Dental researchers have attempted to understand the microbial nature of oral disease over the past 120 years. A biofilm is a community of microorganisms attached to a solid surface. Microorganisms organized in biofilms are the leading cause of dental diseases. Bacterial biofilm have been found to develop on root surfaces outside the apical foramen and to be associated with periodontitis. Despite the best efforts of dental health professionals, oral infections are still widespread. The average adult in the U.S. has from 10 to 17 decayed, missing or filled permanent teeth.
The early colonizers of dental plaque are of great importance in the succession stages of biofilm formation and its overall effect on the oral health of the host. Just as well, the contamination of the unit water lines is an emerging concern in industry and health due to the build up of biofilm in these units. Biofilms are highly resistant to antibiotics. Consequently, very high and/or long-term doses are often required to eradicate biofilm-related infections. Poor disinfection practices and ineffective cleaning products may increase the incidence of illnesses related to pathogenic organisms associated with normal household activity.