National debt - Money that a country spends but doesn't have contributes to the national debt. The current national debt of United States is over 7 trillion dollars.

AIDS - AIDS (Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome) is a sexually transmitted disease that plagues the entire world today. There is currently no cure for the disease.

Cause of AIDS - AIDS can be transmitted sexually or by interactions with infected blood. You can also be born with the disease if one of your parents has HIV.

Affect of AIDS - AIDS distorts the human immune system and causes those with it to be more susceptible to common illnesses. Those with AIDS usually live a much shorter life than those without it.

North Ireland - Invasions and wars have occurred all throughout the history of Ireland. Today, North Ireland is divided into two sections; the Catholics who want to reunify Ireland, and the Protestants who don't.

IRA - The IRA is the Irish Republican Army. It is one of the extremist groups in North Ireland that uses bombs to kill innocent people.

The Problem Defined - In 1921, England divided Ireland into two parts. The north remained English, and the south became a "free state." Because of this, there is a division between religion and economy.

oligarchy - government in which ruling power belongs to a few people. An oligarchy is what France and other countries similar use.

democracy - government in which the people hold ruling power. A democracy is what we use today in the united States.

geography of Greece - Greece was isolated form the whole world because the mountains and for that reason they made many different city states. The major was the leader of the city state. Many of the city states would fight over disagreements.

Greek theater - The first Greek plays evolved out of religious festivals. Plays were preformed outside in large theaters gouged out of the sides of hills. There was no scenery and actors wore elaborate mask and costumes.

Center of the Hellenistic world- where? - Rome was the center of the Hellenistic world..

Pericles - Pericles was the one who led Athens into a Golden Age. He improved the economy and made the government more Democratic, among other things. Pericles believed that all male citizens should take part in the government.

Darius - Darius was the king of Persia during the Persian Wars. Darius' army crushed rebelling Greek cities. He then sent a huge force across the Aegean to punish Athens for its interference.

Alexander - Alexander became the king of Macedonia at a very young age, after his father, Philip II, passed away. He went on to conquer large areas and nations of Europe, Africa, and Asia. Perhaps his greatest achievement was the spreading of Greek culture across his vast empire.

Athen's golden age - The Age of Pericles began shortly after the end of the Persian wars, lasting from 460 B.C. to 429 B.C. Pericles turned Athens into a direct democracy. Economic and cultural life improved, as well.

Spartan boys - were trained at the age of 7 to be fighter. When they were 7 they are taken away from there mothers.

Persian Wars - The Persian Wars began when Darius, king of Persia, took a stance against the Greek city-states that were rebelling against his country. After crushing the rebels, Darius moved his army to Marathon, north of Athens. The ferocity of the Athenians caused the Persians to retreat, thus losing the battle. In 404 BC, Sparta captured Athens with the help of Persia ending the Persian Wars.

Trojan Wars - The war took place in present day Turkey

Peloponnesian War - The Persian Wars began when Darius, king of Persia, took a stance against the Greek city-states that were rebelling against his country. After crushing the rebels, Darius moved his army to Marathon, north of Athens. The ferocity of the Athenians caused the Persians to retreat, thus losing the battle. In 404 BC, Sparta captured Athens with the help of Persia ending the Persian Wars.

Paul - was a from Asia Minor. He spread Christianity outside of the Jewish communities to none Jews. At first he persecuted Jesus' followers. His work set Christianity on the road to become a world religion.

Hannibal - was one of the great conquerors. Had a great army and good war tactics. From a very young age he was taught to hate the Romans. So when he got older he lead a massive attack on the Romans. He brought elephants and men to go fight against the Romans.

Virgil - a poet who tried to show in his poems that Rome's past was heroic as that of Greece. His purpose was to arouse patriotism and help unite Rome. After years of civil war.

Augustus - He gained control after Caesar's death. Augustus ended the Roman republic. He ruled from 31 B.C. to A.D. 14.

Odoacer - a Germanic leader in the 476 ousted the emperor in Rome. This was later referred to history as the fall of Rome.

