REVIEW OF LITERATURE
Das (1968) concluded that the resource productivity with
High Yielding Varieties of
a sample farms in Sambalpur district,
Orissa. High yielding varieties were more profitable with the
adequate facilities like irrigation, fertilizers and manures etc. and
the average inputs of cost of high yielding varieties were higher than
local varieties.
Johl and Kaul (1970) studied that demand and supply
projection for major agricultural commodities in Punjab and found the
average yield of High Yielding Varieties was 20.80 quintals per hectare.
Adoption level for High Yielding Varieties was 90 % of paddy area.
Singh and Singh (1972) conducted a study on the impact of
High Yielding Varieties on agricultural production in Tarwa Block of
Azamgarh district of U.P. They
were selected the adopter and non-adopter of H.Y.V. paddy, maize and
wheat. It was concluded
from the yields under the crops were considerably high on the adopter of
H.Y.V. than non-adopter of H.Y.V. or Local varieties. Krishna and Mehrotra (1976) conducted a study on performance of H.Y.V. of paddy in the
cultivator’s field in the I.A.D.P. district Assam.
They had estimated the extent of adoption of high yielding
varieties. It was found
that the consumption of fertilizers for high yielding varieties of paddy
was high. It was also found
that by using more fertilizers and production increased considerably. Hamal (1981) found
that most small Nepalese paddy farmers are risk-avertors and the degree
of their absolute risk aversion is relatively high in Dhanusha and
Mohottary districts of Nepal. Absolute
risk aversion was negatively related to present wealth, which was
closely related to land holding and annual income.
Farmers perceived high risks in adopting new technology than
continuing with traditional methods.
Risk perception was significantly related to farmers knowledge
and experience with new technology. Karki (1981) revealed
that the impact of modern varieties of rice on farm income and income
distribution in Eastern Nepal. Identified
the relationship between the adoption of modern varieties (MVs) of rice
and farm size and compared the level of inputs use and productivity of
MVs and traditional varieties (TVs). The constant elasticity of
substitution production function was used to test whether the elasticity
of substitution between labour and capital differed in the two
production technologies (with no signficiant difference being found).
Though the cost of inputs was higher for MVs than for TVs, a
relatively higher yield per hectare from MVs resulted in a higher net
income for the adopters of the new technology.
The absolute share of hired labour was higher for MVs than for
TVs. Dalibor (1982)
studied the revolt against “miracle rice” was growing in
Phillippines, as yields remain low and costs increase.
IRRI’s work had a far more penetrating impact on the rice
sector in the Phillippines than in any other Asian country.
It had concluded that the future for farmers could be bleak if
they continue to rely on rice cultivation that demands high energy
inputs. Taryal (1982) revealed
that the study of high yielding cereal varieties (wheat, maize and rice)
and their contribution to the improvement of food in Egypt.
Two percent land area in Egypt was used for agriculture with a
rapidly growing population. It
was increasingly important to achieve maximum production from these
limited land resources. The
analysis showed that yields per ha. of wheat 35302 t, of maize by 72244
t, and of rice by 40302 t. This
was not sufficient to meet domestic demand for wheat and maize. Ram (1983) studied
the cost and return of rice production and specified the monetory gains
of modern varieties (MVs) compared with traditional varieties (TVs) of
rice. It was found that the
cost of cultivation of MV was higher than that of TV.
The same trend was observed for labour utilization, yield, gross
return, return per rupee spent, farm profits and labour productivity. Production cost per quintal were lower in MV, due to higher
yields which resulted in more profit to cultivators.
Evenson (1985) revealed that the out-put supply and input
demand effects of high yielding rice and wheat varieties in North Indian
Agriculture. A system of
output supply and factor demand equations was utilized to estimate the
consequences of Mabbayad and Datta (1985) observed that the strategy of improve income and employment
potential for rice based farming system, prosperity through rice.
The project was improved (1) rice yield at lower of production
(2) income and employment potential and (3) the utilization of biomass.
