Kevin Young

Mr. Haskell

World History

12 January 2005

 

World History Semester #1 Final Study Guide

Mr. Haskell

UNRESOLVED PROBLEMS / notes
*National debt

*AIDS-
cause
affect
*N. Ireland-
IRA
the problem defined

RISE OF DEMOCRATIC IDEAS/ ch. 5-6

*Oligarchy- This form of government is when the power is in the hands of the small, powerful elite, usually from the business class.

 

*Democracy- A democracy is a government by the people. Athens was the first colony to use a democracy however it was limited meaning the governing by the people wasn’t truly spread among all the people equally.

*Geography of Greece- The geography created many Greek city-states these were small cities. These small city-states often had wars due to the people’s loyalty of the city-states.

 

*Greek theater- The first Greek plays evolved from religious festivals. The plays were performed outdoors in large theaters. The plays soon expanded to become a form of entertainment, with two categories tragedy and comedy.

*Alexander's greatest achievement- Alexander the great left off were his father did since he decided to conquer Persia like his father attempted to. Alexander conquered Persia and then India; he began planning a new campaign but died soon after due to a common flu.

 

*center of the Hellenistic world- where?- The cities of the Hellenistic world hired armies of painters and architectures and developed buildings that were much larger and more elaborate than those of classical Greece. This world also saw advances in mathematics and science an example would be the Pythagorean theorem still used today.

*Pericles - His rule was considered a golden age for Athens. However his rule was very short and no other king compared to him.

*Darius - This man was the ruler of the vast Persian Empire. He devided his empire into provinces where each was run by a governor.

*Alexander - Alexander the great left off were his father did since he decided to conquer Persia like his father attempted to. Alexander conquered Persia and then India; he began planning a new campaign but died soon after due to a common flu.

 

*Athen's golden age - The years after the Persian war was considered the golden age for Athens. During this period Pericles was the ruler and developed a direct democracy in which a large number of male citizens took place in decisions.

*Spartan boys - The lives of the children were quite rigorous and training to become a soldier began at the age of seven for boys. At this age the boys were living at the barracks and began rigorous training of a small diet and intense exercise. At the age of thirty is when they took place in the assembly.

*Persian Wars - The Persians conquered land from Asia Minor to the border of India. Athens was the wealthiest of the Greek city-states in 500 BC but soon feared a threat from the outside world along with the other city-states of the Greek world, which were the Persians.

 

*Trojan Wars - The Mycenaean’s are best known for their part in the war it took place around 1250 BC. The war took place in Troy and said to be started because Paris kidnapped Helen, the beautiful wife of a Greek king.

*Peloponnesian War - The war lasted 27 years and started in 431 BC. The war between Athens and Sparta was planned to not last long since both sides felt they had a good strategy. The war ended due to both sides wearing each other down.

*Paul - He was a Jew from Asia Minor, he began the wide spread of the new faith. Paul never spoke or saw Jesus except for when he envisioned him when he was immediately convinced to convert to the new faith of Christianity.

*Hannibal - When Hannibal was nine years old his father had him take an oath saying he would be an enemy of the Romans. In 218 BC Hannibal embarked on one of the most daring military expeditions in history. He led his men from Spain to the Pyrenees, through France, and over the mighty Alps to Italy.

*Virgil - He tried to show that Romes past was as heroic as that of Greece. He wrote the Aeneid soon after Augustus came to power. He hoped it would create patriotism and help stop the many civil wars.

*Augustus - He organized a government that functioned well for over 200 years. He was also responsible for putting jobless back in work, he set up a postal service and issued new coins to make trade easier.

*Odoacer - He was a Germanic leader who in 476 ousted the emperor in Rome. This event is referred to as the fall of Rome by historians, but by this time Rome already lost many of its territories and power in the west.

*Jesus - Jesus was born around 4 BC in Bethlehem near Jerusalem. Jesus worshiped god and followed Jewish law, he was a carpenter when he was a young man. He believed in one god and accepted the Ten Commandments.

*Constantine - In 312 Constantine became ruler of the Roman Empire, he granted tolerance to Christians and he built a new capital. Also he continued the reforms of the past ruler, Diocletians.

*Ptolemy - He was an astronomer-mathematician in Alexandria Egypt. He proposed that the earth was at the center of the universe and his theory was accepted for 1500 years.

*Copernicus - Stated that the sun was the center of the universe. He called his theory heliocentric.