Jesus- was a Jew. He is considered the founder of Christianity. His life is recorded in the gospels. Born 4 B.C. in Bethlehem. Mother was Mary and his dad is God.. He taught new beliefs that. A carpenter at trade. He began spreading Christianity at 30. His teachings were rooted in Jewish traditions. He believed in one God. He taught new believed that he was the son of God. His mission to bring spiritual salvation and eternal life to anyone who would believe in him. Jewish priest and Roman authorities consider him a dangerous troublemaker. He was tried and condemned to be crucified. Those who accepted his teachings became the first

Ptolemy - an astronomer mathematician proposed his theory that the earth was the center of the universe. His idea was accepted for 1500 years.

Copernicus - Constantine was the ruler of Rome who issued the Edict of Milian. This granted freedom of worship to all citizens of the Roman Empire.

Virgil - a poet who tried to show in his poems that Rome's past was heroic as that of Greece. His purpose was to arouse patriotism and help unite Rome. After years of civil war.

Roman landholding upper class - Members of the landholding upper class in the early Roman republic were known as patricians. These people were allowed to participate in government.

martyr - A martyr is a person who suffers or dies for their beliefs. Christians were used as martyrs by Roman rulers like Nero and were blamed for many of Rome's economic and social problems.

messiah - savior sent by God.

mercenary - soldier serving in a foreign army for pay.

totalitarian - A totalitarian is one who supports totalitarianism. This is a form of government in which a political authority controls over all aspects of life.

communist - A communist is one who supports communism. Communism is a form of socialism that sees class struggle between employers and the employees as inevitable. Karl Marx promoted communism in his pamphlet The Communist Manifesto.

republic - system of government in which officials are chosen by the people.

sect - small religious group.

basic unit of the Roman army

peasants - the peasants are people who are on the lowest chain in the cities. Peasants also lived hard lives because they would have to work the most, and they would be treated the worst.

fief - in the middle ages, an estate granted by a lord to a vassal in exchange for service and loyalty. Estates ranged from a few acres to hundreds of square miles and included peasants to work the land, as well as any towns or buildings on the land.

serf - Most of the peasants in a manor were serfs, or people bound to the land. They were not slaves, but they could not leave the manor without the lord's permission. If the manor was granted to a new lord, the serfs went along with it.

vassal - Vassals were lesser lords that were given land from a greater lord. These vassals had to pledge service and loyalty to their lords in order to receive the land. A vassal was also granted a fief from his lord.

Lord - Lords made up the caste system below the monarchs. Each lord had a large fief and vassals that watched over smaller sections of the lords' estates. Vassals had to pledge loyalty to their lords in order to receive the land.

Charter - A charter was a written document that set out the rights and privileges of the town. Merchants would ask the local lord for a charter whenever they would set up a new town.

Bill of Rights - A bill of rights is a summary of the rights and privileges of a group of people. The bill of rights created after the American revolution stated that Americans had rights such as trial by jury and freedom of speech.

Church Reform…why? - As wealth and power grew, discipline weakened causing a need for reform in the Church. The clergy tended to be worldly, and many lived in luxury. The growing corruption and moral decay let to demands for reform.

Most Important Economic Activity in Medieval Town - Farming was the most important economic activity in medieval towns. Peasants had to work several days a week farming the lord's domain.

Lending money at interest - Lending money at interest was called usury. To the clergy, the profits that merchants and bankers made from usury were immoral.

Battle of Tours - After the Germanic peoples had carved up Western Europe, Islam began creating a new civilization. In 732, Charles Martel led a Frankish army to defeat Muslim warriors in the Battle of Tours. This prevented Muslims from going further into Western Europe.

Causes that United Charlemagne's Empire - Charlemagne was able to unite his empire through education and force. He appointed powerful nobles to rule local regions, giving them land so that they could offer support and supply soldiers for his armies. Charlemagne also set up a palace school at Aachen to promote education and learning.

Cluniac Reforms - In the early 900s, an abbot from Cluny set out to end abuses. In 1073, Gregory VII extended the Cluniac reforms throughout the entire church. This would lead to the battle of wills with the German emperor.

Three Field System - The three-field system was a production change that peasants adopted. They planted one field of grain, one with legumes, and left the third fallow. The legumes left the soil fertile while adding variety to the peasant diet.

clergy - The clergy in the Middle Ages was made up of the pope, monks, nuns, abbots, and the people that worshipped at the church. This was an important aspect of the Middle Ages as most people looked to God to solve their problems.

merchant guilds - Merchant guilds, or associations, dominated life in medieval towns. They passed laws, levied taxes, and decided where to spend funds.

nobles - Nobles were anybody that made up the upper-classes of the feudal system. Both noblemen and noblewomen played important roles in the Middle Ages.

