Lecture 15
The rise of Civilization

Hallmarks of Civilization & States
	Begins about 6,000 years ago
	Starts generally where agriculture starts
	Attributes- none either sufficent or necessary
		Food and labor surplusses controlled by an elite
		Social Stratification
		Formalized government & system of laws
		Specialization of labor
			Farmers
			Artisans
			Warriers
			Priestly Class
			Rulers
		Organized Warfare
		Monumental architecture
		Densely populated settlements- towns to cities
		A system of record keeping
Origins & Areas
	Theories
		Deterministic;  
		    Racial, 
		    Environmental, 
		    Unilinear Evolution
		Integrative; 
		    Hydraulic, Karl Wittfogel
		    Social integration
		Conflict;  
		    Marxist (internal), 
		    Circumstriction (external)
	Old World Civilizations
		Roots of Modern Civilization
		Extensive contact between areas- products, ideas, competition, warfare
		Wheeled transportation and pack animals
		The Fertile Crescent- 6,000
			Jericho- first walled city
			Mesopotamia- Tigris & Euphrates rivers
				Sumeria- Gilgamesh, Zigguruts
				Babylon- Hammurabi
				Assyria
				Hittites- Troy
			Egypt- Nile river
				Longest continuous culture
				Pharoahs & Pyramids
				Narmer- unifier of Upper and Lower Egypt
		Secondary
			S. Europe (4,000)- Minoan (Crete), Mycenaean (Greece)
			Africa (3,500)-  Meroe & Axum (Ethiopia), Zimbabwe (W. Africa)
		India- 4,500
			Indus River Valley (Harappa)
		China- 4,000
			Shang Dynasty 
		SE Asia (1,000)- Kampuchea (Ankor Wat)
	New World Civilizations
		Metalworking rudimentary- no Bronze
		Wheel not used, few domesticated animals, especially for transportation
		Mesoamerica- 3,000 (Mexico & Central America)
			Olmecs- the 1st in the New World; massive stone heads
			Maya- collection of city-states; pyramids
			Aztecs- a true empire; took over culture of Toltecs
		South America- 3,000 (Peru & Chile)
			Moche & Nazca- 1st large-scale cultures
			Inca- military empire centered on Cuzco
		N. America (2,000)- Cahokia (Illinois), Anasazi (New Mexico)
Processes
	Rise of organized Religion
	Technological advances
		Diffusion vs. Invention
		Metalworking; Copper, Bronze, then Iron
		Astronomy
		Architcture & Engineering
		Irrigation
		Shipping
		Writing
			Hieroglyphics
			Cuneiform
			Linear A & B
			Mayan Glyphs
			The beginnings of History