|
●才能天賦觀
☉Strong man you may be, but that is the gift of a god. (I:180)(Agamenmnon to Achilleus)
☉"Hector, there is no persuading you to take advice. Because heaven has so richly endowed you with the arts of war, you think that you must therefore excel others in counsel; but you cannot thus claim preeminence in all things. Heaven has made one man an excellent soldier; of another it has made a dancer or a singer and player on the lyre; while yet in another Jove has implanted a wise understanding of which men reap fruit to the saving of many, and he himself knows more about it than any one; therefore I will say what I think will be best. (13:725)(Polydamas to Hector)
●天地不仁
☉the gods who live at their ease....(6:138)
☉And Athene and Apollo, god of the silber bow, settled down too, in the form of vultures, on a tall oak-tree sacred to father Zeus who holds the aegis, taking their pleasure in the doings of men.(7:60)
☉This will be a grievous business, and beyond endurance, if you two are to quarrel in this way over mortal men....since unworthy things will be foremost...(1:573)
☉Earthshaker, you would not say I was in my right mind if I do battle with you for the sake of wretched mortals, who are like leaves- for a time they flourish in a blaze of glory, and feed on the yield of the earth, and then again they fade lifeless.(21:465)(Applo)
●寬容
☉Come then, Achilleus, master your great passion. You should not have a heart that does not forgive....the Repents are the daughters of great Zeus. They are lame and wrinkled and squint-eyed, and their business is to come behind the course of Folly. (9:495)(Phoinix)
●理性
☉Who can either hear or speak in an uproar? Even the finest orator will be disconcerted by it. I will expound to the son of Peleus, and do you other Achaeans heed me and mark me well. Often have the Achaeans spoken to me of this matter and upbraided me, but it was not I that did it: Jove, and Fate, and Erinys that walks in darkness struck me mad when we were assembled on the day that I took from Achilles the meed that had been awarded to him. What could I do? All things are in the hand of heaven, and Folly, eldest of Jove's daughters, shuts men's eyes to their destruction. She walks delicately, not on the solid earth, but hovers over the heads of men to make them stumble or to ensnare them. (19:85)（★Agamemnon坦承對Achilleus作下的錯事，事實上把理性的盲目歸於神祇了，這也是希臘人有趣的宿命觀）
——————————————————————————————
●無常
☉And the son of Hippolochus answered, son of Tydeus, why ask me of my lineage? Men come and go as leaves year by year upon the trees. Those of autumn the wind sheds upon the ground, but when spring returns the forest buds forth with fresh vines. Even so is it with the generations of mankind, the new spring up as the old are passing away. (6:145)（★★★生死如葉之落與生：新陳代謝、薪火相傳）(Glaukos)
☉Earthshaker, you would not say I was in my right mind if I do battle with you for the sake of wretched mortals, who are like leaves- for a time they flourish in a blaze of glory, and feed on the yield of the earth, and then again they fade lifeless.(21:465)(Applo)
☉There is nothing more miserable than man among all the creatures that breathe and move on earth. (17:445)(Zeus)
●箴言/年老
☉違背忠告而導致悲劇後果的例子處處：
1.Achaians無辜死傷概由Agamemnon不聽Nestor忠告、強奪Achilleus之妾、使其激憤罷戰而起(1:240)
2.Achilleus不聽Odyssseus, Phonix, Aias之調解，促成Patroklos之喪生(9:410)
3.Patroklos遺忘Achilleus教誨而慘死。(18:15)
4.Hektor低估Achilleus，蔑視Polydamas，終而死亡。(18:310)
5."The fools, Pallas Athene had taken away their wits."(18:310)
☉So you too should listen to me, since it is best to listen.(1:275)(Nestor to Agamemnon)
☉Nestor...from his tongue the words flowed sweeter than honey.(1:250)
☉Young men's minds are always lighter than air, but when an old man joins them, he considers both past and future, to make the outcome the very best for both sides.(3:110)(Meneloas to soldiers)
☉If I was a young man then, now in turn old age is at my heels. But even so I shall be up with my horsemen, and direct them with advice and instruction, such is the old man's privilege. The hurling of spears I shall leave to younger men, those born after my years and sure of their strength.(4:320)
●意志
☉Poor dear man, your own brave spirit will destroy you, and you have no pity for your baby son and for me your doomed wife, who will soon be your widow.... (6:430)(Andromache to Hector)
☉but his glorious heart feels no fear or fright, and it is his courage that kills him. (Hektor)(12:41)
●命運
☉Never think yourself god's equal....(5:440)(Diomedes to Aineias)
☉There will be no other comfort left for me, when you meet your fate.(6:415)(Andromache to Hektor)
☉No man will send me dowmn to Hades before my fated time, and fate, I tell you, is somthing no man is ever freed from, whether brave man or coward, from the first moment of his birth. (6:480)(Hektor to Andromache)
☉Let them die or live as fortune has it.(Hera to Athene)(8:430)
☉You were given the victory by the son of Kronos and Apollo, it was they who overpowered me with ease: they took the armour from my shoulders....No, it is cruel fate and Leto's son that have killed me. (Patroklos to Hektor)(16:845)（★★不承認被對手擊敗，而承認被命運打敗，「此天亡我，非戰之罪」）
☉"....We two can fly as swiftly as Zephyrus who they say is fleetest of all winds; nevertheless it is your doom to fall by the hand of a man and of a god."