Importance of the Magna Carta - In 1215, a group of rebellious barons cornered John and forced him to sign the Magna Carta. This document asserted that the nobles had certain rights and that the monarch must obey the law. The Magna Carta was important because it limited the rights of the government to make sure it wasn't abusing its power.

Concordat of Worms - In 1122, the pope and the emperor accepted a treaty known as the Concordat of Worms. In it, they agreed that the Church had the sole power to elect and invest bishops and spiritual authority. The emperor, however, had the right to invest them with fiefs.

Goal of the Crusades - The key purpose of the Crusades was the conquest of the Holy Land (anywhere Jesus had been in his lifetime). Christian knights, called Crusaders, marched, fought, and occupied parts of Palestine for 200 years.

Viking name for Lightning warfare - The Viking name for lightning warfare was "berserker." In berserker warfare, Vikings would invade villages, killing and destroying everything in their path. Their goal was conquest and domination over everything.

Result of the Plague in Europe - As the plague kept recurring in the late 1300s, the European economy plunged to a low ebb. As workers and employers died, production declined. Survivors demanded higher wages, but as the cost of labor soared, prices rose, too. About a third of Europe's population was killed by the Black Plague.

Reconquista - Christian warriors began a campaign to drive Muslims from Spain and called it Reconquista, or "reconquest." Those who refused Christianity were burned at the stake. More than 150,000 people fled into exile.

Result of the Crusades - The Crusades had some positive effects, as they helped to quicken the pace of changes already underway. One of these positive effects was increasing the level of trade in Europe. The Crusades also brought papal power to its greatest height. The power of feudal monarchs was increased due to the Crusades. Lastly, the Crusades encouraged the growth of a money economy.

Early Jury System…when? - Under Henry II, in 1154, England developed an early jury system. These early juries determined which cases should be brought to trial and were ancestors of today's grand jury.

Cause of Germany's Disunity - Germany was not united due to the dominance of Charlemagne's Frankish empire. It simply wasn't strong enough to stay unified during this time.

RENAISSANCE,REFORMATION,ENLIGHTENMENT/ Ch. 14 & 18
Development of Printing- Effects- The new printing press made books easier to make and cheaper to buy, and they were able to make more. With the new access to books, people became more educated and the society became smarter.
Copernicus- Copernicus was a scientist that proposed that the sun was the center of the universe. His theory wasn’t accepted until long after his death, and it is still believed today.
Newton- Isaac Newton developed the theory to explain the orbiting and habits of the planets. Using mathematics, he showed that a single force keeps the planet in their own orbits around the sun, gravity.
Causes of the Renaissance- The renaissance was the rebirth of Europe, it was spurred by a reawakened interest in classical learning. The people felt their era was the time of rebirth after the disorder and disunity of the medieval world
Luther- Martin Luther was a German monk professor of theology, who triggered the revolt against the church abuses. He was a German monk professor of theology.
Scientific method- The scientific method was a new approach to science and the way it was studied.. The scientific method is still used to day, and it is very efficient.
Calvin- Calvin was born in France and trained as a priest and lawyer. He had a razor sharp mind and his ideas had a profound effect on the direction of the Protestant Reformation.
Erasmus- Erasmus was the great Dutch humanist who, used his knowledge of classical languages.

With this, he produced a new Greek edition of the New Testament and a much-improved Latin translation of the same text.
Montesquieu- Montesquieu believed that the powers of government should be separated into executive, legislative, and judicial branches. He thought it would prevent any one group from gaining too much power.
Cause of Britain's global power/ 1700s- England's location made it well placed to control trade during the Renaissance. Britain was generally the winning side in European conflicts.
Adam Smith- Adam Smith argued that the free market should be allowed to operate and regulate businesses. He believed in Laissez-faire economics, and it was letting the economy run on supply and demand.
John Locke- John Locke was a famous enlightenment thinker that believed that people were basically good, but were corrupted by society. John came up with the idea of the rights to life, liberty, and property.
Thomas Hobbes- Thomas Hobbes was an English enlightenment thinker that set forth ideas that were to become key to the enlightenment. Tom argued that people were naturally cruel, greedy, and selfish , and disagreed with John Locke about life, liberty and poverty.

