Ch.27

Militarism- Militarism is defined as the glorification of the military. In the late 1800’s, there was a rise in militarism, under this, the armed forces and readiness 4 war came to dominate national policy.

Ultimatum- Ultimatum is a final set of demands. Austria sent Serbia a sweeping ultimatum, that side to avoid war, Serbia must end all anti-Austrian agitation and punish any Serbian official involved in the murder plot.

Mobilize- To mobilize is to prepare its military forces for war. When the Kaisers plea to urge Austria to soften its demands, they began to mobilize.

Neutrality- Neutrality is a policy of supporting neither side in a war. During WWI, Italy decided to remain neutral, and support neither side.

total war- Total war is when the channeling of a nation’s entire resources into a war effort. As the struggle wore on, nations realized mechanized war required total comitment of whole society.

Propaganda- Propaganda is when one side promotes their own side of the story. For example, in a fight, each person usually tells their propaganda, not saying what really happened.

Atrocity- Atrocities are horrible acts against innocent people. Often time, the british and French press circulated tales of atrocities.

Armistice- An armistice is an agreement to end fighting with the Allies. During the World War, the new German government sought an armistice.

Reparations- Reparations are payments for war damage. The Allies blamed the conflict on their defeated fores and insisted that the losers make reparations.

Mandate- A mandate is a territory that is administered by western powers. The many treaties created a great system of mandates.

Edith Cavell- Edith was a woman nurse in Belgium during WWI. She was arrested and executed by the Germans, and charged for aiding over 200 allied soldiers to escape to neutral Holland.

Georges Clemenceau- Georges Clemenceau, along with Woodrow Wilson was a member of the “Big Three.”

Alfred Nobel- Alfred nobel was a Swedish industrialist that invented dynamite. His other chemical research provided valuable information on the development of artificial rubber, leather, silk and precious stones

Gavrillo Princip- Trained in terrorism by the Serbian Secret society, who wanted to destroy Austro-Hungarian rule. He assassinated Francis Ferdinand which caused Austria-Hungary to declare war on Serbia.

Sarajevo- Francis Ferdinand was visiting here to check on the troops when he was killed by Gavrillo Princip.

Woodrow Wilson- Woodrow Wilson was one of the “Big Three,” involved with the Treaty of Versallies. He wanted the Fourteen Points to be the basis of the peace.

Treaty of Versallies- Treaty of Versallies involved the Allies, and the Central Powers. The Allies made the Central Powers sign this treaty after losing the war.

(Wilson's Fourteen Points Points)- They were established by Woodrow Wilson, these points were an outline to peace. It assured that the world would be safe and peaceful.

Francis Ferdinand- Ferdinand was the inspector general of the imperial army in Austria- Hungary. He was assinated in 1914, which set A-H on Serbia

Kaiser William II- William of Germany through his personality and actions helped to start WWI. He was arrogant and Haughty, he was the ruler of Germany and started WWI.

Bertha Von Sutner- She was the winner of the Nobel peace prize, and also, she was assisnated in 1914 along with her husband.

Triple Alliance- The secret Triple Alliance was formed between Germany, Austria and Italy in 1882. In the end the failure of Italy to stand by this alliance, leading to her eventual declaration of war on Austria on 23rd May 1915, was a significant factor in the eventual victory of England and France in 1918.

Ottoman Empire- The Ottomans are one of the greatest and most powerful civilizations of the modern period. Their moment of glory in the sixteenth century represents one of the heights of human creativity, optimism, and artistry.

trench warfare- With trench warfare, an underground network linked bunkers, communications trenches, and gun emplacements. With the trench warfare neither side could go on the offensive side.

machine gun (role it played in WWI)- The machine gun, along with the airplane was a major advance in technology during World War I. They allowed fewer gunners to take down lots of enemy troops.

airplane (role it played in WWI)- The airplane was never thought of before World War I, it could be a 1 or 2 seater, with a machine gun attached. Airplanes were used to drop bombs, for observation, and to carry troops.

role of women in WWI- Women became important because while the men were out fighting, women took over their jobs and kept national economies going. Others joined women’s branches of the armed forces.

Nationalism (ie. tension between France and Germany)-

Paris Peace Conference- The Paris Peace Conference was dominated by “the big three,” Woodrow Wilson, George, and Clemenceau. Wilson urged “peace without victory,” he wanted the Fourteen Points to be the basis of the peace.

American neutrality- America was undecided in the war, until German U boats sunk American boats. In about 1917, America got into the war and turned it all around.

Black Hand- Black hand was Unity of Death, a terrorist group. T was organized by Bosnian Serbs, its goal was to organize all South Slav peoples into a single nation.

Treaty of Versailles- Treaty of Versailles involved the Allies, and the Central Powers. The Allies made the Central Powers sign this treaty after losing the war.

self determination- Self determination was Woodrow Wilson’s main theory along with democracy. He argued that the people should drive themselves to be better.

Shleiffen Plan- Germany was fighting against France and Britain on one side of their border, and Russia on the other side. They decided to defeat Russia quickly and then move on to France and Britain.

U boat- U boat, often called Unterseeboot, was a German boat used to destroy Allied shipping. It is an underwater ship that can launch torpedoes, or guided underwater bombs.

Lusitania

Armistice- An armistice is an agreement to end fighting with the Allies. During the World War, the new German government sought an armistice.

Mandate- A mandate is a territory that is administered by western powers. The many treaties created a great system of mandates.

war reparations- Reparations from a war were payments for damage done to one’s country. Most of the time, the winners made the losers pay war reparations.

western front- On the western front, was the French and British. The German wanted to defeat Russia first and then move on to the Western Front.

eastern front- The eastern front was the smaller army. Here, Germany wanted to quickly defeat Russia and then move on the Western Front.

Verdun- This battle lasted from 21 February 1916 until 19 December 1916 and it caused over an estimated 700,000 casualties. The battlefield was not even a square ten kilometers. The battle degenerated into a matter of prestige of two nations literally for the sake of fighting

Battle of Marne- The Battle of Marne was a massive attempt by the Germans to breakthrough on the West before American forces could arrive in large numbers. During this, the Germans captured 1,200 square mile of territory, 90,000 prisoners and vast stores of weapons in the course of the offensive. .