When he had thus said the Erinyes stayed his speech, and Achilles answered him in great sadness, saying, "Why, O Xanthus, do you thus foretell my death? You need not do so, for I well know that I am to fall here, far from my dear father and mother; none the more, however, shall I stay my hand till I have given the Trojans their fill of fighting." (19:418)（雖知命運不免一死，但仍奮力作戰；盡人事聽天命）
☉Victory switches from man to man.(6:340)(Paris)
☉the threads of victory are not in our hands, they are held above, among the immortal gods.(7:100)（★★只有命運是勝利的）
●文思比喻
☉He(Ares) then bade Paeeon heal him, whereon Paeeon spread pain-killing herbs upon his wound and cured him, for he was not of mortal mould. As the juice of the fig-tree curdles milk, and thickens it in a moment though it is liquid, even so instantly did Paeeon cure fierce Mars. Then Hebe washed him, and clothed him in goodly raiment, and he took his seat by his father Jove all glorious to behold. (5:900)（用凝固表示速度）
☉Gods drove....Terror and Panic and Strife the insatiable sister....she went among the massed armies and set hatred equally between them, heaping high ment's misery. (4:440)
☉There she met Sleep, the brother of Death....lord over all gods and all men....(14:232)(Hera)
●容貌
☉Paris you pest, good for nothing but looks, you woman-crazed seducer! If only you had never been born, or died unmarried.(3:40)(Hektor to Paris)
●友情
☉There is power in a friend's persuation.(11:793)(Nestor)
●榮譽
☉If your champion slay me, let him strip me of my armour and take it to your ships, but let him send my body home that the Trojans and their wives may give me my dues of fire when I am dead. In like manner, if Apollo vouchsafe me glory and I slay your champion, I will strip him of his armour and take it to the city of Ilius, where I will hang it in the temple of Apollo, but I will give up his body, that the Achaeans may bury him at their ships, and the build him a mound by the wide waters of the Hellespont. Then will one say hereafter as he sails his ship over the sea, 'This is the monument of one who died long since a champion who was slain by mighty Hector.' Thus will one say, and ★my glory will never die." (7:90)(Hektor)（雖敗猶榮/立德立功）
☉Better to settle it once and for all, to die or to live, than to be slowly strangled like this in grim combat by our ships, by men who are worse than we.(15:513)(Aias)
☉So salvation is in the strength of our hands, not courtesy in battle.(15:740)
☉I have two fates....if I stay here and fight on round the Trojans' city, then gone is my homecoming, but my glory will never die....(9:410)
——————————————————————————————
●女性弱勢
☉So you too should listen to me, since it is best to listen. You, great man though you are, do not take the girls from him, but let her be, as the sons of the Achaians gave her to him in the beginning as his prize.(1:275)(Nestor to Agamemnon)
☉So let no-one be in haste to return to his home, until he has slept beside a Trojan's wife and avenged Helen's struggles and her groaning.(2:355)(Nestor to Soldiers)（不淫敵人之妻女誓不回鄉，用性本能的報復作為激發士氣的動力）
☉Whichever side first offends against these oaths, may their brains spill on the ground as this wine is spilled, their own and their children's, and may their wives be other men's conquest. (3:300)（女性做為誓詞中的物）
☉Poor dear man, your own brave spirit will destroy you, and you have no pity for your baby son and for me your doomed wife, who will soon be your widow....But Hector, you are father and honoured mother and brother to me, as well as ny strong husband. (6:430)(Andromache to Hector)（男人的戰爭是不愛妻女的表現）
☉you will ...recieve from me the prize of honour....a woman to climb to your bed andd share it.(8:290)(Agamemnon to Teukros)（女性肉體做為戰利品）
☉the deep breasted Trojan and Dardanian women...the women we worked hard to win with our own strengh and our long spears....(18:345)(Achilleus to Myrmidons)
