Chapter 5 Outline
1.Minoan Civilization
A. The rulers of the civilization lived in the palace of Knossos.
B. Success of Minoan civilization based on trade not conquer, they had trading posts throughout Aegean world including Greek mainland.
C. Minoan civilization disappeared around 1400 B.C., archeologists not sure of cause.
2.Rulers of Mycenae
A. The Mycenaean civilization dominated Aegean world from 1400 B.C. to 1200 B.C. and were sea traders like the Minoans
B. The Mycenaean’s are remembered for there part in the Trojan war which took pace around 1250 B.C.
C. Straits are narrow passages; they connected the Mediterranean and Black seas.
3. The Age of Homer
A. Homer who was a poet, is credited with to the writing of the Iliad and Odyssey
B. Homer was a blind poet; his tales were passed orally for centuries before being written down.
C. Homers epics have inspired European artists and writers for nearly 3,000 years.
4. Looking Ahead
A. After the Dorian invasion the Greeks lived in small isolated villages.
B. The Greeks had an unpromising start, but eventually developed a civilization to influence many parts of the world.
C. Stories the Greeks heard about Crete and Mycenae took changes and became part of the Greek heritage.
5.Geography: The Greek Homeland
A. The Greeks formed many small city-states that were isolated by land or water.
B. The Mediterranean and Aegean sea provided a link to the outside world.
C. In 750 B.C. a rapid growth of population started making Greeks expand overseas.
6. The Polis
A. A polis was a type of city-state that usually had two levels, the top level had temples for the gods and the lower level had a market place, and homes.
B. In 650 B.C. iron weapons and tools replaced bronze ones.
C. A new form of fighting, phalanx was a massive formation of heavily armed foot soldiers.
7.Sparta: A Nation of Soldiers
A. At the age of seven boys began training for a lifetime in the military.
B. Women had to exercise and strengthen their bodies to produce healthy newborns.
C. Spartans isolated themselves from other Greeks, and refused to use new ideas.
8.Athens: A Limited Democracy
A. Discontent of government spread throughout Athens and soon lead to a democracy government.
B. Women in Athens had no share in public life.
C. Athens encouraged men to explore many areas of knowledge and attended school if their family could afford it.
9.Forces for Unity
A. Greeks spoke the same language, participated in the Olympics, and prayed to the same gods.
B. The Greeks were polytheistic and believed the gods lived on mount Olympus.
C. Greeks called non-Greeks barbaroi they spoke another language and felt superior to them.
10.The Persians War
A. In 500 B.C. Athens became known as the wealthiest Greek city-state.
B. The Persians outnumbered Athenian forces two to one.
C. Pheidippides ran 26.2 miles to Athens to tell the news of the stunning victory.
11.Athens in the Age of Pericles
A. Due to wise and skillful leadership the time 460 B.C. to 429 B.C. was called the Age of Pericles.
B. Pericles believed that all male citizens regardless of wealth or social class should take part in government.
C. Pericles hired the best architects and sculptors to rebuild the Acropolis, which the Persians destroyed.
12. Greek Against Greek
A. In 431 B.C. warfare broke out between Athens and Sparta.
B. In 404 B.C. with the help of the Persian navy, the Spartans captured Athens.
C. The Peloponnesian war ended Athenian greatness.
13. Lovers of Wisdom
A. Philosophers were Greeks that denied events happened by the whims of gods.
B. Philosophers explored many subjects from mathematics and physics to music and logic, or rational thinking.
C. Many philosophers were more interested in ethics, or moral behavior.
14.Death of a Philosopher
A. Socrates wrote no books and what we know about him comes from his student Plato.
B. At age 70 Socrates was put on trial for corrupting his city’s youth, and for failing the gods.
C. Socrates did not flee the city when accused, but accepted the death penalty and drank a cup of hemlock a deadly poison.
15.Ideas About Government
A. The death of Socrates shocked Plato that he left the city of Athens for ten years, when he returned he set up an academy.
B. Aristotle was Plato’s most famous student.
C. The first universities developed in Europe were largely based on Aristotle’s work.
16.The Search for Beauty and Order
A. The most famous Greek temple was the Parthenon; this temple was dedicated to Athena.
B. In 450 B.C. the Greeks developed a new style of sculpting emphasizing on natural poses.
C. Greek architecture has been largely admired in the U.S. and many buildings have adopted Greek columns.
17. Poetry and Drama
A. Greek literature began with the epics of Homer, his tales would inspire future writers.
B. Greek plays evolved from religious festivals, mainly the ones in Athens honoring the god Dionysus.
C. The Greek’s comedies often criticized society the way political cartoons do today.
18.The Writing of History
A. Herodotus is often referred to as the “Father of History” in the western world since he went beyond listing rulers or retelling ancient legends.
B. Thucydides who was younger than Herodotus wrote about the Peloponnesian war.
C. Both Herodotus and Thucydides set the standards for future historians.
1. Herodotus stressed the importance of research and Thucydides stressed the importance of showing no bias in recording the past.
19.Macedonian Ambitions
A. In 359 B.C. Philip gained the Macedonian throne.
B. In 338 B.C. Athens and Thebes joined forces against Philip, they were defeated at the battle of Chaeronea.
C. Philip had greater dreams of capturing the Persian empire, but he was murdered at his daughters wedding feast.
20.A Mighty Conquer
A. Alexander took the throne and was only 20 years old, he would soon earn the rights to the title Alexander the Great.
B. Alexander like his father planned to invade Persia, Persia was however much weaker than before now under the rule of Darius the third.
C. Alexander died a sudden death when he became victim to a deadly fever, he was said to have said to leave his empire to the strongest.
21.The Legacy of Alexander
A. Alexander’s empire crumbled soon after his death, but was remembered for the spreading of Greek culture.
B. A gradual combination of western and eastern cultures occurred Alexander encouraged this when he married a Persian woman.
C. Alexandria, Egypt was located on the sea lanes between Europe and Asia its markets were full of Greek marble, Arabian spices and African ivory.
22.Helenistic Civilization
A. The most influential stoicism was founded by Zeno, he urged people to avoid disappointments by accepting what life brought.
B. The Pythagoras theorem used to calculate the relationships of the sides of a right triangle were developed in the Hellenistic age.
C. In 400 B.C. a physician by the name of Hippocrates studied the causes of an illness, and looked for cures.
23.Looking Ahead
A. In the Hellenistic period, Rome came to dominate the Mediterranean world.
B. The Greeks ideas of laws and government are still influencing political thinking to this day.
C. The Greeks work in arts and science became the standard for future European colonies.