Kevin Young

Mr. Haskell

History E-core

10 November 2004

 

Chapter 14 and 18 Study Guide

 

 

 

Ch 14

 

Annul - Annul is to cancel something and in this case was used to cancel a marriage. Henry VIII asked for an annul since church law did not permit divorce, he wanted this since after 18 years of marriage he still had no son to take over his rule.

 

Gravity – This is the force that tends to pull one mass or object to another. Isaac Newton discovered this force and said it was the single force that kept the planets in their orbit around the sun.

 

Patron – this is someone that gives financial support to the arts. Lorenzo was the best known of the Medicis and was also known as a generous patron he was the grandson of Cosimo.

 

Perspective – This is an artistic technique used to give drawings and paintings a three-dimensional effect. This technique gave people and objects a realistic look and was used by artists in the Renaissance.

 

Theocracy – This is a government that is run by church leaders. Calvin was the man that set up the theocracy and did this to show his followers he was keeping with his techings.

 

John Calvin – He was born in France in 1536 and was trained to be a priest or lawyer. He believed salvation was gained through faith alone and regarded the bible as the only source of religious truth.

 

Henry VIII - He was one of the people that stood against the Protestant revolt and the pope awarded him the title defender of the faith. He asked for a annul from his wife of 18 years, since she never gave him a male child.

 

Leonardo da Vinci – He was an artist a very famous one an engineer, and investor. Leonardo also drew up detailed plans for a parachute and a combat tank.

 

Lorenzo de' Medici – He was a generous patron that died in 1492. He was a politician that owned a palace that many artists and visited.

 

Niccolo Machiavelli – He wrote a book explaining how to maintain and keep your power by being good to the people yet firm. He was a diplomat for many years.

 

Heliocentric – This is based on the belief that the sun is the center of the universe. Nicolaus Copernicus was a scholar that explained this belief; he did this in one of his books.

 

Humanism – This was the intellectual movement at the heart of the Italian Renaissance that focused on worldly subjects rather than religious ones. Humanist scholars hoped to use the knowledge of the ancients to increase the knowledge of their own times.

 

Indulgence – This was a pardon for sins committed during a person’s lifetime. By the late 1400s the church would give indulgence to a person if he gave a money gift to the church.

 

Predestination – John Calvin was a man that preached this to his followers. Predestination was the belief that God had already decided who would gain salvation.

 

Recant –Luther’s 95 theses stirred up debate across Europe and soon led to the church asking if he would recant. This is to give up your views on son something.

 

Copernicus – He proposed that the sun was the center of the universe and that the earth was one of many planets that revolved around the sun. He proposed this in 1543 in one of his books that he had published.

 

Durer – He was known as the German Leonardo since his interests went far beyond the field of art. He traveled to Italy in 1494 to study the techniques of the Italian masters and then used them in his paintings spreading these techniques throughout his country.

 

Luther – He was the man that wrote the 95 theses and then nailed them to the church door. Luther was a monk; he realized that the Catholic Church had become corrupt.

 

Newton – He was a scientist that developed the scientific method to this day scientists think using this method. Along with that he discovered the force of gravity; he said this single force keeps the planets in their orbit.

 

Petrarch – He was a Florentine that lived from 1304 to 1374. He was a Renaissance humanist and assembled a library of Greek and Roman manuscripts. 

 

Renaissance focus – the focus of the renaissance was the study of arts and science and also involved the living of life in the present not the worrying of your afterlife. The need of reforming the Catholic Church is what sparked the renaissance.

 

Printing of reformation – This was the creation of the printing press. This allowed literature and other documents to be mass-produced and allowed the public to see the need for the reformation.

 

Results of Reformation – the reformation has allowed us to live a better life with fair laws and punishment. Without the renaissance we would not have these fair laws and we would probably still be under the control of the church.

 

Causes of Renaissance - One reason the Renaissance occurred was due to the church becoming more and more corrupt. Interest in the past also caused it since scientists and explorers wanted to know and learn more.

 

 

Ch18

 

Hobbes – He was a political thinker that thought people were driven by selfishness and greed. He felt that in order to avoid chaos people would need to give up their freedom to ensure order.

 

Locke – He was also a political thinker but he thought people had a right to life, liberty, and property. He also thought it was a rulers job to ensure and protect those rights and that the people could change the government if it failed to do that.

 

Joseph II – He was the most enlightened radical despot. He was the son and successor of Maria Theresa.

 

constitional govt. – This is a government that is based on a constitution. Many republics have a constitutional government and democracies have them to.

 

Enlightened despot – Absolute rulers that used their powers to bring about social and political change. Some monarchs accepted enlightenment ideas and became despots.

 

Natural laws – These are laws that govern human nature. These laws are used by philosophers and physiocrats.

 

Natural rights – These are the rights that belong to all humans starting from birth. These include the rights to life, liberty, and property.

 

physiocrat – They are thinkers that focused on economic reform. They looked for natural laws to define a rational economic system.

 

Bach – He was a devout German Lutheran. He wrote a series of works for the church that were played on the piano and organ.

 

Diderot – He wrote the first encyclopedia. He combined everything he new and that he had herd and combined it into one book.

 

Tom Paine – He was an American writer. He wrote a pamphlet that was titled Common Senses. The book contained numerous ideas and theories that were developed in the renaissance.

 

Rousseau – He was a thinker that believed everyone was good but would become bad or corrupt through society. He also thought in an ideal society people would make and obey the laws willingly.

 

Robert Walpole – In the 1700s he was the head of the parliament. Walpole is often called Britain’s first prime minister.

 

Baroque – These were paintings that were huge colorful and full of excitement. They glorified historic battles or the lives of saints.

 

Free market –These are markets in which businesses are owned and controlled by the people and not the government. Democracies have a free market.

 

Laissez faire – This is an economy were the government has little or no interference. Physiocrats rejected mercantilism and favored the laissez faire, which was less hands on.

 

Salon – This was a place were people came to discuss politics and other issues. Men were the first to hold salons but women eventually began to hold their own.

 

Social contract – When people give up the state of nature for an organized society. He believed that only a monarchy could deliver the solid government needed to ensure order.