*Virgil - He tried to show that Romes past was as heroic as that of Greece. He wrote the Aeneid soon after Augustus came to power. He hoped it would create patriotism and help stop the many civil wars.

*Roman landholding upper class -

*Martyr - They are people who suffer or die for their beliefs. Nero used the Christians as scapegoats blaming them for social or economic ills or downfalls.

*Messiah - Is a savior sent by God. Many Jews believed that a messiah would appear and lead the Jewish people to freedom.

*Mercenary - They are foreign soldiers who serve for pay, to defend borders. Rome needed mercenaries since present armies lacked the discipline and skill of previous armies.

*Totalitarian - - There were many of these kinds of states throughout China, Germany, North Korea, Italy, and the Soviet Union. It was basically a government that had one party dictator ship that regulates much of the citizens’ lives.

*Communist - This is a form of socialism that sees class struggle between employers and employees as inevitable. In 1848 Marx and Engles published a pamphlet called The Communist Manifesto, it began communism.

 

*Republic - This is a government when people choose the officials. The Romans thought a republic would keep any individual from gaining to much power.

*Basic unit of the Roman army - This was the legion. These soldiers were civilians who fought without pay. It was made up of about 5,000 men.

 

MIDDLE AGES/ Ch. 8-9

*Peasants- – Most peasants on a manor were serfs, they were bound to that land. The peasants worked several days of the week and fixed or fences, roads and bridges they also paid the lord when they married.

 

*knights- This was the occupation of many nobles and they began training at the age of seven. They learned to fight ride and take proper care of their weapons, at the age of 21 they became a knight.

 

*fief- This was a large estate that a lord granted a vassal. The lord gave the vassal a fief that ranged from a few acres to hundreds of square miles the lord also provides protection.

 

*serf- They were peasants that were bound to the lord’s manor. They were not slaves but they weren’t free, they were not allowed to leave the manor without permission of the lord and were included with the land if a new lord acquired the land.

 

*vassal- They were lesser lords that pledged loyalty and service to the greater lord in return for a piece of land. Powerful lords often split their land up and gave pieces to lesser lords. (Vassals)

 

*Lord- They were the men that ruled the land by using the labor of peasants. The peasants paid the lord in order to borrow needs for life.

 

*charter- This was a written document that stated the rights and privileges of the new town. This request was usually from the merchants that set up the new town, they would ask the king for this and usually pay a large sum of money or a yearly fee.

*Bill of rights- In England this document ensured superiority of parliament over the monarchy. It gave rights to many of the lower classes.

*Church reform - why? - Once the church became a powerful figure it started to lose discipline. Much of the clergy lived in luxury and many of the monks and nuns did what they want. All of this ignorance called for a reform.

*Most important economic activity in medieval town - This was the manor economy which was the epicenter of the medieval economy. The people that lived in the manor worked and sold their goods for money.

*Lending money at interest - This was considered usury. One person charged another interest for borrowed money, this interest was usually at a very high rate.

*Battle of Tours - This battle took place during 732 when Frankish warriors defeated a Muslim army. With this victory the Muslims thought that it was a sign that god was with the Christians and not the Muslims.

*Causes that united Charlemagne's empire - Before Charlemagne became an emperor he was a very successful general. He worked closely with the church and he was able to appoint powerful nobles.

*Cluniac reforms -– they revived the Benedictine Rule, it didn’t allow interference from nobles when running monasteries, and filled the monastery with men fully devoted to serving the church. In 1073 Gregory VII extended the Cluniac reforms throughout the entire church.

 

*three field system- This system of agriculture increased food production since only a third of the land wasn’t being used. This system had grain planted in one field; legumes planted in another an example being beans or peas and the third empty with the fallow. This system kept the nutrients in the land making it reusable.

*clergy- The clergy was the church hierarchy the hierarchy consisted of the pope, bishops, and archbishops.  They were responsible for ruling the churches the secular power and collecting taxes.

*merchant guilds – They were associations that dominated life in medieval towns. These guilds passed laws, decided on what to spend funds on like streets, walls or a town hall.

 

*nobles - Nobles were the people allowed to become knights. Dukes, Counts, and Vassals or someone with land was a noble. 

 

*Magna Carta –importance This was a document that limited the power and authority that king John had. In the year 1215 rebellious barons cornered John forcing him to sign the document.

