
erectus
4.Homo
sapiens
By
outlining the links in the chain as "australopithecines >Homo
habilis
>Homo erectus >Homo sapiens,"the evolutionists imply that each of
these
types is the ancestor of the next. However,recent findings by
paleoanthropologists
have revealed that australopithecines,Homo habili s
and
Homo
erectus existed
in different parts of the world at the same time.
Moreover,some
of those humans classified as Homo erectus probably
lived
up
until very modern times. In an article titled "Latest Homo
erectus of
Java:
Potential
Contemporaneity with Homo sapiens in
Southeast Asia,"it was
reported
in the journal that Homo
erectus fossils
found in Java had "mean
ages
of 27 ±2to 53.3 ±4thousand years ago"and this "raise [s ] the
possibility
that H.erectus
overlapped
in time with anatomically modern
humans
(H.sapiens
)in
Southeast Asia"
Each
of these groupings is also assumed to branch into species and sub-species,as the
case may be.Some suggested transitional forms of the past,such as Ramapithecus
,had
to be excluded from the imaginary human family tree after it was realised that
they were ordinary apes
Australopithecus
The
first category,the genus Australopithecus ,means "southern ape,"
as
we have said.It is assumed that these creatures first appeared in Africa
about
4 million years ago,and lived until 1 million years ago.There are a
number
of different species among the australopithecines.
Scientific
discoveries have left evolutionist assumptions regarding "Lucy,"once
considered the most important example of the Australopithecus genus,completely
unfounded.The
famous French scientific magazine,Science et Vie, accepted this truth under the
headline "Goodbye,Lucy,"in its February 1999 issue,and confirmed
that
Australopithecuscannot be considered an ancestor of man.
HOMO
ERECTUSAND THE ABORIGINES The Turkana Boy skeleton shown at the
side
is the best preserved example of Homo erectusthat has so far been
discovered.The
interesting thing is that there is no major difference between
this
1.6 million-year-old-fossil and people of our day.
The
Piltdown Man Scandal
In
1912,a well-known doctor and amateur paleoanthropologist
named
Charles Dawson came out with the assertion that he had found a
jawbone
and a cranial fragment in a pit in Piltdown,England.Even though
the
jawbone was more ape-like,the teeth and the skull were like a man's.
These
specimens were labelled the "Piltdown man."Alleged to be 500,000
years
old,they were displayed as an absolute proof of human evolution in
several
museums.
In
1949,Kenneth Oakley,from the British Museum's Paleontology
Department,
by using "fluorine testing, proved that the jawbone of Piltdown man did not
contain any fluorine.This indicated that it had remained buried no more than a
few years.The skull,which contained only a small amount of fluorine,showed that
it was only a few thousand years old. It was determined that the teeth in the
jawbone,belonging to an orangutan,had been worn down artificially.
Miller's
Experiment
The
most generally respected study on the origin of life is the Miller
experiment
conducted by the American researcher Stanley Miller in 1953.
Miller
heated a mixture composed of
ammonia,methane,hydrogen,and
water vapor at 100 °C for a week and added the
electrical
current.At the end of the week,Miller analyzed the chemicals
which
had formed at the bottom of the jar,and observed that three out of
the
20 amino acids which constitute the basic elements of proteins had
been
synthesized. Miller's experiment has since proven to be false in many
respects.
Four Facts That Invalidate Miller's Experiment
1-By
using a mechanism called a "cold trap ,"Miller isolated the
amino
acids from the environment as soon as they were formed.Had he
not
done so,the conditions in the environment in which the amino acids
were
formed would immediately have destroyed these molecules.
2-The
primordial atmosphere that Miller attempted to simulate in his
experiment
was not realistic.In the 1980s,scientists agreed that nitrogen
and
carbon dioxide should have been used in this artificial environment
instead
of methane and ammonia.
The
American scientists J.P. Ferris and C.T.Chen repeated Miller's experiment with
an atmospheric environment that contained carbon dioxide,hydrogen,nitrogen,and
water
vapor,and were unable to obtain even a single amino acid molecule.
In
the March 1998 issue of National
Geographic ,in
an article titled "The Emergence of Life on Earth," the following
comments appear: Many scientists now suspect that the early atmosphere was
different to what Miller first supposed .They
think it consisted of carbon dioxide and nitrogen rather than
hydrogen,methane,and ammonia.
3-
There are other findings showing that the amount of oxygen in the
atmosphere
at that time was much higher than originally claimed by
evolutionists.Studies
also show that the amount of ultraviolet radiation to
which
the earth was then exposed was 10,000 times more than
evolutionists'estimates.This
intense radiation would unavoidably have
freed
oxygen by decomposing the water vapor and carbon dioxide in the
atmosphere.
4-At
the end of Miller's experiment,many organic acids had also been formed with
characteristics detrimental to the structure and function of living things.If
the amino
acids
had not been isolated,and had been left in the same environment
with
these chemicals, their destruction or transformation into different compounds
through chemical reactions would have been unavoidable.
Today,
Miller too accepts that his 1953 experiment was very far from explaining the
origin of life.
There
was a very important logical error in the evolutionist claim
regarding
vestigial organs. As we have just seen, this claim was
that the
vestigial
organs in living things were inherited from their ancestors.
However,
some of the alleged "vestigial" organs are not found in the
species
alleged to be the ancestors of human beings! For example, the
appendix
does not exist in some ape species that are said to be ancestors
of
man. The famous biologist H. Enoch, who challenged the theory of
vestigial
organs, expressed this logical error as follows:
Apes
possess an appendix, whereas their less immediate relatives, the lower
apes,
do not; but it appears again among the still lower mammals such as the
opossum.
How can the evolutionists account for this?
References:
Darwinism refuted by Harun Yahya, Origin of Species, by Charles Darwin
Dr
M Khalid Munir
Email:
[email protected]
website:
http://beam.to/khalid
The
book(2MB) and the film can be downloaded from www.harumyahya.com
A
documentary film based on the book Darwinism refuted can be obtained from the
following teachers at the Aligarh Muslim University:
1.
Yusuf Ansari, Department of Petrochemical engineering
2.
Faisal Zia Siddiqui, Department of civil engineering, University
Polytechnic
3.
Mrs. Muneera, lecturer, department of English, Abdullah Girls College.
