Kevin Young

Mr. Haskell

History e-core

3 December 2004

 

Revolutions and Nationalism

Study Guide Ch. 19 & 23

  

Ch. 19

 

Suffrage – This was the right to vote. The right to suffrage was extended to all men not just men that owned property.

 

Sans-culottes – This is what working class man and women were called in Paris and other cities, they pushed the revolution into a more radical state. By 1791 they wanted a republic and demanded that they get a living wage.

 

Abdicate – This is the stepping down of power. Napoleon abdicated when his enemies began to close in on France, the victors abdicated him to the island of Elba in the Mediterranean Sea.

 

Deficit spending – This is when the government spends more money than it takes in. Louis XIV left France deeply in debt and France continued to go deeper into debt, by 1789 half of Frances tax was being used to pay off interest on loans.

 

Plebiscite – This was a ballot that Napoleon had voters say yes or no to an issue. Napoleon used this as he rose higher in power.

 

Blockade – This is the shutting off of ports to keep people or goods from moving in or out. Britain used a blockade of its own on European ports since Napoleon shut off European ports to British goods.

 

Bourgeoisie – This was the group of people that were considered to be in the middle class. This class consisted of prosperous merchants, bankers and manufacturers. These people began to help the economy of France.

 

Nationalism - This is the aggressive feeling of pride in and devotion to ones country, this feeling spread throughout France. In 1793 France became a nation in arms and troops marched to a new song La Marseillaise, it would later be their national anthem.

 

Émigré - These were nobles, clergy, and others that fled the revolutionary France. Émigré’s reported attacks on their privileges, prosperity, religion and their lives.

 

Louis XVI – He was a weak indecisive king that failed to fix the problems that France had. Although he was a weak king he did have good intentions.

 

Clemens von Metternich - He was the Prince of Austria and played a key role in the Congress of Vienna.  Metternich was the dominant figure he; pushed for restoring the status quo of 1792.

 

Napoleon – From 1799 to 1815 Napoleon would dominate France and Europe, he was a hero to some and an evil force to others. Napoleon modernized France to restore prosperity; he did this by regulating the economy and encouraging new industry.

 

Olympe de Gouges - She was the author to Declaration of the Rights of Woman. She demanded equal rights for women and was a French journalist.

 

Rosbespierre – He was a shrewd politician and lawyer and he quickly rose to the top of the leadership committee of public safety. He was the man that was the chief architect of the Reign of terror, which lasted one year.

 

Jacques Louis David – The book shows a picture of one of Jacques Louis David’s paintings of Napoleon on his horse as a military hero. He was an artist that used the grand classical style of art to portray events of the French revolution.

 

Who denounced Fr. Rev? Why? - Nobles and clergymen denounced the French Revolution since it put their privileges in jeopardy. Their lives were sometimes at risk due to the actions of the lower class.

 

Reign of Terror – Robespierre was the chief architect of the reign of terror. This lasted from July 1973 to July 1974 40,000 people were killed in the reign of terror.

 

Napoleon annexed who? - Napoleon annexed the Netherlands, Belgium and parts of Italy and Germany. He also created a 38-member confederation of the Rhine under French protection.

 

Congress of Vienna – The congress was made to restore order in Europe after twenty-five years of war. This lasted for ten months.

 

Ch. 23

 

Alexander II – He came to the throne in 1855, which was during the Crimean War. He set up a local system of government that elected assemblies called zemstovs.

 

Francis Joseph – He entered the throne at the age of eight-teen and tried to strengthen the empire by making reforms. He would have to create a dual monarchy with Hungary.

 

Giuseppe Garibaldi – He was an Italian nationalist who wanted to create an Italian Republic. He was an Alley of Mazzini; he would eventually control Sicily and eventually Naples.

 

Otto von Bismarck – He came from Prussia’s Junker class, which was made up of conservative landowners. He severed Prussia as a diplomat in Russia and France, before he was named prime minister in 1862.

 

William II – He succeeded his grandfather as Kaiser in 1888. He was confident in his abilities as a ruler and wished to put his own stamp on Germany.

 

Camillo Cavour  - He was appointed the prime minister in 1852 by Victor Emmanuel. He improved agriculture, built railroads and encouraged commerce by supporting free trade.

 

Anarchist – These are people that want to abolish all government. Socialists often organized strikes, but anarchists turned to sabotage and violence.

 

Refugee – These are people that flee their homeland in seek of a safety elsewhere. Many Jews left Russia this was due to savage persecution that wasn’t stopped by the police.

 

Pogrom – These were official mob attacks on Jews; these attacks were encouraged. These gangs would often beat and kill Jews; they also looted and burned their homes. 

 

Realpolitik – These were politics based on needs of the state.  Bismarck was a master of realpolitik; he viewed that the end justified the means.

 

Zemstvo – These were elected assemblies that were responsible for things like road repair, schools and agriculture.  Alexander set up this system of local government.

 

Economic development in Germany – Germany had a large amount of coal and iron, which was used for factories. Germany also had a highly skilled work force; Germany also had a population boom to help the economic development.

 

Nationalism threatened? who? (which country the most) - Nationalism threatened old empires; one would be the Ottoman Empire.  The Ottoman Empire ruled over several different nationalities, and most wanted to become independent nations.

 

Revolution of1905 - Russian workers began taking over local governments, peasants began to demand land, and minority nationalities called for autonomy.  Nicholas announced sweeping reforms.