 

*Concordat of Worms- – In 1122 there was an agreement with the church and the emperor, which was known as the Concordat of Worms. The church had the power to elect and invest bishops with spiritual authority; the emperor had the right to invest them with fiefs.

*Goal of the Crusades- The crusaded increased trade throughout the world but mainly along the Middle East. The crusades also brought the Papal state to its greatest heights, and lastly it brought about the start of future wars.

 

*Viking name for Lightning warfare- This was berzerke. The Vikings that used this warfare were called berserkers.

*Result of plague in Europe - The economy crashed because of loss of labor. Many of the workers became infected by the plague and many of needed materials were not created.

*Reconquista This was the result of Ferdinand and Isabella getting married this caused the two kingdoms to come together. This happened many years after the defeat of the Christians at Acre

 

*Result of the Crusades - The chief goal was the conquest of the holy land and they failed. The positive effect of the crusade was the help of quickening the pace of change already underway in Europe.

 

*Early jury system- when? - This was developed by Henry II. The jury was put together when traveling justices visited a certain area.

*Cause of Germany's disunity - Germany had a lot of prideful people such as nobles who didn’t want higher people ruling over them. So when people began to rule over the nobles the nobles got mad and then  left.

 

RENAISSANCE,REFORMATION,ENLIGHTENMENT/ Ch. 14 & 18

*Development of printing- effects - It started where men had to handwrite all copies of certain books, documents, or letters. As it progressed the printing press came alive which was developed in Germany and more and more books began to be distributed everywhere so therefore more and more people became educated.

*Copernicus - He proposed that the sun was the center of the universe and that the earth was one of many planets that revolved around the sun. He proposed this in 1543 in one of his books that he had published.

 

*Newton - He was a scientist that developed the scientific method to this day scientists think using this method. Along with that he discovered the force of gravity; he said this single force keeps the planets in their orbit.

 

*causes of the Renaissance - One reason the Renaissance occurred was due to the church becoming more and more corrupt. Interest in the past also caused it since scientists and explorers wanted to know and learn more.

 

*Luther - He was the man that wrote the 95 theses and then nailed them to the church door. Luther was a monk; he realized that the Catholic Church had become corrupt.

 

*Scientific method - This is the process of basing observations and conclusions. Many scientists used this complete many of their labs.

*Calvin – He was born in France in 1536 and was trained to be a priest or lawyer. He believed salvation was gained through faith alone and regarded the bible as the only source of religious truth.

*Erasmus - This man was a Dutch humanist. He produced a Greek version of the New Testament. He was responsible for the translation of the bible so everyone could read it.

*Montesquieu – He was an enlightened thinker who studied the governments of Europe. He also studied the other ancient cultures China and the Native Americans.
 

*Cause of Britain's global power/ 1700s - Britain had a large navy so taking over small countries would be no problem. Also there economy was very stable so they could supply ammo and food to all of their soldiers.

*Adam Smith – He was a British economist who admired the physiocrats. He proposed that the free market should be allowed to operate business with out government stepping in.

*John Locke - He was also a political thinker but he thought people had a right to life, liberty, and property. He also thought it was a rulers job to ensure and protect those rights and that the people could change the government if it failed to do that.

 

*Thomas Hobbes -– He was a political thinker that thought people were driven by selfishness and greed. He felt that in order to avoid chaos people would need to give up their freedom to ensure order.

 

*"No taxation without representation" - The American colonists were mad that their taxes were so high. They argued that without representation in the parliament the taxes were not fair and they considered them cruel.

*Age of Reason- During this time the idea of one divine rule seemed obsolete. Many of the thinkers believed that if people were more educated then happiness would be everywhere.

*Joseph II - He was the most enlightened radical despot. He was the son and successor of Maria Theresa.

*Absolute monarch - This was the kind of government that allowed a king and queen to rule. It always gave power and respect to them.

*Divine rule- This was a strict class rule where there was a king and a queen. It was said that if you served the divine rule properly that you would be rewarded indefinitely in your afterlife.

*Cabinet- These were groups of government officials that helped make critical decisions in a nation. There were usually many members in this group.

 

AGE OF REVOLUTIONS/ Ch. 19& 23

*Suffrage - This was the right to vote. The right to suffrage was extended to all men not just men that owned property.

 

*Abdicate - This is the stepping down of power. Napoleon abdicated when his enemies began to close in on France, the victors abdicated him to the island of Elba in the Mediterranean Sea.

