5.3 The Process of Socialization - How Personality Develops
Self - "an individual's personhood. The self includes someone's positive and negative qualities as well as the person's feelings about his or her idenitity."
The Psychosexual Theory
- Freud: we are born to seek pleasure and avoid pain; the id and superego battle each other. Our personality forms as one or the other predominates.
Dominating Id - selfish, concerned with ourselves only
Dominating superego - rigid, idealized and judging
Dominating ego - a combo of id and superego victories. (The most ideal)
-personality development largely depends on how we deal with toilet and sex functions
The Cognitive Development Theory
- Jean Piaget theorized that "babies come into the world incapable of surviving on their own. They acqure the ability to survive independently by adapting to new situations as they grow and develop. As they adapt, they must also organize their learning in a way that makes sense to them. This process is limited by the natural development of the human brain in the early years."
The Social Experience Theory
- Cooley & Mead: self didn't exist at birth. Self-development is based on how others see us. (Looking-glass self)
- Me-self forms impressions about the I-self based on the responses of other people
- children's social experience is vital to development of Me-self.
The Psychosocial Development Theory
- Erik Erikson: The self emerges as we successfully or unsuccessfully resolve each crisis point of conflict at various stages of our lives.
The Moral Development Theory
- Lawrence Kohlberg: disputed Mead's assumption; our ability to judge the morality of actions evoles through stages as our brains develop. (Page 138)
- Preconventional Stage --> Conventional Stage --> Postconventional Stage
Meaning....
PS: (childhood yrs- Selfish; but rules should be obeyed) -->
CS: (teenage years- recognize needs of others, behaviour should correspond to social norms, rules can vary) --->
PTS: (Adults - blind acceptance of norms, and wonder if they are ethically justified?)
The Gender-Based Theory
- Carol Gilligan: Male moral development occurs from a justice perspective (they consider formal rules and abstract principles to be important in discerning a situation.)
- Females have a "care and responsibility" perspective. They judge actions based on how they affect personal relationships.
- believed that males's approach is superior to that of female's
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Read 5.3 and answer the following questions:
1) What are the criticisms of each theory?
2) What are some common patterns in the theories?
3) Which theories do you think are the most valid? Why?
4) Define Oedipus complex and electra complex