Kevin
Young
Mr.
Haskell
History
E-core
3
November 2004
1.
A world Progress
A.
Joseph Priestley and Antoine Lavoisier built the structure of modern chemistry.
B.
Natural laws are laws that govern human nature and were brought about since
people used reason to discover laws that governed the physical world.
C.
Enlightenment thinkers believed any problem social, political, and economic
problems could be solved with reason.
2.
Two Views of the Social Contract
A.
Thomas Hobbes and John Locke brought about various ideas that were eventually
key to the enlightenment.
B.
Thomas Hobbes set out his ideas in a book titled Leviathan; he argued
that people were naturally cruel and greedy
C.
John Locke’s views were considered more optimistic, he felt people were
reasonable and moral also saying people had natural rights, which belonged to
all humans from birth.
3.
Montesquieu’s Spirit of the Laws
A.
In 1748 Montesquieu published The Spirit of the Laws, in the book he
viewed the forms of government throughout history and greatly admired Britain’s
limited democracy.
B.
Montesquieu felt that each branch of government could serve as a check on the
other two, this is an idea we call checks and balances.
C.
During the 1700s France saw a flowering enlightenment throughout and one of the
early thinkers was Baron de Montesquieu.
4.
The World of the Philosophes
A.
A group of enlightenment thinkers in France applied the methods of science to
better understand and improve society these thinkers were called philosophers.
B.
Denis Diderot labored for 25 years to create a 28-volume encyclopedia.
C.
There was an attempt at banning the encyclopedia as 20000 copies were printed
between 1751 and 1789this work greatly shaped the French public opinion.
5.
Rousseau: A Controversial Figure
A.
Jean-Jacques Rosseau was considered to be the most controversial enlightenment
thinker and believed people were basically good.
B.
In 1762 Rousseau set forth his ideas government and society in The Social
Contract.
C.
The views of Rosseau have influenced political and social workers for over 200
years.
6.Limited
“Natural Rights” for Women
A.
The enlightenment slogan did not apply to women, women had natural rights,
which were rights belonging to all humans from birth.
B.
During the mid-1700s a small group of women began to protest this view of women
not having natural rights.
C.
Wollstonecraft was the best known female critic, she published A Vindication
of the Rights of Women.
7.
New Economic Thinking
A.
There were other types of thinkers and they were called physiocrats and they
focused on economic reforms.
B.
Laissez faire rejected mercantilism, which required the government regulation
to achieve a favorable balance of trade.
C.
Adam Smith argued in his work The Wealth of Nations that a free market
should be allowed to operate and run businesses.
8.
The Challenge of New Ideas
A.
The ideas of enlightenment spread quickly through many levels of society and
educated people over Europe read the books about the enlightenment eagerly.
B.
Censorship brought about the burning and banning of books and the imprisonment
of the writers.
C.
Some of the writers hid there views in books of fiction the writers known to do
this were Montesquieu, Voltaire, and Rousseau.
9.
Salons
A.
Salons were informal gatherings were writers artists philosophers and others
exchanged ideas, this idea was invented in the 1600s by noblewomen in Paris.
B.
Only the most intelligent and witty were invited to the salons.
C.
In the 1700s some middle-class women began to hold their own salons in their
salonieres, middle-class citizens could meet here.
10.
The Salons in the Rue Saint Honore
A.
In the year 1713 a 14-year-old Marie Therese Rodert was wed to Francois
Geoffrin who was 48 years old.
B.
By 1750 when Madame Geoffrin was a leading saloniere in her home she began to
bring up the brightest and most talented people of her day.
C.
At the end of the 1700s the influence of women salons was over.
11.
Enlightened Despots
A.
The monarchs that accepted the enlightenment ideas were known as enlightened
despots or absolute rulers that used their power to bring about political and
social change.
B.
Frederick the II exerted extremely tight control over his subjects and ruled in
Prussia from 1740-1786.
C.
Joseph the second was the most radical enlightened despot.
12.
The Arts of Literature
A.
During the time from the 1600s to the 1700s the arts evolved to meet changing
tastes since earlier artists had to please their patrons.
B.
During the 1700s literature developed to new forms and wide spread audiences,
the middle class people enjoyed stories told in their own time.
C.
New types of musical entertainment evolved which included plays ballets and
operas that were performed to music in the royal court.
13.
Lives of the Majority
A.
Peasant life varied in Europe and in the eastern part was less prosperous than
the Western villages, which were usually more prosperous.
B.
Some serfdom did survive as some peasants still had to provide free labor in
France such as repairing roads, and bridges.
C.
In the 1700s the idea of equality seeped into the peasant villages and by the
1800s war and political life would change peasant life in Europe.
14.
Global Expansion
A.
Britain was usually on the winning side of things in Europe and victories brought
rewards, which benefited them and is a reason they rose to global prominence.
B.
England merged with its neighbor Scotland in 1707 in the Act of Union, this
allowed trade to pass freely between the two countries.
C.
England controlled Ireland from 1100s to 1600s, the English tried to send
protestant settlers into catholic parts of Ireland, this resulted in a
uprising.
15.
Growth of Constitutional Government
A.
England had a constitutional government, which was a government that limited
power by law.
B.
There were two political parties in England during the 1600s, they were the
Tories and the Whigs.
C.
The prime minister was the head of the cabinet and was the leader of the
majority party in parliament and in time the chief official of the British government.
16.
Politics and Society
A.
The British government was an oligarchy or a government in which the ruling
power belonged to few people.
B.
The right to vote was limited to the wealthy landowners, and the votes were
often openly bought.
C.
A small growing middle class consisted of successful merchants and
manufacturers, they controlled affairs in the towns and cities.
17.
George III Reasserts Royal Power
A.
George the III embarked on a sixty-year reign, he was born in England and spoke
English he was eager to recover the powers that the crown had lost.
B.
George III made a mistake in making the North American colonists pay there own
protection as it started the American Revolution.
C.
The king later suffered from mental illness and the cabinet rule was later
restored in 1788.
18.
The 13 English Colonies
A.
By 1750 a string of prosperous colonies stretched across the eastern coast of
North America.
B.
The colonies became home to religions and Ethnic groups, wealthy landowners and
merchants dominated government.
C.
Life in the colonies differed from life in England and the colonists soon had a
sense of their destiny apart from Britain.
19.
Growing Discontent
A.
By the year 1763 relations between the 13 colonies and Britain were strained,
and the seven years war drained the British treasury.
B.
In the year 1770 the colonists witnessed the Boston Massacre, which was, when
British troops opened fire on a group of colonists that were throwing rocks at
them 5 protestants were killed.
C.
The crisis exploded into war in April of 1775, the colonial leaders later met
to decide what actions to take.
20.
The American Revolution
A.
A turning point for the colonies was the defeat of the British in the battle of
Saratoga in 1777.
B.
The continental troops suffered a hash winter in 1777 to 1778at the valley of
forge, they suffered hunger, and disease.
C.
In 1781 with the help of the French fleet Washington was able to force the
surrender of the British at the battle of Yorktown.
21.
A New Constitution
A.
In the summer of 1787 the Constitution of the United States was made.
B.
The constitution created a federal republic having the power divided between
the federal or national government and states.
C. The Constitution of the United States would be copied again and again in other parts of the world and created the most liberal government of its day.