Bengali Poetry : The Main Experiments
Discussions on the trends of
modern and post modern Bengali poetry should remind us the fact that
every new experiment has its poets in earlier tradition of
creativity which has been silently nourished and built up by poets
of our language. The last half of this century has been many
meaningful experiments in Bengali poetry.
To begin with the Forties of the Century, the Post-Tagorean period
may be taken as a watershed in the contemporary history of our
poetry.
The break came with Subhas Mukhopadhyay whose first book of poems "Padatik"
(The Foot Traveller) was first published in 1940, a year before
Tagore's death (1861-1941) when he was a young firebrand Marxist.
His was a new voice. His new diction and metrical virtuosity
immediately attracted notice from discerning readers and critics. It
was a departure from the modernists of earlier generation The
Kalloleans, so called for their attachment to an avant grade
literary magazine Kallol of the earlier decade. The trend setters of
the thirties were headed by Sudhindranath Datta, Buddhadeva Bose and
Bishnu Dey — joined by Samar Sen at a later period. Bengali
Poetry was tirelessly trying to make a breakthrough from the magic
world of Tagore. The forties offered this opportunity to the younger
generations of poets. It was the beginning of a new chapter of
creative urge to represent the time and the social reality through
sensitive response of the poetic soul. It was a difficult time for
Bengal. The second world war brought the enemy at her doorstep.
Great Bengal Famine, most cruel and man made was stalking the
unfortunate land. Many of the old values were being trampled upon by
forces of devil let loose by war. It was the time of crisis of
civilization as mentioned by Tagore in his last birthday speech in
1940. The spirit of the time can be best described by presenting a
few lines from a celebrated poet of this period Dinesh Das. Here is
a free rendering of a stanza from his famous poem Kaste (The
Sickle) :
Did you love to behold
The curve of the crescent moon?
This is not the century of the moon
The moon of this age is the sickle."
(Kaste : Dinesh Das)
Poetry was trying to deconstruct the traditional romantic imageries.
The ravages of war time operations in society and its value system
completely disenchanted the poets who were inspired by the ideals of
humanism and dream of a just society, free from domination and
exploitation. Here is an extract from Subhas Mukhopadhyay's poem:
My love, today is not for playing with flowers
We are face to face with destruction
Our eyes no more glisten with blue wine of dream
Our skin is baked by scorching sunrays.
(From
Padatik, "May Diner Kavita")
Poetry was in no mood to remain in splendid solitude. Poetry was
participating in the living experience of the people. It was done
with artistic success by ideologically committed poets to turn the
attention of the readers from the traditional moderns. The poetry of
Jibanananda Das (1899-1954) with its haunting music and imageries
was a class apart being strikingly original delving deep into the
inner self and creating unparalleled beauty with words. Even today
long after his death, Jibanananda Das remains a unique poet, a lonely
sojourner in the realm of poetry who has given new dimension to the
use of Bengali Language as vehicle of poetic expression. No other
poet has so successfully created such a spell over generations of
poet which remains as tantalizing as when it was first written. We
quote his widely acclaimed poem, "Banalata Sen":
A thousand years I have wandered upon the earth
from the sea of Ceylon to the midnight sea of Malay
Much have I-wandered; in the grey lands of Vimvisar and Asoka,
There have I been; and to the dark, distant town of Vidarva
Tired of this life, this foaming sea of life,
I found peace for a while with Banalata Sen of Natore.
Her hair is dark as the nights of far Vidisha
Her face the architecture of Saraswati
As the rudderless pilot
Drifting and lost on distant sea
Sees the island of cinnamon trees and grass below
So have been her darkness, who asked me:
Where have you been so long away?
This she asked raising her bird-nest eyes, Banalata Sen of
Natore.
(Extract from
Banalata Sen translated by Martin Kirkman)
Another of his most eminent contemporary was Bishnu Dey, a Marxist
intellectual who created a school of poets. Buddhadeva Bose has said
of him : "He is polished, accomplished, dazzling; a daring innovator
in technique; self conscious and hard working . . . and
great virtue of Bishnu Dey's poetry is, I think, a haunting music
which can come only from one who writes poetry because he must." (An
Acre Of Green Grass). Bishnu Dey had been a much acclaimed poet.
