| Plato,
"Symposium" 柏拉圖，《饗宴》，吳錦裳譯，協志工業叢書，1964 |
●愛：力量 ☉★★★Socartes: 我自己除了有關「愛」的事情外，簡直什麼也不曉得。(p.43) ☉For I know not any greater blessing to a young man who is beginning life than a virtuous lover, or to the lover than a beloved youth. For the principle which ought to be the guide of men who would nobly live -- that principle, I say, neither kindred, nor honour, nor wealth, [178d] nor any other motive is able to implant so well as love. Of what am I speaking? Of the sense of honour and dishonour, without which neither states nor individuals ever do any good or great work.(Symposium,178b)（愛的必要） ☉The veriest coward would become an inspired hero, equal to the bravest, at such a time; Love would inspire him. [179b] That courage which, as Homer says, the god breathes into the souls of some heroes, Love of his own nature infuses into the lover. Love will make men dare to die for their beloved -- love alone; and women as well as men. (Symposium,179a)（愛的力量） ●愛：靈/肉 ☉The Love who is the offspring of the common Aphrodite is essentially [181b] common, and has no discrimination, being such as the meaner sort of men feel, and is apt to be of women as well as of youths, and is of the body rather than of the soul -- the most foolish beings are the objects of this love which desires only to gain an end, but never thinks of accomplishing the end nobly, and therefore does good and evil quite indiscriminately. [181c](Symposium)（肉體之愛） ☉But the offspring of the heavenly Aphrodite is derived from a mother in whose birth the female has no part, -- she is from the male only; this is that love which is of youths, and the goddess being older, there is nothing of wantonness in her. Those who are inspired by this love turn to the male, and delight in him who is the more valiant and intelligent nature; any one may recognise the pure enthusiasts in the very character of their attachments. [181d] For they love not boys, but intelligent beings whose reason is beginning to be developed, much about the time at which their beards begin to grow. And in choosing young men to be their companions, they mean to be faithful to them, and pass their whole life in company with them(Symposium)（靈性之愛） ☉And these two customs, [184d] one the love of youth, and the other the practice of philosophy and virtue in general, ought to meet in one, and then the beloved may honourably indulge the lover. (Symposium)（靈性之愛） ●愛：醫學 ☉And this is what the physician has to do, and in this the art of medicine consists: for medicine may be regarded generally as the knowledge of the loves and desires of the body, and how to satisfy them or not; [186d] and the best physician is he who is able to separate fair love from foul, or to convert one into the other; and he who knows how to eradicate and how to implant love, whichever is required, and can reconcile the most hostile elements in the constitution and make them loving friends, is a skillful practitioner. (Symposium)（醫學的本質是愛的損益） ●愛：德性 ☉And the love, more especially, which is concerned with the good, and which is perfected in company with temperance and justice, whether among gods or men, has the greatest power, and is the source of all our happiness and harmony, and makes us friends with the gods who are above us, and with one another. [188e] (Symposium)（真善美之愛） ●愛：神話 ☉[189e] The sexes were not two as they are now, but originally three in number; there was man, woman, and the union of the two,....Terrible was their might and strength, and the thoughts of their hearts were great, and they made an attack upon the gods;..... Zeus discovered a way. He said: "Methinks I have a plan which will humble their pride and improve their manners; men shall continue to exist, [190d] but I will cut them in two and then they will be diminished in strength and increased in numbers; this will have the advantage of making them more profitable to us. They shall walk upright on two legs, and if they continue insolent and will not be quiet, I will split them again and they shall hop about on a single leg." He spoke and cut men in two, like a sorb-apple which is halved for pickling, or as you might divide an egg with a hair; ....After the division the two parts of man, each desiring his other half, came together, and throwing their arms about one another, entwined in mutual embraces, [191b] longing to grow into one, they were on the point of dying from hunger and self-neglect, because they did not like to do anything apart; and when one of the halves died and the other survived, the survivor sought another mate, man or woman as we call them, -- being the sections of entire men or women, -- and clung to that. (Symposium)（兩性人的神話） ☉每一個人都只不過是人體合符中的另一半而已。