Earth
Science, 10th edition
Chapter 2: Rocks:
Materials of the Solid Earth
I. Rock cycle
A. Shows the
interrelationships among the three rock types
B. Earth as a system:
the rock cycle
1. Magma
2. Igneous rock
3. Sediment
4. Sedimentary
rock
5. Metamorphic
rock
6. Magma
C. Full cycle does not
always take place due to "shortcuts" or interruptions
1. e.g.,
Sedimentary rock melts
2. e.g., Igneous rock is metamorphosed
3. e.g.
Sedimentary rock is weathered
4. e.g., Metamorphic rock weathers
II. Igneous rocks
A. Form as magma cools
and crystallizes
B. Crystallization of
magma
C. Classification is
based on the rock's texture and mineral constituents
D. Naming igneous rocks
1. Granitic rocks
2. Basaltic rocks
3. Other
compositional groups
III. Sedimentary rocks
A. Form from sediment
(weathered products
B. About 75% of all
rock outcrops on the continents
C. Used to reconstruct
much of Earth's history
D. Economic importance
E. Classifying
sedimentary rocks
1. Two groups
based on the source of the material
F. Produced through lithification
1. Loose
sediments are transformed into solid rock
2. Lithification processes
G. Features
1. Strata, or
beds (most characteristic)
2. Bedding planes
separate strata
3. Fossils
IV. Metamorphic rocks
A. "Changed
form" rocks
B. Produced from preexisting
C. Metamorphism
D. Metamorphic settings
E. Metamorphic agents
F. Metamorphic
textures
G. Common metamorphic
rocks
1. Foliated rocks
a. Slate
b. Schists
c. Gneiss
2. Nonfoliated rocks
a. Marble
b. Quartzite
V. Resources from rocks and
minerals
A. Metallic mineral
resources
B. Nonmetallic mineral
resources