 

*Robespierre - He was a shrewd politician and lawyer and he quickly rose to the top of the leadership committee of public safety. He was the man that was the chief architect of the Reign of terror, which lasted one year.

 

*von Metternich - He was the Prince of Austria and played a key role in the Congress of Vienna.  Metternich was the dominant figure he; pushed for restoring the status quo of 1792.

*Nationalism- This is the aggressive feeling of pride in and devotion to ones country, this feeling spread throughout France. In 1793 France became a nation in arms and troops marched to a new song La Marseillaise, it would later be their national anthem.

 

*Napoleon - From 1799 to 1815 Napoleon would dominate France and Europe, he was a hero to some and an evil force to others. Napoleon modernized France to restore prosperity; he did this by regulating the economy and encouraging new industry.

 

*Louis XVI - He was a weak indecisive king that failed to fix the problems that France had. Although he was a weak king he did have good intentions.

 

*First, Second and Third Estates - These were class groups. The clergy belonged to the first estate, the second estate made up the nobility, and the third estate made up the rest of the population

*Declaration of the Rights of Man and the Citizen - This gave the normal everyday man rights that will keep him from either getting killed or put in jail. This angered much of the higher class citizens because they couldn’t push around the lower class anymore.

*Napoleonic Code - This code represented all of the enlightened principles. However it caused women to lose many of their new rights.

*Cause of Napoleon's downfall - When he led his army into Russia they froze and starve to death due to the severe winter. When he returned home all of Europe attacked him and he was defeated due to him having no troops left.

*Reign of Terror - Robespierre was the chief architect of the reign of terror. This lasted from July 1973 to July 1974 40,000 people were killed in the reign of terror.

*Otto von Bismarck - He came from Prussia’s Junker class, which was made up of conservative landowners. He severed Prussia as a diplomat in Russia and France, before he was named prime minister in 1862.

 

*Revolution of 1905 - Russian workers began taking over local governments, peasants began to demand land, and minority nationalities called for autonomy.  Nicholas announced sweeping reforms.

*William II – He succeeded his grandfather as Kaiser in 1888. He was confident in his abilities as a ruler and wished to put his own stamp on Germany.

 

*Threat to the Hapsburg Empire -

 

INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION / Ch. 20-22

*Enclosure - This is the process of taking over and fencing off land formerly shared by peasant farmers. Rich landowners were the people that pushed onward with enclosure.

 

*Utilitarianism - This is the idea that the greatest goal for society should be, the greatest happiness for the greatest number. Jeremy Bentham was preaching utilitarianism by the 1800s.

 

*Factory movement - Many new factories were being built and this increased labor for many jobless workers. Many farmers and peasants moved to the city so they could work in these factories for better pay.

*Urbanization - The industrialization was responsible for the rapid urbanization due to the demand for workers and increase in population, which led to them moving to cities. Urbanization is the movement of people to cities.

 

*Founder of Methodist Church - John Wesley – he founded the Methodist Church. He streesed that people should have a personal sense of faith.

 

* Term for "working class" - This was proletariat. They were also referred to as the have-nots.

*Inventor who improved the steam engine - James Watt – He improved on the design of the steam engine.  His improved steam engine was four times as efficient as previous engines and would be used in trains.

 

*Which group most benefited from Ind. Rev.- The middle class known as the entrepreneurs. It gave them better and higher paying jobs so they could live more eventful lives.

*How factory system changed workers' lives  - In the early Industrial Revolution, workers faced many hardships; poor working conditions for low pay.  Throughout the Revolution laws and ordinances would improve the lives of workers in a noticeable way.

 

* Laissez faire economics - The laissez faire economic system was promoted by Adam Smith.  The laissez faire economic system was a free market with little or no government intervention.

 

*Ethnocentrism - This was the belief that one’s own ethnic group is superior to any other. It gave a feeling of pride to many people but this also created racism.

*Racism - The belief that one racial group is superior to another.  By the late 1800s, many Europeans and Americans claimed that the success of western civilization was because the white race was superior.

 

*Assembly line - The assembly line made workers in a line add parts to a product that moves along a belt from one work station to the next.  It was faster and cheaper to produce goods in this way.

 

*Corporation - Businesses that are owned by many investors who buy shares of stock.  Stockholders risk only the amount they invest in the company and not responsible for any debts of the corporation.

