Kevin Young
Mr. Haskell
History e-core
14 December 2004
Chapter 21 Outline
1.Preserving the Old Order
A. Conservatives dominated the congress of Vienna, and included monarchs and members of their government.
B. Conservatives believed that talk about natural rights and constitutional government could lead only to chaos, their ideas appealed to people that wanted to restore the old order.
C. Conservatives equated their own interests with peace and stability for all people, although less freedoms
2.The Liberal Challenge
A. Liberals challenged the conservatives at every turn they embraced enlightenment ideas and spoke out against the monarchy.
B. They defended the natural rights of individuals to liberty, equality, and property, this appealed to the middle class.
C. Liberals in the late 1800s supported the idea of universal manhood suffrage, giving all adult men the right to vote, and social reforms.
3. Nationalist Stirrings
A. European rulers had been winning and losing lands in wars these lands often had different heritage, and by 1800 unifying and gaining independence became a common goal.
B. The Serbs were the first Balkan revolt; the serbs suffered two horrible defeats in 1804 and 1817.
C. The Greeks would soon revolt seeking to end the centuries of Ottoman rule, and the long wars would shape Greeks national identity.
4. Challenges to the Old Older
A. Vienna settlements erupted in 1821; along the southern fringe of Europe rebels were demanding a constitutional government.
B. Metternich urged that conservative rulers crush the uprisings.
C. By the mid 1800s social reformers and agitators were urging workers to support socialism or some other way of reorganizing ownership of property.
5. France After the Restoration
A. King Louis’s efforts at compromise satisfied few people Ultra royalists wanted to restore the old regime.
B. When Louis died in 1824 his brother Charles X inherited the throne; he would suspend the legislature and limit the right to vote.
C. Louis Philippe was a cousin of Charles X he supported the revolution of 1789; he was known as the citizen king since he owed the throne to the people.
6. The French Revolution of 1848
A. At the end of the decade there was an economic slump that shut down factories, the harvests were poor and people began to lose there jobs as bread prices rose.
B. In 1848 February Days began, as the government took steps towards silencing the critics and preventing public meetings angry crowds were beginning to take the street.
C. Once Louis Napoleon was in office he used it as a stepping stone to gain more power, in 1852 he proclaimed himself emperor.
7. “Europe Catches Cold”
A. The revolts that took place in Paris in 1830 and 1848 inspired revolts elsewhere in Europe.
B. The one notable success for Europe’s revolutionaries took place in Belgium in 1830 they would win independence.
C. The Polish would not win their independence but they began an uprising in 1830; the powers of the land were handed to Russia due to the Congress of Vienna.
8. The Spring Time of the Peoples
A. Metternich, the Austrian king, tried to suppress revolts, but after failing to do so, resigned and fled in disguise.
B. Uprisings erupted in Italian states they set up independent republics they were shortly seized by Austrian troops.
C. In 1848, delegates from many German states met at the Frankfurt Assembly to create a constitution and install a new German state.
9. Looking Ahead
A. By 1850, rebellion had faded and the age of liberal revolution had ended.
B. Liberalism, nationalism, and socialism would win future successes through political activity.
C. Metternich’s conservative system remained in force in Europe.
10. Climate of Discontent
A. By the late 1700s, the revolutionary fever that gripped Western Europe as it reached Latin America.
B. European ruling brought discontent in these colonies were the result of social, racial, and political discrimination.
C. In 1808, Napoleon ousted the Spanish king and placed his brother on the throne, Latin American leaders saw the opportunity to reject foreign domination.
11. Haiti’s Struggle
A. This was Frances most valuable possession in the 1700s it was French ruled.
B. French planters owned great sugar plantations that were worked by nearly half a million enslaved Africa Americans. The sugar trade was highly profitable.
C. In 1791 there was a slave revolt that took place in northern Haiti, they would pave the way for others get rid of the French Rule.
12. Toussaint L’Ouverture
A. He was born into slavery in Haiti, his father had just recently been taken to the West Indian island he taight his son to take pride in his African heritage.
B. Toussaint was nearly 50 years old when the slave revolt took place in 1791; his intelligence and military skill earned him the right to be leader.
C. Toussaint reached his goal in 1798 when the enslaved Haitians were freed the French still owned the colony, but Toussaint’s forces ruled it.
13. A Call to Freedom in Mexico
A. In 1810 Miguel Hidalgo a priest in Mexico raised a cry for freedom that would echo across the land.
B. On September 16, 1810 Hidalgo rang the church bells summoning the people to prayer, he startled the people with a speech known as the “el Grito de Dolores” this called for the people of Mexico to fight for their freedom.
C. In 1820 in Spain liberals forced the king to issue a constitution, but Iturbide a conservative was afraid the Spanish government might impose liberal reforms. Mexico became independent in 1821.
14. New Republics in Central America
A. Spanish ruled lands in Central America declared independence in the early 1820s.
B. Iturbide tried to add these areas to his Mexican empire, he was then overthrown by local leaders.
C. The local leaders set up a republic that was called the United Provinces of Central America.
15. Revolution in South America
A. In South America Native Americans rebelled against Spanish rule in the early 1700s it wasn’t until the 1800s that there was a wide spread drive for independence.
B. In the early 1800s discontent began to spread among the South Americans Creoles like Simon Bolivar applauded the French American revolutions.
C. The wars of independence had ended by 1824 and Bolivar was trying to unite the lands he liberated into a single nation called Gran Colombia.
16. Independence for Brazil
A. No revolution or military campaign was needed in Brazil this is because the Portuguese royal family fled to Brazil and practiced free trade when Napoleon conquered Portugal.
B. The king left his son Dom Pedro to rule Brazil when he returned to Portugal his father told him to put the crown on his own head if Brazil demanded independence.
C. In 1822 Pedro used his father’s advice and crowned himself emperor of the independent Brazil; Brazil would remain a monarchy until 1822.