Kevin Young
Mr. Haskell
History e-core
January 7, 2005
Industrial Revolution
Study Guide
Ch. 20, 21, and 22
Ch. 20
Enclosure This is the process of taking over and fencing off land formerly shared by peasant farmers. Rich landowners were the people that pushed onward with enclosure.
Factories (How they worked)- Factories brought together workers and machines to produce large quantities of goods. Factories would change the economy and start to create social classes that were changeable.
Turnpike These were privately built roads that charged a fee to the travelers that used them. Capitalists invested in these forms of transportation and they started to do this in the 1700s.
Urbanization The industrialization was responsible for the rapid urbanization due to the demand for workers and increase in population, which led to them moving to cities. Urbanization is the movement of people to cities.
Utilitarianism This is the idea that the greatest goal for society should be, the greatest happiness for the greatest number. Jeremy Bentham was preaching utilitarianism by the 1800s.
Socialism this is when the people as a whole operate the means of production rather than as a individual. Socialism was brought about to end poverty and injustice.
Communism This is a form of socialism that sees class struggle between employers and employees as inevitable. In 1848 Marx and Engles published a pamphlet called The Communist Manifesto, it began communism.
Proletariat These were the members of the working class. Carl Marx believed they were the have-nots of society, he believed that proletariat would eventually rise above.
Michael Faraday - The dynamo was an electric generator that worked by rotating a coil of wire between the poles of a magnet, this created an electric current. Michael Faraday invented the dynamo.
John Wesley he founded the Methodist Church. He streesed that people should have a personal sense of faith.
Karl Marx He was a German philosopher and was the author of The Communist Manifesto. He was against capitalism since he thought it brought wealth to few people and that it brought poor to many people.
Thomas Malthus - He population would outpace the food of supply, he believed the only controls on population growth was war, disease, and famine. He shaped the economic thinking on population for generations.
John Stuart Mill He was a follower of Bentham. He argued that actions are right if they promote happiness and wrong if they cause pain. Mill wanted the government to improve the lives of the working class.
James Watt He improved on the design of the steam engine. His improved steam engine was four times as efficient as previous engines and would be used in trains.
Abraham Darby He was the first person to use coal instead of wood to make iron. He developed a way to get the deposits out of the coal so they would not hurt the iron.
David Ricardo He believed that the government should not help the poor. He was an influential British economist he agreed with Malthus views.
Jeremy Bentham He believed that actions should always cause more pleasure than pain. He invented the ideas of Utilitarianism.
Robert Owen He was a successful mill owner and set up a utopian society in Scotland. His utopian society became an ideal for future societies.
Britain's population growth (why did it happen?)- The inventions during the revolution allowed for food and clothes to be produced more efficiently. The middle class had many children and a these classes had a moderate amount of wealth to support them.
Importance of coal to Industrialization- It was a cheaper fuel that produced better iron. This was a source that also burned hotter than wood.
Agricultural Revolution- This allowed for less manpower to be needed to run a farm and allowed the families to live better. This also made agriculture more productive and efficient.
Textile industry - The textile industry boomed during the Industrial Revolution. Production increased and people could now afford to own more than a one pair of clothes.
Laissez faire economics (Adam Smith)- The laissez faire economic system was promoted by Adam Smith. The laissez faire economic system was a free market with little or no government intervention.
Ch. 21
Ideology This is a system of thought and belief. This put Europe in a period of turmoil that lasted more than 30 years.
Universal manhood suffrage This is giving all adult men the right to vote, and social reforms. It was late in the century when liberals gave their support to the universal manhood sufferage.
Autonomy This is self-rule. The Serbs suffered defeats in two major rebellions between 1804 and 1817 but they did achieve Autonomy.
el Grito de Dolores This was a speech that called for Mexican Independence.
February Days These were days of rioting in Paris in response to the government taking steps to silence critics. This led to Louis Philippe abdicating from power.
