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1. Letter name Each letter of the word says the name of the letter. Vowels are usually absent first/frst letter/ltr
2. Spelling as it sounds Students rely on the sounds they hear that are close to the actual sound uncle/uncul feather/fethir
3. Placeholder When spelling words with vowels, students will replace one vowel with another that is sililar in sound went/wont video/vedio 4. Representations Students sometimes know that a vowel is needed but insert a random vowel misery/mazire sometime/semtim
5. Overgeneralization When students discover a new structure such as the silent e at the end of words, they use it exclusively won/wone from/frome
6. Transpositional Words that are spelled using all of the correct letters but are in the wrong order tried/tride watch/wacht
7. Visual The words have a visual likeness to the convertional form school/scool teacher/techer
8. Articulation Vowels and consonants are close in sound and are usually used interchangeably combat/kombat graphics/grafics
9. One Letter Misses The word is close to the conventional form with the exception of a letter snowed/snowd waiting/wating
10. Multiple strategies involve combinations of stratgies neighbor/nebrhode retirement/ritearment .
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