LIST OF TABLES...vi
LIST OF FIGURES...vii
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS...ix
ABSTRACT...x
1 INTRODUCTION...1
     1.1 Introduction...1
          1.1.1 Auditorium comfort...1
          1.1.2 Precedence...2
          1.1.3 UFAD concept...4
          1.1.4 Microclimate systems...5
          1.1.5 Auditorium application...6
     1.2 Research statement...7
     1.3 Research variables...7
     1.4 Research outline...8
2 BACKGROUND...10
     2.1 Thermal comfort and its impact on the occupants of an auditorium...10
          2.1.1 ASHRAE standards...10
          2.1.2 Auditorium occupants...11
          2.1.3 Human physiology...12
          2.1.4 Physiological response...13
          2.1.5 Thermal comfort of assembly hall occupants...14
          2.1.6 Comfort preferences...15
          2.1.7 Environmental parameters...16
          2.1.8 Local parameters...17
          2.1.9 Dissatisfied occupants...18
          2.1.10 Performance research...19
          2.1.11 Occupant performance...20
     2.2 Concepts in air distribution for auditoriums...21
          2.2.1 Auditorium ventilation...21
          2.2.2 Traditional HVAC methods...22
          2.2.3 Underfloor air distribution...23
          2.2.4 Underfloor supply air benefits...24
          2.2.5 Air distribution methods...25
          2.2.6 Reasons for underfloor air...26
     2.3 Microclimate and the influence of personal control systems...27
          2.3.1 Definition...27
          2.3.2 The issues...27
          2.3.3 Microclimate office systems...28
          2.3.4 Microclimate vehicle systems...29
          2.3.5 Additional vehicle systems...30
          2.3.6 Portable microclimate systems...30
     2.4 Earlier models for personal microclimate in the auditorium...31
          2.4.1 Ventilation history...31
          2.4.2 1887 Opera Chair...33
          2.4.3 1904 Ventilating Device...35
          2.4.4 1921 Theater Chair...37
          2.4.5 1930 Ventilation System...39
          2.4.6 1952 Ventilated Theater Chair...41
          2.4.7 State-of-the-art Microclimate Chair...43
          2.4.8 Conclusion...45
3 DISCUSSION...47
     3.1 Applying microclimate technologies to the auditorium...47
     3.2 Designing a mechanism for individual thermal comfort in auditoriums...48
          3.2.1 Size consideration...48
          3.2.2 Latest examples...50
          3.2.3 Performance requirements...51
     3.3 Design strategies...53
          3.3.1 Design concept A: Chair with microclimate device...53
          3.3.2 Design concept B: Microclimate Device...56
          3.3.3 Design concept C: Device for microclimate control...59
          3.3.4 Design concept D: Microclimate device...62
          3.3.5 Design concept E: Microclimate chair...65
          3.3.6 Design concept F: Modified Krantz chair...67
4 CONCLUSION...70
     4.1 Expectations for the future of such a mechanism...70
     4.2 Feasibility of such a mechanism...71
     4.3 Marketing overview...74
     4.4 Future research...75
     4.5 Concluding remarks...78
REFERENCES...79
APPENDICES...81
     Appendix A Ventilated Auditorium Seating...82
     Appendix B Other Types of Ventilated Seating...93
     Appendix C Lighting for Auditorium Seating...101
     Appendix D Microclimate Devices...110
     Appendix E Air Diffusers...119
     Appendix F Auditorium / Theater Seating...121
     Appendix G Ventilated Vehicle Seating...129