Sometimes he was termed as difficult. But as years passed his poetry
enthralled all poetry lovers because of his dazzling brilliance in
synthesizing renaissance humanism with his adherence to the best in
our folk tradition. His poetic vision was universal, his approach
was that of an urban cosmopolitan. His poetry is rich in imageries
both visual and cerebral. His poetic response to the changing
patterns in society lifted his creation to a higher level of social
consciousness. During his pretty long years of creativity Bishnu Dey
remained steadfast in his search for truth among his country's
people and their lore and never wavering from his belief of the
ultimate triumph of his people who have all along grievously
suffered in a unjust society. Here is a sample :
On either side the woods, in the middle the road
Gleamingly goes winding as nature beats the tune.
In the night-light, every now and then eyes glow,
young rabbits jump across dancing.
I have seen in the palasha bushes on rounded hillocks
Wild peacocks' Katthak in sudden joy,
By the shady tent on the golden sitar of the stream
I've counterpointed its grace.
They come in silence to the riverbank and lap their drink
I've heard the fawn-call of the Sindhumuni.
There goes the panther in greedy violent steps
Rousing the entire Kathakali temple of wild life
Where are the woods gone? Yet there are no settlements,
Only the bare plains, only the howl of the dry wind.
The jungles all cleared off, the villages dead, the critics
yet to be founded and the peacocks stuffed into commodities
Why in this land is man dumb and helpless?
Why are rivers, trees, hills so unimportant?
How long do we run about carrying our tents?
When does the alien set up his own home?
(The Alien :
Translated by the poet)
Another remarkable phenomenon of this period was a young poet
Sukanta Bhattacharya (1926-1947). He died young. But within this
short span of life Sukanta wrote poetry which is acclaimed as much
for its revolutionary fervour as for artistic excellence. He wrote
brilliantly as a young Communist with deep involvement with the
cause. The transparent sincerity in what he wrote and he wrote for a
better world for his people forever toiling and suffering . He died
before attaining maturity. But the poetry he wrote has contributed
to the development of social awareness in the mainstream poetry. His
language had stark beauty and he loved to communicate with youthful
zeal. His use of metaphor and symbols speaks of deep commitment of
this poet to the cause of the people. Here is an extract from his
poem:
I am neither dead nor inert
Like the something that's hid
In dark mines.
I am burgeoning life, a seed sprouted.
Earth-nurtured and timid,
Swaddled still in pre-natal dreams,
I have, responsive to the sky's call,
Just opened my dubious eyes.
Although a little nobody
Amongst the big banyans,
As yet unperceived my small frame
Murmurs as musically as they.
I have rent open the earth's crust,
Seen the sun's diurnal motion,
And the vast consciousness
Of whole forest seeps within my roots.
Merely a sprouted seed today
Tomorrow I shall have a head of leaflets
I shall away it the way
The unruly wind blows,
Keeping time, beat by beat,
Thereafter, I shall stand
In the full view of everyone
Displaying the pride of my branches
(Time to come
: Translated by Kshitish Roy)
Bengali poetry had already undergone transformation both in content
and in form a the hands of such modernists as Sudhindra Nath Datta,
Buddhadeva Bose and Amiya Chakravorty. Sudhindranath was a model of
a modern post. His style was direct, lucid and in choice of words he
was unmatchable. A sense of alienation pervades his poetry. He was
difficult but not obscure : Here is an extract from His famous poem
"The Ostrich":
You hear me well : and yet you try
To hide within the desert's fold.
Here shadows shrink until they dies,
While dead horizons cannot hold,
The quick mirage, and never near,
The cruel sky is mute and blue.
The hunter stalks no panthom deer;
He loses all by losing you.
The sands are heedless. Why run on,
When tell-tale footprints point the way?
Your pre-historic friends are gone,
And, all alone, you stand at Bay.
(The
Ostrich : Translated by the poet)
There were other voices too. Contemporary realities born out of war,
famine and the unrest and the rebellion of the people had its impact
on the consciousness of the poets as well. It was not possible for
the poets to remain in seclusion. The art of the poetry demanded
response from its creators to reciprocate the hopes and aspirations
of the people. Modern poetry serves as the mediator between action
and contemplation. It is essentially true for Bengali Poetry. It is
the bridge between luminous solitude the poetic soul and the world
of action. Modern Bengali poetry beginning from the forties have
been characterized as the link between action and contemplation.
Poetry lives by the inflow of sap received from life around. There
has always been a controversy whether poetry should be subservient
to current events or not. It should not degenerate into propaganda.
