Suffrage � Suffrage is the right to vote. The right to vote was to be extended to all male citizens, not just to the property owners.
Sans-culottes � The sans-culottes were the working-class men and women of Paris who pushed the revolution into more radical action. In 1791 the sans-culottes demanded a republic.
Abdicate � Abdicate means to step down from power. On 1814 Napoleon abdicated when his enemies closed in on France.
Deficit spending � Deficit spending is a government spending more money than it takes in. Deficit spending was one of the reasons of Financial Crisis in the reign of Louis XIV.
Plebiscite � A plebiscite is a ballot in which voters say yes or no to an issue. The plebiscite was used at each step on his rise to power of Napoleon.
Blockade � A blockade involves shutting off ports to keep people or supplies from moving in or out. The Continental System closed European ports to British goods and the British responded by doing the same.
Bourgeoisie � In the third estate the top class was called the bourgeoisie or middle class. The bourgeoisie included the prosperous bankers, merchants, and manufacturers who propped up the French economy.
Nationalism � Nationalism is an aggressive feeling of pride in and devotion to one�s country, spread throughout France. Revolution and war gave people a strong sense of national identity.
�migr�s � �migr�s were the nobles, clergy and others who had fled revolutionary France. The �migr�s were those who told the horror stories about the plague.
Louis XVI � Louis XVI was the King of France who left France deeply in debt. On 1789 Louis XVI summoned the Estates General to meet at Versailles in May.
Clemens von Metternich � Clemens von Metternich was the dominant figure of the Congress who wanted to restore the status quo of 1792. Each of the leaders of the Congress also pursued their own goals.
Napoleon � Napoleon was born on the French-ruled island of Corsica in the Mediterranean. When the revolution broke out, he was an ambitious 20-year old lieutenant, eager to make a name for himself.
Olympe de Gouges � Many women were disappointed when the Declaration of the Rights of Man did not grant equal citizenship to women. Olympe de Gouges was a journalist who demanded equal rights in her Declaration of the Rights of Woman.
Robespierre � Robespierre was a shrewd lawyer and politican who quickly rose to the leadership of the Committee of Public Safety. The government battled counterrevolutionaries under the guiding hand of Maximilien Robespierre.
Jacques Louis David � French artist at the time moved toward a grand classical style and Jacques Louis David was the leading artist. David immortalized such stirring events as the Tennis Court Oath an, later, the reign of Napoleon.
Who denounced Fr. Rev? Why? � The European rulers and nobles denounced the French Revolution. They increased border patrols, fearing the spread of the �French Plague.�
Reign of Terror � In the Reign of Terror, spectators greeted death sentences and revolutionary courts conducted hasty trials. Perhaps 40,000people died during the Terror.
Napoleon annexed who? � Napoleon annexed, or added outright, some areas to France. This included the Netherlands and Belgium as well as parts of Italy and Germany.
Congress of Vienna � After Waterloo, diplomats and heads of state again sat down at the Congress of Vienna. Thy faced the monumental task of restoring stability and order in Europe after 25 years of war.
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Alexander II � Alexander the II came to the throne in 1855 during the Crimean War. In 1861 Alexander II issued a royal decree emancipation, or freeing, the serfs.
Francis Joseph � When Francis Joseph was 18-years old he inherited the throne of Austria. He ruled until 1916 when his empire started to fade in the time of the World War I.
Giuseppe Garibaldi � Giuseppe Garibaldi wa a longtime nationalist and an ally of Mazzini. Garibaldi wanted to crate an Italian republic.
Otto von Bismarck � Otto von Bismarck served Prussia as a diplomat in Russia and France before King William I. King William I made Otto von Bismarck a chancellor or prime minister in 1862.
William II � In 1888, William II succeeded his grandfather as Kaiser. The new emperor was supremely confident of his abilities and wished to put his own stamp on Germany.
Camillo Cavour � In 1852, Camillo Cavour was appointed as a prime minister. The new prime minister came from a noble family but favored liberal goals.
Anarchist � Anarchists are people who want to abolish all government. The anarchists also turned to sabotage and violence.
Refugee � Refugees are people who flee their homeland to seek safety elsewhere. Large numbers of Jews went to the United States to find safety.
Pogrom � Pogroms were official persecutions which encouraged violent mob attacks against Jews.
Realpolitik � Realpolitik was the realistic politics based on a tough minded evaluation of the needs of the state. In Bismarck�s view, the ends justified the means.
Zemstvo � Zemstvo were elected assemblies. They were made responsible for matters such as road repair schools, and agriculture.
Economic development in Germany � Germany�s economic growth was due to ample iron and coal resources, the basic ingredients for industrial development. A disciplined and educated work force also helped the economy, while a rapidly growing population was taking place.
Nationalism threatend? who? (which country the most) � Nationalism threatened the rule of the Ottoman Empire as it tried to rule an empire with many nationalities. The Balkans was the place with the most problems.
Revolution of 1905 � In the October Manifesto promised freedom of person, conscience, speech, assembly and union. He agreed to summon a Duma, or elected national legislature.