One major components of the project was the demonstration of
production techniques on three land types, irrigated low land, rainfed
lowland and upland. Different types of cropping patterns which had been
developed on demonstration farms were discussed.
Rao (1986) studied the adoption of high yielding varieties in Andhra
Pradesh. The adoption rate was fairly high in the case of rice (both
Kharif and Rabi) and low in maize and sorghum.
Irrigation was identified as an important factor influencing the
adoption of high yielding varieties. Yadav and Gangwar (1986) studied that Economics of technical change in rice
production in Darbhanga district of Bihar.
The paper attempted to determine empirically the parameters of
change from old to new rice technology, using the costs and returns
method. Results indicate
that the technical change has increased per ha. net return of HYV rice
by 78.6% over the local variety. A position correlation was found
between net return and size group of holding, results also showed with
the exception of land and drought power, all inputs had a higher
elasticity of production for HYV rice than for the local variety.
The new technology also increased the efficiency of inputs by
providing higher returns per each additional unit of investments. Singh and Chandra (1989) revealed that the allocative and economic efficiency of
local and high yielding varieties of rice in a tribal dominated of
Ranchi district, Bihar. Gross
income from high yielding varieties was much higher than from local
varieties but relative profitability did not improve mainly due to high
input cost in the cultivation of high yielding varieties.
A great degree of disequilibrium was found in the use of various
inputs in growing both local as well as high yielding varieties. Kumar (1990) studied
that group farming in paddy cultivation – An emerging trend in Kerala,
more than 10% of paddy cultivating area had been brought under group
farming. In the adopted
areas high yielding varieties seeds were used.
Production, productivity and income had increased considerably. The success of this new approach depended on effective
transfer of technology, joint action at the micro level by farmers,
extension staff, farm leaders and various input agencies by introducing
the new scheme emphasis was given on self-reliance and joint action for
all operations at the right time.
Khushk et al. (1993) studied that the rice cultivation in
the mixed cropping system in Southern Sindh, Pakistan. The average yield
per hectare had fluctuated between 2.0 ton/ha. and 2.5 ton/ha. in recent
year, which was a low compared with the 3.5 ton/ha. of potential yield.
The costs and net returns showed a wide variation among the yield
levels. The high yielding fields received higher levels of inputs, but
given a better return on capital. Sasmal (1993) studied
that the consideration of risk in the production of high yielding
varieties of paddy in West Bengal.
Risk and uncertainty in production had been recognized as
important constraints in the process of rapid adoption of High Yielding
Varieties technology in agriculture.
The modern inputs like H.Y.V. seeds, chemical fertilizers,
pesticides, etc. which were main ingredients of the H.Y.V. technology
increase agricultural productivity significantly but at the time, they
made agricultural production more uncertain and risky. Atibudhi and Sahoo (2000) studied the effect of education on productivity of H.Y.V.
of rice in Sambalpur district, Orissa and study indicated that the
highest average yield of 44.72 quintals per hectare was obtained by farm
operators who had more than 10 years of formal education (40.65 a/ha).
The lowest yield of 38 q/ha. was realized by illiterate farm
operators. Saha (2000) studied
that education and adoption of H.Y.V. technology of rice cultivation in
West Bengal and examined the relationship between the educational status
and use of selected modern inputs (viz. H.Y.V. seeds, fertilizers and
plant protection chemicals) using varying limited dependent variables
techniques and found that educational achievements were strongly
influenced by its capital.
Brojen (2001) observed the market analysis,
technology and income distribution with respect to rice production in
Marigaon district of Assam. The
study was observed that H.Y.V. occupied 54.54 percent of rice area
adopted by 91 percent of farmers in three different seasons.
H.Y.V. Boro Rice was more economical than Autumn and Winter rice.
The small farmers were found to be benefited more from
technological change.
Elsamma (2001) analysed the yield gap and
productivity of paddy in Kerala. The
total cost of production per hectare was Rs.15455 and the average yield
was Rs.395 kg per hectare. The
variation in farmers yield from the maximum feasible yield among the
average farmers of the study area was observed.
The rate of decline had been more pronounced in area than in
production.
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