Chapter 5 and 6 Study Guide

 

CH. 5
*Minoan civilization and the importance of its location- The Minoans civilization was based on trade, not conquest. They were located on an island home in the eastern Mediterranean; with contact to Egypt and Mesopotamia they acquired new ideas and technology they adapted to their culture.

*Explain how Sparta's location was important. - Sparta was isolated from the other Greek city-states. They were located on the southern tip of Greece; this allowed them east access to the sea for war or trade.

*Trojan war- location- The Mycenaean’s are best known for their part in the war it took place around 1250 BC. The war took place in Troy and said to be started because Paris kidnapped Helen, the beautiful wife of a Greek king.

*Geography of Greece created? The geography created many Greek city-states these were small cities. These small city-states often had wars due to the people’s loyalty of the city-states.

* Post Persian wars domination. The Persians conquered land from Asia Minor to the border of India. Athens was the wealthiest of the Greek city-states in 500 BC but soon feared a threat from the outside world along with the other city-states of the Greek world, which were the Persians.

*Peloponnesian War. The war lasted 27 years and started in 431 BC. The war between Athens and Sparta was planned to not last long since both sides felt they had a good strategy. The war ended due to both sides wearing each other down.

*Greek theater origins. The first Greek plays evolved from religious festivals. The plays were performed outdoors in large theaters. The plays soon expanded to become a form of entertainment, with two categories tragedy and comedy.

*Alexander's achievements and empire. Alexander the great left off were his father did since he decided to conquer Persia like his father attempted to. Alexander conquered Persia and then India; he began planning a new campaign but died soon after due to a common flu.

*Center of Hellenistic world. The cities of the Hellenistic world hired armies of painters and architectures and developed buildings that were much larger and more elaborate than those of classical Greece. This world also saw advances in mathematics and science an example would be the Pythagorean theorem still used today.

*Geographic characteristics of Greece. Greece is located on the Balkan Peninsula. It was locate on the coast of the Mediterranean, which allowed for easy trade. Mountains separate the land into many city-states and areas of land that were farmable.

*Oligarchy- This is a form of government is when the power is in the hands of the small, powerful elite, usually from the business class.

*Democracy- A democracy is a government by the people. Athens was the first colony to use a democracy however it was limited meaning the governing by the people wasn’t truly spread among all the people equally.

*Spartan childhoods- The lives of the children were quite rigorous and training to become a soldier began at the age of seven for boys. At this age the boys were living at the barracks and began rigorous training of a small diet and intense exercise. At the age of thirty is when they took place in the assembly.

*Athens' golden age-  The years after the Persian war was considered the golden age for Athens. During this period Pericles was the ruler and developed a direct democracy in which a large number of male citizens took place in decisions.

*Aristotle's meritocracy- He analyzed many forms of government from monarchy to democracy and found good and bad in each system, he was suspicious of democracy in fear it would lead to mob rule so he favored a monarch system. He also set up a school and left writings of biology, ethics, literature and more.

*Greek values- the Greeks were polytheistic meaning they believed in many gods. They built temples and large structures for the gods and feared the gods would curse them and their city if they didn’t.

CH 6

*Augustus- He organized a government that functioned well for over 200 years. He was also responsible for putting jobless back in work, he set up a postal service and issued new coins to make trade easier.

*Julius Caesar- Caesar’s most lasting reform was the Julian calendar as it was later named; it was used for1, 600 years. “The Ideas of March have come” Caesar was tolled by a fortuneteller; Caesar mocked the fortuneteller and moments later Caesar was stabbed to death at the senate.

*Hannibal- When Hannibal was nine years old his father had him take an oath saying he would be an enemy of the Romans. In 218 BC Hannibal embarked on one of the most daring military expeditions in history. He led his men from Spain to the Pyrenees, through France, and over the mighty Alps to Italy.

*Jesus- Jesus was born around 4 BC in Bethlehem near Jerusalem. Jesus worshiped god and followed Jewish law, he was a carpenter when he was a young man. He believed in one god and accepted the Ten Commandments.

*Paul- He was a Jew from Asia Minor, he began the wide spread of the new faith. Paul never spoke or saw Jesus except for when he envisioned him when he was immediately convinced to convert to the new faith of Christianity.

*Odoacer- He was a Germanic leader who in 476 ousted the emperor in Rome. This event is referred to as the fall of Rome by historians, but by this time Rome already lost many of its territories and power in the west.

*Ptolemy- He was an astronomer-mathematician in Alexandria Egypt. He proposed that the earth was at the center of the universe and his theory was accepted for 1500 years.

*Virgil- He tried to show that Romes past was as heroic as that of Greece. He wrote the Aeneid soon after Augustus came to power. He hoped it would create patriotism and help stop the many civil wars.

*Martyr- They are people who suffer or die for their beliefs. Nero used the Christians as scapegoats blaming them for social or economic ills or downfalls.

*Mercenary- They are foreign soldiers who serve for pay, to defend borders. Rome needed mercenaries since present armies lacked the discipline and skill of previous armies.

*Messiah- Is a savior sent by God. Many Jews believed that a messiah would appear and lead the Jewish people to freedom.

*Patrician- Was a member of the landholding upper class in ancient Rome. In the early republic the most powerful governing body was the senate all 300 members were patricians.

*Plebian- They are farmers, merchants, artists, and traders that make up the bulk of population. The plebeians made up the bulk of the population and had little influence on the community.

*Aqueduct- They are bridge like stone structures that bring water from the mountains to the cities. The roman engineers built many immense aqueducts that carried water into their cities.

*Heresy- They are beliefs said to be contrary to official church teachings. The Christians battled this in the New Testament.

*Legion- The basic unit making up about 5,000 men. These men were citizen-soldiers who got no pay and supplied their own weapons.

*Republic- This is a government when people choose the officials. The Romans thought a republic would keep any individual from gaining to much power.

 

*Sect- This is a religious group that remains small. Christianity was a sect until Paul spread the religion.