 

*Survival of the fittest/ in war or industry -

*Right to vote (term) - Women’s suffrage – The right for women to vote like the men were. Groups dedicated to women’s suffrage showed up in the later part of the 1800s.

 

*Middle class - These people were merchants, inventors, and artisans. The middle class families lived fairly well and in homes.

*Peasants - The peasants were the lower class of all the people in Europe. They had some of the worst living conditions.

*Nobility - These people were born in a high rank in society. Usually right from birth they were in the upper class and stayed there the rest of their life.

*Romanticism/ painting - Helped to shape western literature and arts by rebelling against the Enlightenment emphasis on reason.  They used new verses, bold colors, and sounds of the orchestra were trying to give strong emotions.

 

*Alfred Nobel – He invented dynamite which was a safer explosive at the time. It was used in warfare and construction.

*Joseph Lister - English surgeon who discovered that antiseptics prevented infection.  He said that surgeons should wash their hands before operating, and clean their instruments.

 

*Charles Darwin - British naturalist who published On the Origin of Species.  Darwin argued that all forms of life had evolved into their present state over millions of years of development.

*Women’s suffrage movement - This was voting for women. However many men did not want women to vote thinking it was to big of a responsibility for them.

 

IMPERIALISM/ Ch. 25-26

*Destruction of a religious or ethnic group (term) -

*Sphere of influence - This is an area in which an outside power claimed exclusive investments or trading privileges. Europeans created this in China, and the United States did it to Latin America.

*Protectorate – This is when local rulers were left in place. This ruler was expected to take advice of European advisors on missionary activity and trade.

*Imperialist- the domination of one country of the political, economic, or cultural life of another country or     region.

*Justification for imperialism -

*Ethiopia's resistance to Europe - Ethiopia was an ancient Christian kingdom that had survived in the highlands of East Africa. In the late 1800s, Menelik II began to modernize his country, when Italy invaded Ethiopia in 1896, Menelik was prepared. At the battle of Adowa, the Ethiopians smashed the Italian invaders.

*Decline of the Ottoman Empire - The downfall started when ambitious pashas, or provincial rulers, had increased their power.

*Sepoy rebellion-

*Indian National Congress- This was organized in 1885 by many nationalist leaders. These leaders belived in peaceful protest to get their way and not with war or bloodshed.

*How Industrial Rev. encouraged imperialism-The industrial revolution created more guns for more soldiers, more food for the population and therefore created more people which made their armies bigger and stronger making it easier to conquer other lands. Without the industrial revolution it would be much more difficult to imperialism.

*Europe's main interest in China was ?- It was trade however Europe created a trade deficit with China. China gave them silk, porcelain, and tea.

*Britain and Russia's desire to control Iran- It was oil because it was extremely valuable and much of it was located in that area. It created many disputes between the two countries.

*Monroe Doctrine- This is what president James Monroe issued when they didn’t want to help Spain regain their colonies. It stated that Europe could not colonize anywhere in America.

*James Monroe- This man was the president of the United States at the time. He issued the Monroe doctrine.

*Matthew Perry- This man commanded the first fleet into Tokyo Bay. He had a message from the president telling Japan to open for trade.

*James Cook- In 1770 he captured Australia for Britain. He remained to far away to attract European Settlers.

*Benito Juarez- In 1885 this man with the help of other liberals seized the power and started La Reforma. He offered hope too many of the oppressed people of Mexico.

*Japan controlled _____?- Japan controlled much of China including the ports in China. After the 1905 treaty of Portmouths Japan gained Korea after a fight against China.

*Queen Liliuokalani- She was overthrown in 1898 by American planters because she tried to reduce the amount of foreign influence. She and Hawaii were annexed in 1898.

*Political consequences of imperialism- It was believed to be immoral and only a tool of the rich. All classes favored imperial expansion.

*British N. America Act- This was passed in 1867 and it created a dominion of Canada. It united four provinces in a self-governing nation.

*US intervention in Latin America in early 1900s- During this time Mexico went into a revolution. When the United States stepped in they felt threatened by the power  hanging over the land.

*Australia and New Zealand independence- Independence was gained in 1907. Also they kept close ties with the British Empire.

*Profits from global economy went where?- It bought machines, made investments, and improved technology. Also, the money helped build factories for much of the industrialized nations.

*Imperialist Cecil Rhodes- This woman believed god wants the British to conquer the entire world. She says that the more of the world that her people inhabit will be better for the human race.