Finno-Ugric stuff!

My favorite language family is the Finno-Ugric. The languages are interesting. Therefore, I've got some information here. The pieces are rather random, from various books at my local libraries.
Unless otherwise noted, the transcriptions are in IPA. Transcriptions in parenthesis are in X-SAMPA.
I don't claim to be factually correct, simply interested, therefore questions, comments and corrections are welcome.

Phonological stuff (North Sámi, Estonian, Votian, Livonian)
Example sentences (Livonian, North Sámi)
Music

Phonological stuff

From a to u!

Sound changes

Time changes, time changes...

North Sámi

Some random sound changes that occured in North Sámi.

X-Sampa transcription.

N > n_j / _V
k > G > G_w > v
nn > ?n > pn
rn > r?n > rpn

Finno-Saamic > North Sámi vowels

This is from Pekka Sammallahti's excellent book The Saami Languages. If you're interested in Sámi languages, get it from Davvi Girji now-now!

Circumflex detonates lowered vowel (ê = mid front unrounded vowel etc.)
X-Sampa transcription.

V - o > V - O (the exact phonetic value of this  is not known)
V - ä > V - a (could have happened later)
y > i
i > e
u > o
ê - e > ê - ê (a few unaffected)
ô - ê > o - ê
ô - A > O - A
ô - O > O - O
ê - A > E - A
ê - O > E - O

A - e > ô: - e (could have been a short vowel)
a - e > ê: - e (same here)
A - A > ô: - A (a few unaffected)
a - A > A - A
a - A > e - A
V:[+high] > V
V[-high] > V:
O: > u / _Ce
A: > i / _j (second syllable)

e > @\
V - A: > V - E: (except before third syllable @\)
@\ > @_c
ô: > uô
O: > ôA
ê > iê
E: > êA
V - E: > V - ê:

uô > u: / _CV[+high]
ôa > ô: / _CV[+high]
iê > i: / _CV[+high]
êa > ê: / _CV[+high]
u:\ > u
i:\ > i
ê:\ > ê:
O:\ > O:
A:\ > A:
@_c >
VV - ê: > V:/V - i
VV - O: > V:/V - u
VV - A: > V:/V - 3\_o

Estonian

The following sound changes are related to the vowel ɤ (7), õ. They are listed in no special order, and they were not universal.

ɑ > ɤ	(A > 7)
øi > ɤi	(2i > 7i)
o > ɤ	(o > 7)
ou > ɤu	(ou > 7u)
e > ɤ	(e > 7) (this is very evident in Võro, ei ~ õi)
ɤ > e	(7 > e)
ø > ɤ	(2 > 7)
ɤ: > ɤe	(7: > 7e)

Estonian, North - example words

Some example words of how North Estonian developed.

*tAGlA:*tAGlAn > tAel:tAelA (? nom sg:? gen sg)
*nAkrADAk:*nAGrAn > nAerdA:nAerAn (smile-inf:smile-1ps)
*lAGjA > lAi (wide)
*nEGnyt > nEinud (seen)
*litnA:*liDnAt > linn:linnAd (town nom sg:town nom pl)

Estonian, unknown dialects

I don't know which dialects, but they are dialects, that I know!

kt > t:
kt > ht
e > ɤ	(e > 7) (if the word has a back vowel)
tk > tsk
e: > i: /_Ci

Estonian, Võru and Setu

Jeje.

o > u / _nasal
e > i /_nasal

Estonian, Kihnu

This is quite cool!

E > ja / first syllable
i > j7 / first syllable
uvi > ui

Votian

I'll try to gather more stuff...

k > tʃ	(k > tS) / _V(front)

Livonian

Yes yes, more stuff...

e > je /#_

Example sentences

It could be interesting...

Livonian

ma määd'lõb - I remember
ta mùoistab - he/she understands

North Sámi

The following sentences demonstrate the usage of North Sámi cases.
ä = ae ligature, sh = s^, zh = z^.
Sentences from Israel Ruong's Min sámigiella textbook.

Oab'bá [nom] vulgii -
"sister left"

Dággár bik'tasa [acc/gen] gal dárbash buolashin -
"one needs this this kind of clothing in the cold"

Oabbá [acc/gen] soab'bi läi soagis dak'kjuvvun -
"sister's staff was made out of wood"

Leddjen oab'bái [illative] ad'dán dan soabbi -
"I had given sister that staff"

Oabbás [locative] läi maidái bäna -
"sister also had a dog"

Fer'te gal siivot mánázhiiguin [comitative, pl] doaimahit -
"one must treat the small children carefully"

Ris'tena gal oab'bán [essive] navdán -
"Christina, I really call a sister"