That the controversy was merely theoretical is evident from the fact
that the heritage of social awareness of the poets is acclaimed by
readers. In fact the progressive trend in Bengali poetry with its
socially relevant cogent belongs to the living tradition of Bengali
Culture. Poetry cannot be written in isolation. It is an exploration
of man's relation with his environment, the social interaction,
political belief, scientific advancement, the question of war and
peace and similar other problems that guide man's destiny in the
modern world. True to its tradition, modern Bengali poetry
encompasses the varieties of life and human sensibilities. Modern
Poetry is not merely a spontaneous expression. It requires
discipline as well as inspiration. It is part of the many-sided
tradition of the people. Three literary magazines Kavita,
Parichay and Krittibas are credited with creating new
waves in Bengali poetry during the last few decades. The different
trends in Bengali poetry may be traced to these different schools of
poets whose contributions were made in the pages of these magazines.
Of these three, Krittibas came to the literary scene in
mid-fifties trying to break the tradition of its two celebrated
predecessors. By these time experiments in poetry had been
successfully made through Parichay and Kavita by a
galaxy of poets like Arun Mitra, Samar Sen, Manindar Ray, Mangala
Charan Chattopadhyay, Kiran Sankar Sengupta, Ram Basu, Nirendranath
Chakravarty and Birendra Chattopadhyay. Technically speaking, modern
poets prefer writing prose poems. This form has brought the poets
closer to the readers, being informal, and unfettered by artificial
restrictions of mere rhyming. This has given widest scope to the
poets to bring poetry closer to the spoken form of the language.
Recently many younger poets have shown their skill in excellent
rhyming thus creating music and beauty of the chosen words. Elder
poets like Mahindra Ray, Nirendranath Chakravarty are also very
meticulous about the form of poetry, ceaselessly experimenting in
different rhymes and measures.
The most wellknown poets of the Krittibas group are Sunil
Gangopadhyay, Sakti Chattopadhyay and Tarapada Roy. The mid fifties
saw the rise of a new generation of poets trying to bring out in
their poetry new sense of purpose as envisioned by the younger
generation. Their poetry was marked by and urgency to express the
longing of the soul, to become more daring in exploration of the
mind and quite uninhibited in choice of words. There was also an
undertone of lyricism and conscious effort to be pictorial
sometimes. These poets chose their own idioms. Sometimes lyrical
echoes of Jibanananda were successfully presented.
Sakti Chattopadhyay especially spoke in refreshing candour. He says:
I've resolved to make a turn and stand back
I've besmeared my two hands with black so long
But I've never thought of you as you are.
Now when I stand beside the ditch at night
The moon calls: come, come to me.
Now when I stand on the bank of Ganga sleeping
The firewood of the pyre calls: come, come to me.
I can go.
I can go whatever direction I like.
But why should I?
I will take hold of my child's face and kiss
I can go
But, I will not go just now
I will take you all along with me
I will not go alone untimely.
(Free
translation of "Jetey Pari Kintu Kanoe Jaboe : Shakti Chattopadhyay)
Another eminent poet of this group, Sunil Gangopadhyay, reflects the
mood of this generation when he declares from roof top with
eloquence in defence of poetry with such emotionally surcharged
language:
For poetry alone is this birth of ours,
For poetry alone, some games to play, for poetry alone
In the chilly eve, I cross the world
And have a glimpse of a tranquil face.
(Extract
from Amalendu Bose's translation of Sunil Gangopadhyay's
"Shudhu Kaviter
Janya" - "For Poetry Alone")
The crisis of the period of unrest has found eloquent expression in
the poems of Sankha Ghosh and Birendra Chattopadhyay. They write
with seriousness to communicate the feelings of anger and
frustration. Sankha Ghosh's poems bring out the pathos and the
tragic sense of existence with bitter sarcasm. His "Babarer
Prarthana" (Babar's Prayer) poignantly puts forth the tragedy
and decimation of a generation by forces of violence. His poetry
takes the role of conscience keeper at a time when the country was
bleeding. When other voices were muffled, the poet's voice was
heard. This has always been the tradition of Bengali poetry - the
voice of conscience, the voice of truth and defiance. Sankha Ghosh
says:
Here I unfold my fist
And set free my youth,
Let it flow out, I cannot
Hold it back
Here let's have
The inner-radial commitments
Of our children.