☉Briseis, fair as Venus, when she saw the mangled body of Patroclus, flung herself upon it and cried aloud, tearing her breast, her neck, and her lovely face with both her hands. Beautiful as a goddess she wept and said, "Patroclus, dearest friend, when I went hence I left you living; I return, O prince, to find you dead; thus do fresh sorrows multiply upon me one after the other. I saw him to whom my father and mother married me, cut down before our city, and my three own dear brothers perished with him on the self-same day; but you, Patroclus, even when Achilles slew my husband and sacked the city of noble Mynes, told me that I was not to weep, for you said you would make Achilles marry me, and take me back with him to Phthia, we should have a wedding feast among the Myrmidons. You were always kind to me and I shall never cease to grieve for you." (19:290)
●女性危險
☉For Antea, wife of Proetus, lusted after him, and would have had him lie with her in secret; but Bellerophon was an honourable man and would not, so she told lies about him to Proteus. 'Proetus,' said she, 'kill Bellerophon or die, for he would have had converse with me against my will.' The king was angered, but shrank from killing Bellerophon, so he sent him to Lycia with lying letters of introduction, written on a folded tablet, and containing much ill against the bearer. He bade Bellerophon show these letters to his father-in-law, to the end that he might thus perish; Bellerophon therefore went to Lycia, and the gods convoyed him safely. (6:160)（再一次女性的肉慾嫉妒造成男人災難）
●愛情
☉以愛情為軸心之作：以Paris誘拐Helen(3:50)始，Achaians無辜死傷概由Agamemnon強奪Achilleus之妾使其激憤罷戰而起(1:240)；戰局逆轉，乃因Hera魅惑Zeus、使其耽溺雲雨所致(14:160)。暗示「紅顏禍水」觀。
☉Aphrodite....a god without strengh(5:330)
☉Is it not enough for you to seduce the wits of weak woman?(5:349)
☉...all because of a girl, one girl, but now we are offering you seven, the very finest, and much more besides them....(9:640)(Aias to Achlleus)
☉Give me then Love and Desire, the power with which you overcome all the immortals and mortal men alike.(Hera to Aphrodite)(14:197)
☉all for the sake of the bitch that I am and the blind folly of Alexandros(Paris). On us two Zeus has set a doom of misery, so that in time to come we can be themes of song for men to future generations.(Helen to Hektor)(6:355)（★自知愛情悲劇將成為千古頌歌！文學不朽論/歷史意識）
——————————————————————————————
●戰爭血腥
☉On this Dolon would have caught him by the beard to beseech him further, but Diomed struck him in the middle of his neck with his sword and cut through both sinews so that his head fell rolling in the dust while he was yet speaking. (10:450)
☉His brains spurted from the wound and ran all bloody along the socket of the spear....(17:295)
☉cut the throats of twelve Trojan children...(18:340)(Achilles)
☉his liver slid out and the black blood pouring from it filled his lap, darkness covered over his eyes as the life deserted him.(20:470)
☉eels and fish were his busy attendants, tearing and nibbling at the fat around his kidneys.(21:200)(Achilleus)
☉His hair which was like that of the Graces, and his locks so deftly bound in bands of silver and gold, were all bedrabbled with blood. As one who has grown a fine young olive tree in a clear space where there is abundance of water- the plant is full of promise, and though the winds beat upon it from every quarter it puts forth its white blossoms till the blasts of some fierce hurricane sweep down upon it and level it with the ground- even so did Menelaus strip the fair youth Euphorbus of his armour after he had slain him. Or as some fierce lion upon the mountains in the pride of his strength fastens on the finest heifer in a herd as it is feeding- first he breaks her neck with his strong jaws, and then gorges on her blood and entrails; dogs and shepherds raise a hue and cry against him, but they stand aloof and will not come close to him, for they are pale with fear- even so no one had the courage to face valiant Menelaus. (17:55)(Euphorbos)（夭折的樹/放肆的獅）
●戰爭比喻
☉Menelaus saw him thus stride out before the ranks, and was glad as a hungry lion that lights on the carcase of some goat or horned stag, and devours it there and then, though dogs and youths set upon him.(3:20)（如飢餓之獅）
☉As when from some high point a goatherd sees a cloud coming over the sea at the west wind's blast: to his eyes in the distance it shows black as pitch as it crosses the sea, and it brings a great storm with it: and he shivers at the sight and drives his flock into a cave's shelter.(4:275)（如烏雲）