Frankfurt Assembly - An assembly held throughout 1848 to create a constitution for a united Germany. The assembly offered Frederick William IV to be king, but he refused and Germany failed to be united.
Simon Bolivar He led a rebellion to establish an independent Venezuela. He would lead rebellions throughout South America.
Miguel Hidalgo He was a Mexican Father who wanted an independent Mexico. He was captured and executed before being able to organize a rebellion.
Louis Kossuth He was a Hungarian nationalist, he led a revolt that demanded an independent government. The nationalists also called for an end to serfdom and a written constitution.
Tupac Amaru He was a Native American that claimed he descend from the Incan royal family. He led a revolt against the Spanish, but it was unsuccessful.
Louis XVIII The king restored to the French throne after the Congress of Vienna. He issued a constitution and created a two-house legislature this gave limited freedom of the press.
John Stuart Mill An influential English liberal. He called for equal rights for women that was uncommon back then.
Toussaint L' Ouverture He was a Haiti revolutionary leader. His actions eventually led to Haiti becoming an independent republic.
Louis Napoleon The nephew of Napoleon who was elected president of France. He declared himself Emperor of France and gained the title Napoleon III.
Louis Philippe The man chosen by the French legislature to be the king. He was a good king who got along well with the liberal politicians and was elected by the people.
Clemens Von Metternich Emperor of Austria he dominated politics for more than 30 years. He resigned and fled Austria since he could not stop a rebellion.
Pedro The first emperor of an independent Brazil. His father gave the crown to him he accepted the crown and tried following the advice given to him by his father.
Revolts in Austrian empire After a student rebellion in Austria, many parts of the empire also went into rebellion. They occurred in Budapest, Prague, they were later stoped with the help of the Russians.
Goals of nationalists The goal of nationalists were linked to demands for liberal reforms such as a constitutional government. Some called for independence and autonomy.
Conservative ideology in Europe In Europe, preserving monarchies and the old laws was a conservative ideology. During the 1800s, many challenges sprang up to the old order, rebellions and revolts occurred throughout Europe and South America.
Ch. 22
Interchangeable parts Identical components that could be used in place of one another. Interchangeable parts simplified the assembly and repair process.
Assembly line The assembly line made workers in a line add parts to a product that moves along a belt from one work station to the next. It was faster and cheaper to produce goods in this way.
Corporation Businesses that are owned by many investors who buy shares of stock. Stockholders risk only the amount they invest in the company and not responsible for any debts of the corporation.
Cartel An association to fix prices, set production quotas, or divide up free markets. Big businesses crushed their competitors by doing this.
Womens suffrage The right for women to vote like the men were. Groups dedicated to womens suffrage showed up in the later part of the 1800s.
Racism The belief that one racial group is superior to another. By the late 1800s, many Europeans and Americans claimed that the success of western civilization was because the white race was superior.
Social gospel A movement that urged Christians to social service. They campaigned for reforms in housing, health care, and others.
Romanticism Helped to shape western literature and arts by rebelling against the Enlightenment emphasis on reason. They used new verses, bold colors, and sounds of the orchestra were trying to give strong emotions.
Realism An attempt to represent the world as it was without the luxuries of romanticism. Realists often looked at the harsher side of life in cities or villages.
Impressionism Impressionists sought to capture the first fleeting impression created by a scene or object. The new movement began in Paris, known as the capital of the western art world.
Social Darwinism Darwin never promoted any social ideas but some thinkers used Darwins theories to support their own beliefs about society. They applied the ideas of survival of the fittest to war.
Darwin British naturalist who published On the Origin of Species. Darwin argued that all forms of life had evolved into their present state over millions of years of development.
Joseph Lister English surgeon who discovered that antiseptics prevented infection. He said that surgeons should wash their hands before operating, and clean their instruments.
Factory life ( How it changed the lives of workers) In the early Industrial Revolution, workers faced many hardships; poor working conditions for low pay. Throughout the Revolution laws and ordinances would improve the lives of workers in a noticeable way.