(Extract from "On
The Way" by Sankho Ghosh)
Bengali poetry treasures very much Birendra Chattopadhyay who broke
all conventions and wrote poetry of protest with gusto. His mastery
over the structural varieties and rhymes of poetry together with his
deep involvement with the proletariats placed him in a distinct
position among the contemporary poets. He could write exquisite
poetry even out of a slogan. An intensely political poet he was. He
displayed poetic anger with full throated voice. Nevertheless, his
diction was subtle and chiseled words he used made his poems
artistically satisfying. During the sixties and seventies he raised
his voice with courage and biting sarcasm against those who
committed crime against humanity and oppressed the poor and the
disinherited. In one of his poems, he says:
Rice is word, rice is life, rice is consciousness
Rice is sound, rice is mantra, rice is prayer
Rice is thought, rice is song, rice is poetry
Rice is fire, rice is water, star and the sun.
Poetry in any language is culture bound. The language is related to
the cultural ethos of the people. Poetry is a living experience. It
would be wrong to alienate poetry from the traumatic experiences of
our people since independence in various fields. Now experiments are
being made with new modes of expression as the time demands. During
the last few decades poetry in Bengal is in continuous search of new
expressions. In the sixties, for example, there was a so called
"hungry generation" of poets who challenged the main stream poetic
expression. It was a form of protest by poets who gave unto
themselves this hungry label. Their main attempt published through
their testament of poetry was to focus the emptiness of spoken words
so long practiced and challenge the so called aesthetic demand of
words, of style and content. The group created quite a sensation not
so by their ability to change the trend in poetry but more so by
their aggressive boldness in speaking out in an unorthodox fashion
on unorthodox themes.
Incidentally, that was the time when beat generation American poet
Allen Ginsberg visited Calcutta and made friends with a number of
younger poets. These poets wrote protest poetry with a difference.
They tried to give a jolt to the prevalent notions of social values
and appeal of poetry. A deep sense of alienation caused this self
proclaimed rebels to take this posture.
A prominent poet belonging to the "Hungries", Malay Roy Choudhury
perhaps expresses the restlessness of the generation more vividly.
He wrote:
Oh I'll die I'll die I'll die
My skin is in blazing furore
I do not know what I'll do where I I'll go oh I am sick
I'll kick all the arts at the back and go away Shubha
Shubha let me go and live in your cloaked melon
In the unfastened shadow of dark destroyed saffron curtain
The last anchor is leaving me after I get the other anchors
lifted
I can't resist any more, million glass panes are breaking in
my cortex
(Extract
from "Stark Electric Jesus": Malay Roy Choudhury)
The poet's tormented soul speaks out in the time of crisis. Each
decade brings its new tension and new voices are heard. The
seventies were a period of turmoil. The agony of the period was
reflected in the creations of the poets. The fire that illuminated
the poetry of the forties found its glow again in the seventies.
Poetry mirrors the agony of the time. Poetry touches many-sided
experiences of life. No two poets are similar. Nor it would be
proper to expect poets to follow a set pattern. Pablo Neruda very
aptly mentions in his disclosure on poetry that
"Life transcends all structures and there are no rules and
conduct for the soul.
The seed sprouts anywhere, all ideas are exotic; we wait for
enormous
changes every day; we live through the mutation
of human order avidly;
Spring is rebellious." (Memoirs: Pablo Neruda)
The twentieth century has come to its last decade. This has been a
glorious century so far as Bengali poetry is concerned. Now is the
time to look back. For poets in the language, it has been a long
journey. Touching the heights of imagination and romanticism, the
language of the poets has tried to reflect the day to day experience
of mankind, his little hopes and joys, his triumph and tragedy. In
recent times, there has been a revival of writing long poems with an
element of reflection and even dramatic moments. Sunil Gangopadhyay,
Amitabha Das Gupta, Nirendranath Chakravarty, Jaydeb Bose and Joy
Goswami have successfully dealt with longer poems. But other forms
of poetry like ballads and dramatic monologues have evaded modern
poets' attention. But there has been remarkable experiment with
poetic drama with modern themes. Ram Basu, Mangalacharan
Chattopadhyay, Alokeranjan das Gupta, Aloke Sarkar and Amitabha Das
Gupta have successfully experimented with this form of art poetry.
Poets are having wider audience. Poetic dramas are also being held.
Hundreds of little magazines play the mother to aspiring poets. In
this age of prose narrative, poetry being a form of heightened
speech has retained its away over the minds of the readers of
Bengali speaking people. This is a remarkable achievement.
Jibanananda Das once observed that "Not every one is a poet. Some of
them are."
Those who read and enjoy poetry know for certain that Bengali poetry
is not at amateur's hands. The seed sprouts silently and then
reaches for the sky.
Krishna Dhar is a
noted critic and poet. This article was published in Sankalpa.