☉As when some mighty wave that thunders on the beach when the west wind has lashed it into fury- it has reared its head afar and now comes crashing down on the shore; it bows its arching crest high over the jagged rocks and spews its salt foam in all directions- even so did the serried phalanxes of the Danaans march steadfastly to battle. (4:420)（如海浪）
☉When they were got together in one place shield clashed with shield and spear with spear in the rage of battle. The bossed shields beat one upon another, and there was a tramp as of a great multitude- death-cry and shout of triumph of slain and slayers, and the earth ran red with blood. As torrents swollen with rain course madly down their deep channels till the angry floods meet in some gorge, and the shepherd the hillside hears their roaring from afar- even such was the toil and uproar of the hosts as they joined in battle.(4:450)（如洪水）
☉Thus furiously did the battle rage between them. As for the son of Tydeus, you could not say whether he was more among the Achaeans or the Trojans. He rushed across the plain like a winter torrent that has burst its barrier in full flood; no dykes, no walls of fruitful vineyards can embank it when it is swollen with rain from heaven, but in a moment it comes tearing onward, and lays many a field waste that many a strong man hand has reclaimed- even so were the dense phalanxes of the Trojans driven in rout by the son of Tydeus, and many though they were, they dared not abide his onslaught.(5:80) （如洪水）
☉Paris did not remain long in his house. He donned his goodly armour overlaid with bronze, and hasted through the city as fast as his feet could take him. As a horse, stabled and fed, breaks loose and gallops gloriously over the plain to the place where he is wont to bathe in the fair-flowing river- he holds his head high, and his mane streams upon his shoulders as he exults in his strength and flies like the wind to the haunts and feeding ground of the mares- (6:510)（如奔馬）
☉Like the deadly star shich appears clear out of the clouds in all its shining, then sinks back again behind the shadowing clouds: so Hektor would constantly appear now with the front ranks, now among the rearmost, urging them on.(11:60)（災星的暗示）
☉And now as a band of reapers mow swathes of wheat or barley upon a rich man's land, and the sheaves fall thick before them, even so did the Trojans and Achaeans fall upon one another; they were in no mood for yielding but fought like wolves, and neither side got the better of the other. (11:65)（殺人如割稻）
☉As when a donkey, a stubborn creature, who has had many sticks broken on both sides of him, ignores the efforts of the boys leading him alongside a field, and turns in to crop the deep corn: the boys beat him with their sticks, but their strength is feeble, and they only drive him out with much effort, when he has had his fill of food.(11:560)（如莽撞的驢）
☉As all the dark earth is burdened under a storm on an autumn day.....(16:385)（如大雨）
☉As a man in a dream is unable to pursue someone trying to escape, and the other cannot run away just as he cannot chase: so Achilleus could not catch him with his running, nor Hektor get away. (22:200)（★★夢的比喻）
●反戰
☉But he could not repay his dear parents for the care of his rearing, but his life was cut short, brought down by the spear at the hands of great-hearted Aias.(4:478)(Simoeisios)
☉Why does this innocent man now suffer, because of other people's troubles and no cause of his own, and he always makes gifts which are pleasing to the gods, who hold the wide heaven.(20:300)(Poseidon救出Aineias)（戰死的無辜）
☉There close beside these springs are the fine broad washing-troughs made of stone, where the Trojans' wives and their lovely daughters used to wash their bright clothes, in earlier times, in peace, before the sons of the Achaians came.(22:153)
☉But Hector's wife had not yet heard anything....working at web of purple cloth for a double cloak, and weaving a pattern of flowers in it....poor child, she did not know that far away....(22:440)（Andromache仍不知丈夫Hector死訊）
——————————————————————————————
●醫學
☉When he saw the wound where the bitter arrow had struck home, he sucked the blood from it and in the skill of his craft applied soothing medicines, which once Cheiron had given to his father in friendship.(4:220)(Machaon)
☉Ox-eyed queen Hera(14:155)
■立人秘密書摘
2000.6.18
|