A. Porfirio Diaz had ruled Mexico for almost 35 years by 1910.

B. Diaz welcomed foreign investors who developed mines, built railroads, and drilled for oil.

A. Venustiano Carranza, a conservative, was elected president in 1917.

B. Carranza approved a new constitution which is still in force today.

C. the constitution addresses three major issues, including land, religion and labor.

A. nationalism was directed largely at ending economic dependence on industrial powers, especially the United States.

B. after WWI, trade fell off with Europe.

C. synthetic textiles and nitrates also competed with Latin American exports, thus causing a rise in nationalism.

A. US President Franklin Roosevelt took a new approach to Latin America to relieve tension.

B. Roosevelt abandoned the Roosevelt Corollary, which had been used to justify military intervention.

3C. Under the Good Neighbor Policy, the US withdrew troops that were stationed in Haiti and Nicaragua.

V.     movements for change in Africa.

A. Africans felt the impact of colonial rule more and more in the 1900’s.

B. many white settlers forced Africans off the best land, and were forbidden to grow certain crops.

C. opposition to imperialism grew among Africans, and resistance caused more tension between the groups.

VI.     Growing self-confidence

A. Pan-Africanis began to nourish the nationalist spirit in the 1920’s.

B. Pan-Africanism emphasized the unity of Africans and people of African descent around the world.

C. Jamaican-born Marcus Garvey preached a forceful message of “African for Africans” to promote this cause.

VII.     Modernization in Turkey and Iran

A. The Arab lands were divided between Britain and France.

B. in Asia Minor, Turks resisted western control and fought to build a modern nation.

C. Ataturk replaced Islamic law with a new law coded based on European models.

VIII.     Arab nationalism and European mandates

A. Pan-Arabism sought to free Arabs from foreign domination and unite them in their own state.

B. The territories administered by European nations that were set up at the Paris Peace Conference outraged the Arabs.

C. Arabs thus felt betrayed by the west because of this unfair division of lands.

IX.     moves toward independence

A. as thousands of Indians died overseas, nationalists grew increasingly angry that there was no freedom at home.

B. the British promised India greater self-government after the war to quiet nationalist demands.

C. when the fighting finally ended, however, Britain proposed a few minor reforms.

X.     Mohandas Gandhi

A. Gandhi came from a middle-class Hindu family.

B. Gandhi fought laws that discriminated against Indians in South Africa for 20 years.

C. he adopted the weapon of passive resistance and called it satyagraha, or “soul-force.”

XI.     The Salt March

A. Gandhi offered a challenge to Britain in 1930 to put an end to the salt monopoly.

B. Gandhi explained that the British government was oppressive and unfair in its rulings, and the salt monopoly proved this.

C. on March 12, Gandhi and 78 of his followers set out on a 240-mile march toward the sea and picked up sea salt.

XII.     Looking ahead

A. although millions of Muslims responded to Gandhi’s campaigns, tensions between Hindus and Muslims often erupted in acts of violence.

B. The Muslim League gained an able leader who supported the idea of a separate state for Muslims.

C. India was moving toward independence when a new world war exploded, which postponed and chance of independence.

XIII.    The Chinese Republic

A. Sun Yixian hoped to rebuild China on the Three Principles of the People.

B. China fell into chaos, especially after Yuan Shikai, a young general, took over China.

C. Yuan wanted to turn china into a dynasty, with himself as emperor.

XIV.     leaders for a new China

A. Sun Yixian set up Guomindang, or Nationalist party that established a government in south China.

B. Jiang Jieshi took over the GUomindang after Sun’s sudden death and was determined to reunite China although he had little interest in democracy or communism.

C. Mao Zedong believed that the Communists should seek support not among the small urban working class but among the large peasant masses.

XV.     Japanese invasion

A. Japan invaded Manchuria in 1931.

B. As the aggression from the Japanese increased, some of Jiang’s generals began to doubt him.

C. Jiang Jieshi ended up retreating after another a attack by the Japanese and set up a pupped government in Nanjing.

A. political parties in Japan grew stronger and members of the Diet, or Japanese parliament, were elected.

B. all adult men had won the right to vote by 1925, and western ideas about women’s’ rights had brought about a few changes.

C. the economy grew more slowly in the 1920’s than any time since Japan had modernized.

A. trade in Japan suffered as foreign buyers could no longer afford Japanese silks and other exports.

B. unemployment in the cities soared, and peasants in the countryside starved because the economy was so slow.

C. nationalists demanded renewed expansion as the crisis worsened.

A. ultranationalists were winning popular support for foreign conquests and a tough stand against western powers by the 1930’s.

B. military leaders plotted to overthrow the government and briefly occupied the center of Tokyo in 1936.

C. the government focused on the schools to get their nationalistic message to the people.