"No taxation without representation"- The limit of Monarchy power began to increase when this idea was imposed. This was the idea that the government could not make decisions without the peoples consent.
Age of Reason- The age of reason was a time of great scientific achievements. The social contract changed greatly, and women began to gain statue in society as great minds.
Joseph II- ThJoseeph II, a Hapsburg emperor was one of the most radical enlightened despot. He traveled in disguise among his subjects to learn of their problems
absolute monarch- An absolute monarch is a ruler with complete authority over the government and lives of the people or place they control. The People suffered greatly from this kind of rule because the government controlled everything.
divine rule- Divine Rule is the belief that a ruler's authority comes directly from God. This belief gave the king/queen the ability to use god as their excuse to do things otherwise thought immoral.
cabinet- From 1721 to 1742, the able Whig leader Robert W. molded the cabinet into a unified body, requiring all members to agree on major issues. The cabinet made many decisions for the government regarding laws.

AGE OF REVOLUTIONS/ Ch. 19& 23
suffrage- Suffrage is the key term for, the right to vote. During the age of Revolutions, suffrage was granted to all male citizens.
abdicate- When a person is abdicated from the thrown, it means they have been forced or stepped down. An example in history is Napoleon, he wasn’t forced to abdicate, but he chose to give up as emperor.

Robespierre- Maximilien Robes Pierre was a shrewd lawyer and a politician, who quickly rose to the leadership of the committee of Public Safety. He promoted religious toleration and sought to abolish slavery.
von Metternich- Prince von Metternich of Austria pushed to create the Concert of Europe. He was the first prince to try to insert a peaceful government into office.
nationalism- Nationalism is royalty and loyalty to one’s country or nation. Francis Joseph felt that it was time for a change in government in Austria and nationalism slowly crumbled.
Napoleon- Napoleon dominated France and Europe from 1799 to 1815. He would go on to be emperor of France win many important battles and then be exiled to Elba where he would later die after his wife and child die.
Louis XVI- Louis left France in disarray after the Seven Years War, around the 1700s. In May 1789 Louis summoned the Estates General to meet at Versailles to discuss French money problems.
First, Second and Third Estates- In the First Class was the peasants and farms workers. The Second class contained the working class, and the bourgeoisie. The third class was the rich nobles and kings.

Declaration of the Rights of Man and the Citizen-
Napoleonic Code- The Napoleonic code was a new law code made by napoleon, that embodied Enlightenment principles such as the equality of citizens. Women however lost most of their newly gained rights.
cause of Napoleon's downfall- He was forced to abdicate his throne and was exiled to a remote island. He returned, but was soon defeated at the battle of waterloo, he died in 1821.
Reign of Terror- the reign of terror lasted from July 1793 to July 1794, there were hasty trials.

Around 40,000 people died during that one-year span. About 15% were nobles and clergy, 15% were people of middle-class, who supported the revolution.
Otto von Bismarck- Otto became the new power in Europe. He applied the same ruthless method he used on the achieve unification as he did on the domestic front.
revolution of 1905- In some cities workers took over local governments, the clamor grew so great that Nicholas was forced to announce sweeping reforms. He agreed to summon a Dumas, or elected national legislature.
William II- William became emperor in 1888, he was superiorly confident of his abilities. He also believed in his divine right to rule

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INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION / Ch. 20-22

Enclosure- enclosure is the process of taking over and fencing off land that was formerly shared by peasant farmers. Rich landowners had enclosed land to gain pastures for sheep and increased wool output by doing so in the 1500's.

Utilitarianism- utilitarianism is the idea that the goal of society should be the "greatest happiness for the greatest number" of its citizens. By the 1800's, Jeremy Bentham preached this idea first

Factory movement- factories are places where workers and machines are brought together to produce large quantities of goods. The new machines that were being developed forced people to work in factories in order to mass produce goods for the economy. Urbanization- urbanization is a movement of people to cities. The development of factories caused rapid urbanization during the Industrial Revolution.

