Chapter 8 Outline

 

 

1.A land of great potential

A. Europe is a relatively small area however the impact it has had on the world is quite large.

B. Their soil was rich and well suited for the growth of crops and covered by dense forests as well.

C. the sea was important since it allowed people to fish for food and also acted like a highway for trade and exploration.

 

2.Germanic Kingdoms

A. Their culture was much different than Rome’s since they had no written laws or or cities.

B. In 481 a ruler of great energy and ability named Clovis came to power and was able to take over Gaul a former roman Province.

C. Clovis gained the support of the gauls and roman catholic church when he converted to Christianity.

 

3. Islam: A New Mediterranean power

A. Islam is a religion that emerged in Arabia in 632.

B. The Christians had a hostile view of the islam religion even when it was no longer a threat to their religion.

C. In 732 Frankish warriors led by Charles Martel defeated a Muslim army, after this victory Christians felt god was on their side.

 

4. The age of Charlemagne

A. Late in 800 king leo III called on the Frankish king for help against the rebellious nobles in rome.

B. He tried to create a united Christian Europe over his lands.

C. Charlemagne appointed power to nobles to rule over portions of his land, he sent officials called missi dominici to check on their ruling

 

5. A Revival of Learning

A. Charlemagne could read but not write and was said to have had a slate by his bed to practice letters before going to sleep.

B. He set up a palace school to make sure officials could keep accurate records this was located in Aachen.

C. This school studied the use of grammar, rhetoric, logic, arithmetic, geometry, music, and astronomy.

 

6. Charlemagne’s Legacy

A. He died in 814 and his empire soon fell apart due to his heirs fighting for power for nearly 30 years.

B. In 843 Charlemagne’s grandson drew up the treaty of Verdun splitting the empire into three regions.

C. The great Frankish ruler left a lasting impression extending Christian civilization into northern Europe and furthered the blending of Christian, German and roman culture.

 

7. New Attacks

A. In the late 800’s Muslim forces conquered Sicily.

B. The Vikings were the most destructive raiders and were responsible for breaking the last threads of Charlemagne’s empire.

C. The Vikings were more than just fierce warriors but were also traders and explorers that sailed across the Mediterranean sea and Atlantic ocean.

 

8. A New System of Rule

A. Facing invasion from the Vikings and Muslims kings were to weak to maintain law and order, feudalism evolved from this.

B. A vassal is a person that pledges there loyalty and service to his great lord in return for land.

C. Vassals pledged loyalty to their lords and provided him with 40 days of military service each year.

 

9. Lords Vassals, and Knights

A. Monarchs were the most powerful lords in the feudal society.

B. If a vassal pledged loyalty to two lords he would be in trouble if his two overlords quarreled.

C. a vassal had a liege lord to whom he owed his first loyalty to.

 

9. The World of Warriors

A.  Nobles trained as a boy to become a Knight or a mounted warrior.

B. At the age of seven boys were sent to the castle of their father’s lord, they learned to ride and fight while also learning to care for their weapons.

C. Chivalry was a code of conduct that knights adopted.

 

10. The Manor

A. Manor was the lord’s estate and the heart of medieval economy.

B. Peasants worked several days a week farming the lords domain’s, they also repaired fences or roads.

C. Medieval manor was self sufficient world were peasants did most the work from getting food and tools.

 

11. Daily life

A. European peasants worked according to the seasons farming in spring and autom they harvested and plowed.

B. They celebrated when they got married or had a birthday, they got a week off on Christmas and Easter.

C. On the Sabbath peasants, might attend a chapel, and gossiped or danced after even though the priest condemned their behavior.

 

12. A Spiritual Worldly Empire

A. Medieval Christians believed all people were sinners and that they would have eternal suffering.

B. The church had their own laws known as cannon laws which applied to religious teachings.

C. The pope was the spiritual leader of the Roman Catholic Church.

 

13. The Church and Daily Life

A. The daily routine of life of peasants was linked religion.

B. The church taught that the men and women were equal in gods eyes, there were laws made to help protect women one which fined their husbands if they hurt their wives.

C. The church charged a tithe which supported the church,they used the tith to help support the poor.

 

14. Monks and Nuns

A. In 530 a monk named Benedict founded the monastery of Monte Cassino in Italy.

B. Monks and nuns tended the sick and donated to the poor since there were no modern day hospitals.

C. In the Middle Ages men and women risked their lives to help spread Christianity throughout Europe.

 

15. Hildegard of Bingen: Adviser to Popes and Kings

A. At the age of 14 Hildegard made her decision to become a nun, during 24 years of life Hildegard followed the daily routine of copying books and weaving along with other manual chores.

B. In 1147 she founded a new convent near Bingen, she soon gained a reputation as a sage and a prophet.

C. By the early 1400s the increasing restrictions on women’s activities made it hard for other women to gain the power and position Hildegard did.

 

16. Reform Movements

A. In the early 900s the pious Abbot Berno at Cluny, a monastery in eastern France set out to end the abuse of monasterys.

B. Monks and friars that traveled widely preaching to the poor and to Europe’s growing towns took a different approach to the reforms.

C. Beguines were made up of women that lacked the financial support to enter a convent.

 

17.Jews in Western Europe

A. Medieval Christians often persecuted Jews, and as the churches power increased they didn’t allow them to own land.

B. Anti-Semitism is having a prejudice against Jews, Christians blamed the Jews for the death of Jesus, famines and more.

C. A large number of Jews migrated to Eastern Europe and built communities that survived until modern times.

 

18. An Agricultural Revolution

A. In the 800s peasants began to use iron plows that could dig deep into the hard soil, which was a big improvement over the old wooden ones.

B. More land was used which increased food production, they often cleared forests or swampland for more land use.

C. Peasants began to use the three-field system, which was planting one with grain, a second with legumes and left the third with fallow.

 

19.Trade Revives

A. Traders formed merchant companys that traveled in armed caravans for safety and set up regular trade routes to receive goods from asia and the middle east.

B. Small centers of trade developed into the first medieval cities that had 10,000 to over 100,000 people in population.

C. Merchants that set up a town that was established would ask the king for a charter, which was a list of rights and privileges for that city.

 

20. A Commercial Revolution

A. Capital is money for investment, which was needed when the trade began to pick up.

B. Merchants joined Partnerships which was used when they pooled their funds to finance a large scale venture that would have been to costly to do alone.

C. In 1000 a new class formed which contained merchants, artisans, and traders this was the middle class.

 

21. Role of Guilds

A. Guilds were associations that dominated life in medieval towns.

B. An apprentice or trainee would serve at the age of seven or eight; the only pay he received was room and bored.

C. Women dominate some trades like in profitable silk and woolen guilds.

 

22.City Life

A. Medieval towns and cities were surrounded buy walls and often had to extend the walls as the city grew.

B. Medieval streets were narrow and surrounded by tall houses with their upper levels hanging over the streets making it dim in the day.

C. Towns had no garbage or sewer system they simply threw garbage out on the streets.

 

23. Looking Ahead

A. By 1300 Western Europe was a different place than what it once was in the early middle ages.

B. Trade brought new ideas into mind along with the circulation of money.

C. These lands sparked and created products and ideas that would change the way Europeans thought and lived.

 

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