因此，無論哪一個人都經常不斷地在尋覓自己另一半的合符....我們原是完整的人。所以對於完人的嚮往就通稱為Eros。(p.70)....當我們達到了「愛」的目標，並且所有的人都一面逐漸還原於人類古來的本性（原型），而獲得屬於自己所有的愛人時，此刻，人類才能真正幸福。(p.71) ●愛：藝術 ☉Love is young and also tender; he ought to have a poet like Homer to describe his tenderness, as [195d] Homer says of Ate, that she is a goddess and tender: -- "Her feet are tender, for she sets her steps,Not on the ground but on the heads of men"....In the first place he is a poet (and here, like Eryximachus, I magnify my art), [196e] and he is also the source of poesy in others, which he could not be if he were not himself a poet. And at the touch of him every one becomes a poet, even though he had no music in him before; this also is a proof that Love is a good poet and accomplished in all the fine arts(Symposium)（愛情是藝術之源，包括詩） ●愛：本質 ☉she replied, "between gods and men, conveying and taking across to the gods the prayers and sacrifices of men, and to men the commands and replies of the gods; he is the mediator who spans the chasm which divides them, and therefore in him all is bound together, and through him the arts of the prophet and the priest, their sacrifices and mysteries [203a] and charms, and all prophecy and incantation, find their way. For God mingles not with man; but through Love all the intercourse and converse of god with man, whether awake or asleep, is carried on. The wisdom which understands this is spiritual; all other wisdom, such as that of arts and handicrafts, is mean and vulgar. Now these spirits or intermediate powers are many and diverse, and one of them is Love." (Symposium)（愛情是人神間的使者，其他一切之事不過卑下） ☉For wisdom is a most beautiful thing, and Love is of the beautiful; and therefore Love is also a philosopher or lover of wisdom, and being a lover of wisdom is in a mean between the wise and the ignorant. And of this too his birth is the cause; for his father is wealthy and wise, and his mother poor and foolish. Such, my dear Socrates, is the nature of the spirit Love. [204c](Symposium)（智慧優於愛智慧，優於愛與其他一切） ●愛：不死 ☉一個人從誘導老一直被大家認為是「同一人」的道理一樣。實際上，他本身，即使片刻也未曾保有同一要素，不過，仍然始終被稱為同一名字。(p.103) ☉And in this way, Socrates, the mortal body, or mortal anything, partakes of immortality; but the immortal in another way. Marvel not then at the love which all men have of their offspring; for that universal love and interest is for the sake of immortality." [207e](Symposium)（愛是對永恆不死的嚮往） ☉試看人類的功利心，在那裡，你可以想像他們內心竭望成名，不朽的聲譽，這種慾望何等強烈！(p.104) ☉在肉體上生產欲旺盛的人，寧願趨近婦女...在心靈上具有生產欲的人...其受孕與生產對心靈上所合適的一切，感到相當的慾望....產生了這些詩人和獨創的諸名匠....最高的是國與家之間的統治、自治與公平。(p.105) ●愛：境界 ☉For he who would proceed aright in this matter should begin in youth to visit beautiful forms; and first, if he be guided by his instructor aright, to love one such form only -- out of that he should create fair thoughts; [210b] and soon he will of himself perceive that the beauty of one form is akin to the beauty of another; and then if beauty of form in general is his pursuit, how foolish would he be not to recognize that the beauty in every form is one and the same!And when he perceives this he will abate his violent love of the one, which he will despise and deem a small thing, and will become a lover of all beautiful forms; (Symposium,210a)（愛的進階， 第一步在愛美的「形式」） ☉in the next stage he will consider that the beauty of the mind is more honourable than the beauty of the outward form.(Symposium)（第二步在愛「心靈」之美） ☉but drawing towards and contemplating the vast sea of beauty, he will create many fair and noble thoughts and notions in boundless love of wisdom; until on that shore he grows and waxes strong, and at last the vision is revealed to him of a single science, which is the science of beauty everywhere. （最後一步，就是愛的「純粹」科學） ●愛：美 ☉你一定會發現「我內心」含有遠比你的「美貌」更加優秀、無可名狀的「美」。(p.123) ☉愛者早已充滿神的氣質，遠比所愛的少年更為端莊神聖。(p.49) ●愛：主體 ☉But if you listen to me, in the first place, I, in my intercourse with you, shall not merely regard present enjoyment, [233c] but also future advantage, being not mastered by love, but my own master;(Symposium)（不要為愛所奴役） 2003.8.3 立人祕密書齋 |