Founder of Methodist Church- Founded the Methodist church. He stressed the need for a personal sense of faith.

term for "working class"- the proletariat is another name for the working class. Karl Marx said that the proletariats were the "have-nots" and the bourgeoisie were the "havs."

inventor who improved the steam engine: Watt made revisions that improved the steam engine. His new version used coal instead of water power to run

which group most benefited from Ind. Rev.: the middle class definitely benefited most during this time. While the peasants were forced to work in factories, the middle class benefited from the mass production of products. They were now able to afford more clothes and other things that were produced in the factories because the prices for such items were lowered.

How factory system changed workers' lives- The workers' lives were greatly changed during the Industrial Revolution. Small children, women, and men were forced to labor long hours in these factories. A day might consist of sixteen hours in a factory, with no breaks and little pay to show for it.

Laissez faire economics- Adam Smith believed that a free market would eventually help all classes, not just the rich, in a free market, the exchange of goods and services is unregulated. Laissez-fair economics is precisely this type of economy, where the government is hands off.

ethnocentrism: to be centered on one's own culture; this however caused racism against other cultures. As a result of ethnocentrism, what we now call racism evolved.

Racism- racism is the belief that one racial group is superior to another. By the late 1800's, the claim was being made that the success of western civilization was largely due to the supremacy of the white race. These ideas were later used to justify global expansion of European power.

assembly line- the assembly line was introduced to improve efficiency of the factory and its products. On an assembly line, workers would add parts to a product that moves along a belt from one work station to the next. This lowered the price of goods, and made production faster and cheaper

Corporation- corporations are businesses that are owned by many investors who buy shares of stock. Corporations began showing up in the late 1800's, and allowed businesses to expand according to the amounts of capital they acquired

survival of the fittest/ in war or industry- Charles Darwin was a British naturalist who introduced the idea of survival of the fittest. The theory is based on the observations that Darwin made about animals. He explains that in nature, members of each species constantly compete to survive. Natural forces select those with physical traits best adapted to their environment.

right to vote- Liberals supported the idea of universal manhood suffrage. Basically, all adult men were given the right to vote, and there were social reforms. Women did not have this right.

Middle class- Bourgeoisie was the middle class. This class was part of the third estate, and included the prosperous bankers, merchants, and manufactures.

Peasants- Peasants were people that were required to work for a lord in order to live. They worked several days a week doing farm work, repairing bridges, and many other jobs. They were required to pay the lord during certain occasions, and in turn they were guaranteed food, housing, and land.

Nobility- Nobles were high on the ranks with the lords and the monarch. They owned the manors and were in charge of vassals.

romanticism/ painting- William Wordsworth was one man who contributed to the movement called romanticism. This period lasted from about 1750 to 1850, and shaped western literature and arts. New verse forms, bold colors, swelling sounds of orchestra, and strong emotions were expressed during this period

Alfred Nobel- Alfred Noble was a Swedish chemist who invented dynamite. Dynamite was widely used in construction and warfare, and was a much safer explosive than those used at the time. The money that Nobel received for his invention was used to fund the Nobel prizes.

Joseph Lister- Joseph Lister, an English surgeon, discovered how antiseptics prevented infection. The use of his methods, such as having the surgeon wash their hands before operating and sterilizing instruments, helped to drastically reduce the rate of deaths from infections.

Charles Darwin: Charles Darwin was a British naturalist who argued that all forms of life had evolved into their present state over millions of years. He produced the theory of natural selection to show how the long process of evolution is made possible. Women's suffrage movement- many groups that were dedicated to votes for women emerged in the late 1800's. However, suffragists faced intense oppositions from critics who claimed women were too emotional to be allowed to vote. They believed that the woman's place was in the home and not in the government.

IMPERIALISM/ Ch. 25-26
*destruction of a religious or ethnic group (term)
*sphere of influence
*protectorate
*imperialist
*justification for imperialism
*Ethiopia's resistance to Europe
*decline of the Ottoman empire
*Sepoy rebellion
*Indian National Congress
*How Industrial Rev. encouraged imperialism
*Europe's main interest in China was ?
*Britain and Russia's desire to control Iran
*Monroe Doctrine
*James Monroe
*Matthew Perry
*James Cook
*Benito Juarez
*Japan controlled _____?
*Queen Liliuokalani
*political consequences of imperialism
*British N. America Act
*US intervention in Latin America in early 1900s
*Australia and New Zealand independence
*profits from global economy went where?
*imperialist Cecil Rhodes

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