Kevin
Young
Mr.
Haskell
History
e-core
10
December 2004
Chapter 20 Outline
1.
A Turning Point in History
A.
By the 1850s many country villages had turned into industrial towns and cities
B.
An American dentist in 1855 used an anesthetic for the first time, and
travelers could travel by train or boat.
C.
During the 1750s people still worked on farms using simple handmade tools.
2.
A New Agricultural Revolution
A.
A second agricultural revolution took place 300 years ago, this revolution
greatly improved crops and the amount of food produced.
B.
Jethro Tull invented the seed drill; this planted the seeds in strait lines and
maximized the use of land by not scattering the crops all over the place.
C.
Enclosure this was pushed by rich landowners; this was the process of taking
over and fencing off land formerly shared by peasants and farmers.
3.
The Population Explosion
A.
The agricultural revolution contributed to a rapid growth population.
B.
Population statistics in the 1700s are rare but ones that do exists are quite
large for example the population in France during 1715 was 18 million and by
1789 it was at 26 million.
C.
This was caused by a decreasing death rate and an increasing birthrate, the
large amounts of food allowed better nutrition.
4.
An Energy Revolution
A.
The third factor to help the industrial revolution was the “energy revolution.”
B.
People began to harness the power of moving water to power machines; coal was
also used as a power source for steam engines.
C.
In 1712 Thomas Newcomen developed the first steam engine it was designed to
pump water out of mines. In 1769 James Watt would improve on this idea.
5.
Why Britain?
A.
Britain had a plentiful amount of resources and such as iron and coal. These
were used with steam engines and to build machines.
B.
Britain had many skilled mechanics that were eager to produce practical
inventions.
C.
Religious attitudes played a role in the British industry since many
entrepreneurs came from religions that encouraged thrift and hard work.
6.
The Age of Iron and Coal
A.
Iron was a key to the industrial revolution since it was needed for machines
and steam engines producing quality iron required a large amount of fuel which
coal was used for.
B.
The Darby family was key to the development of Britain’s iron industry, Abraham
Darby was able to remove the impurities of coal so he could use it as a fuel to
produce high quality iron.
C.
Abraham’s son and grandson improved on his methods which made the process even
less expensive, iron would find more uses especially when train travel became
useable.
7.
Revolutionary Changes in the Textile Industry
A.
Changes also took place in Britain’s textile industry, this was the first
industry that the Industrial Revolution took hold of.
B.
The first factories were built along rivers or streams so the waterpower would
be able to power the machines.
C.
Factories were started since the machines that needed to be used were too large
to run and operate in a house. Steam engines would eventually be used to power
machines.
8.
Revolution in Transportation
A.
Turnpikes were built; these were privately built roads that charged a fee to
travelers that used them.
B.
The best invention on land for transportation was the steam engine, this
invention made the growth of railroads possible.
C.
Progress with travel in the sea was made as well; the invention of the paddle
wheel steamboat was made and was used to pull barges along canals.
9.
Looking Ahead
A.
Inventors developed machines that could produce a large amount of goods more
efficiently, and as the supply of goods increased the prices of the goods fell.
B.
In the 1800s a wave of economic and social changes changed the industrializing
nations of the world.
C.
The surplus of goods available made the goods more affordable, and gave way to
more consumers demanding goods.
10.
The New Industrial City
A.
The Industrial Revolution brought rapid urbanization to the cities, known as a
movement of people to cities.
B.
Many small towns around mines became cities; other cities were built around
factories.
C.
The top half of society which was the upper and middle class lived well, but
the poor struggled to survive.
11.
The Factory System
A.
Factory workers worked long hours and their work shift would last 12 to 16
hours. Workers would often injure themselves from falling on the machines after
the long hours of work.
B.
Women made up a large part of the industrial work force, employees preferred
women as they thought they were easier to manage, but most importantly there
labor was less.
C.
Child labor was not frowned upon since it was considered to be the same as when
children helped on the farms. They would usually change the spools of textiles
or push mine carts.
12.
Patience Kershawa’s Life Underground
A. Kershaw told about the lives
of children working in mines when she was seventeen.
B.
She said the workers around her would beat her if she wasn’t working quick
enough.
C.
After this report parliament passed a law that limited the child labor in
mines.
13.
The Working Class
A.
People that once lived in rural villages felt lost in industrial cities, they
would create a community of their own consisting of factory and mine workers.
B.
Weavers and other skilled artisans resisted the “labor saving” machines since
they were costing them their jobs.
C.
During the 1700s John Wesley was the leader of a religious revival; he founded
the Methodist Church.
14.
The New Middle Class
A.
The entrepreneurs that started the Industrial Revolution were the ones that
benefited the most from it.
B.
Middle class families lived in solid well furnished homes, the occupants
dressed well and ate large meals.
C.
This new middle class valued hard work, and the determination to get ahead;
they had confidence in themselves but had little sympathy for the poor.
15.
Benefits and Problems
A.
Since the 1800s people have debated whether or not the Industrial Revolution
was a blessing or a curse; the early stages of the revolution were terrible.
B.
Even though the industrial revolution brought low pay and unemployment; it was
responsible for material benefit, and with the demand for more products came
more factories which in turn provided more jobs.
C.
Industrialization continues today and is often responsible for suffering at
first, but it eventually produces more material things for the people.
16.
Laissez-Fair Economics
A.
Established by Adam Smith his ideas were being embraced by industrialists by
the 1800s.
B. Thomas Malthus expressed his
views and opinions in a writings, he shared a pessimistic view on the
population he believed that the population would outgrow its food supply; he
would be proved wrong.
C. David Ricardo thought
families should limit the amount of children that they have, which would
increase wages and make sure that food is plentiful.
17.
The Utilitarians
A.
Jeremy Bentham preached utilitarianism it is the idea that the goal of the
society should be “the greatest happiness for the greatest number” of its
citizens.
B.
Today’s democratic government has adopted many ideas from Mill and other
utilitarians.
C.
John Stuart Mill was Bentham’s chief follower; he argued that when actions are
right that they promote happiness and when they are wrong they cause pain.
18.
Emergence of Socialism
A.
Socialism is when people as a whole operate factories, farms, and business’
rather than private individuals.
B.
The early socialists were called utopians since they believed with no rich or
poor that there would be no fighting.
C.
Robert Owen believed a persons character was shaped by the conditions in which
they lived, he set up his own factory and town showing others its possible to
make a profit while giving benefit.
19.
The “Scientific Socialism” of Karl Marx
A.
In the 1840s Karl Marx a German philosopher thought the ideas of a utopian
society were unrealistic.
B.
In the 1800s Russia’s socialism embraced Marxism; the Russian revolution of
1917 had a communist government.
C.
Marx believed that workers would unite across national borders to wage class
warfare, but the working class chose nationalism instead